• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2015

This study investigated the clinical parameters of atopic dermatitis and evaluated the inhibitory effects of Black currant seed oil for atopic dermatitis by using a Dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB) induced BALB/c mice model. Five-week-old BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: normal group (N, non-treated), control group (C, atopic dermatitis-induced), positive control group (PC, Tacrolimus ointment-treated against induced atopic dermatitis, PC), experiment group (E, Black currant seed oil-treated against induced atopic dermatitis). After induction of atopic dermatitis by DNCB, the erythema, edema, eschar, and scratching were severely observed. The symptoms of atopic dermatitis were improved after 2 weeks, and almost disappeared after 4 weeks in PC and E group. The increased frequencies of scratching in C group were decreased in PC and E group. Transepidermal water loss, erythema index and serum IgE level were significantly decreased in E and PC compared to that in C after 4 weeks of the treatment. The results indicated that Black currant seed oil can relieve atopic dermatitis symptoms effectively, and may be possibly used as a functional material for suppression of atopic dermatitis.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.156-166
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to confirm the regulate effect of T helper (Th) 2 differentiation that Baekho-tang extract may produce to improves skin lipid barrier damages. Methods Four-weeks-old NC/Nga mice were divided into four groups: control group (Ctrl, n=10), lipid barrier eliminated group (LBE, n=10), Dexamethasone treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (DxT, n=10), and Baekho-tang extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination group (BHTT, n=10). Baeko-tang extract was administered for 3 days after removal of the skin fat barrier in BHTT group. Then, we identified changes in external symptoms of the skin, factors affecting skin barrier such as potential of hydrogen (pH), filaggrin (FLG), transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and Th2 differentiation factors like Interleukin (IL)-4, Kallikrein Related Peptidase 7 (KLK7) and protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) through our immunohistochemistry. Results After lipid barrier elimination, the reduction of morphological skin inflammations was less in BHTT group than in LBE group and DxT group. Also, pH and TEWL were significantly decreased with BHTT group. However, FLG was significantly increased in BHTT group compared to LBE, DxT, and Ctrl group. All kinds of Th2 differentiation factors (IL-4, KLK7 and PAR-2) were also decreased in BHTT compared to the LBE and DxT. Conclusions As a result of this study, BHT administration decreased pH, TEWL, and increased FLG, thus participating in recovering damaged skin barrier. Since Th2 differentiation factors were decreased as well, BHT's regulatory effect in sequential immune reactions may be a possible explanation of how it enhances recovery of the damaged lipid barrier.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1349-1360
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• 2019

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, regarded as a major cause of extrinsic aging or photoaging characterized by wrinkle formation and skin dehydration, exerts adverse effects on skin by causing the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Agastache rugosa Kuntze, known as Korean mint, possesses a wide spectrum of biological properties including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-atherosclerosis. Previous studies have reported that A. rugosa protected human keratinocytes against UVB irradiation by restoring the anti-oxidant defense system. However, the anti-photoaging effect of A. rugosa extract (ARE) in animal models has not yet been evaluated. ARE was orally administered to hairless mice at doses of 100 or 250 mg/kg/day along with UVB exposure for 12 weeks. ARE histologically improved UVB-induced wrinkle formation, epidermal thickening, erythema, and hyperpigmentation. In addition, ARE recovered skin moisture by improving skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Along with this, ARE increased hyaluronic acid levels by upregulating HA synthase genes. ARE markedly increased the density of collagen and the amounts of hydroxypoline via two pathways. First, ARE significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases responsible for collagen degradation by inactivating the mitogen-activated protein kinase/activator protein 1 pathway. Second, ARE stimulated the transforming growth factor beta/Smad signaling, consequently raising the mRNA levels of collagen-related genes. In addition, ARE not only increased the mRNA expression of anti-oxidant enzymes but also decreased inflammatory cytokines by blocking the protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B. Collectively, our findings suggest that A. rugosa may be a potential preventive and therapeutic agent for photoaging.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2019

Background: Skin is an organ that protects the human body from various environmental stimuli that can induce immune system activation. Skin aging can be largely divided into two categories: physiological aging, which is caused by the a decreased physiological function of the skin and structural changes with aging, and photoaging, which is caused by the chemical stress induced by external stimuli such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Methods and Results: The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-wrinkle and UV protective effect of catechin-rich green tea extract (CGTE) in activated keratinocyte (HaCaT cells) and UV-induced skin damage in hairless mice. The results showed that CGTE inhibits the tumor necrosis factor-alpha interferon-gamma ($TNF-{\alpha}+IFN-{\gamma}$)-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 in HaCaT cells. In addition, the CGTE treatment significantly reduced wrinkle formation, epidermal thickness, collagen deposition, and transepidermal water loss in dorsal skin irradiated with UVB. However, the ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity was significantly increased. The CGTE treatment inhibits mRNA expression and enzyme activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the dorsal skin irradiated with UVB. Conclusions: It is expected that CGTE can be effectively used as a functional food and cosmetic ingredient to improve skin moisture retention and reduce wrinkle formation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.36.1-36.8
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of the short-term application of insect-based diet in canine allergic dermatitis. Total 19 atopic dogs with concurrent cutaneous adverse food reactions were enrolled and classified into 3 groups. The treatment group (n = 7) was fed insect-based diet, the positive control group (n = 6) was fed salmon-based diet, and the negative control group (n = 6) was fed commercial or homemade diet for 12 weeks. The degree of skin lesions was evaluated based on canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index (CADESI-4). Additionally, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and pruritus visual analog scale were evaluated. All indices were evaluated every 4 weeks after the initial administration of hypoallergenic diets. In the treatment group, significant decrease in the CADESI-4 score was observed at 8 weeks compared to the baseline score (p = 0.031). There were significant differences in the CADESI-4 score between the groups at 8 weeks (p = 0.008), 12 weeks (p = 0.012), and TEWL at 12 weeks (p = 0.022). This preliminary result demonstrates the potential hypoallergenicity of an insect-based diet through features that diminish cutaneous lesions and skin barrier dysfunction.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2022

Objectives The purpose of this study is to confirm the regulate effect of T helper (Th) 2 differentiation that Sabaek-san extract may produce to improves skin lipid barrier damage. Methods Four-weeks-old NC/Nga mice were divided into four groups: control group (Ctrl, n=10), lipid barrier eliminated group (LBE, n=10), Dexamethasone treatment after lipid barrier elimination group (DXT, n=10), and Sabaek-san extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination (SBT, n=10). Sabaek-san extract was administered for 3 d after removal of the skin fat barrier in SBT group. Then, we identified changes in external symptoms of the skin, factors affecting skin barrier such as potential of hydrogen (pH), filaggrin, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and Th2 differentiation factors like Interleukin (IL)-4, Kallikrein Related Peptidase 7 (KLK7), and protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) through our immunohistochemistry. Results After lipid barrier elimination, the reduction of morphological skin inflammations was less in SBT group than in LBE and DXT group. Also, pH and TEWL were significantly decreased with SBT group. However, filaggrin was significantly increased in SBT group compared to LBE, DXT, and Ctrl group. All kinds of Th2 differentiation factors (IL-4, KLK7 and PAR-2) were also decreased in SBT compared to the LBE and DXT. Conclusions As a result of this study, SBT administration decreased pH, TEWL, and increased filaggrin, thus participating in recovering damaged skin barrier. Since Th2 differentiation factors were decreased as well, SBT's regulatory effect in sequential immune reactions may be a possible explanation of how it enhances recovery of the damaged lipid barrier.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.615-624
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• 2022

In this study, we assessed anti-oxidant activity, anti-microbial, inhibition of biofilm formation and inflammatory factors(nitric oxide, interleukin-6, interleukin-8) inhibitory effect of Perillae semen hydrothermal extract(PSW) and three kinds of Perillae semen supercritical fluid extract(PSSs) extracted by controlling temperature with no variation of pressure. Compared with PSW, PSSs had significantly lower minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs) against Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) and the ability of PSSs to inhibit formation of biofilm was also superior. PSSs reduce the production of inflammatory mediator and inflammatory cytokines significantly compared to PSW. We suggest, therefore, Perillae semen supercritical fluid 45℃ extract which showed the best anti-microbial, inhibition of biofilm formation, and inhibition of inflammatory factors production among the supercritical fluid extracts could be used for protecting patients with atopic dermatitis from pruritus and transepidermal water loss as a functional ingredient from nature.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 2023

In this study, basic skin characteristic data was measured by measuring skin hydration, skin sebum secretion rate, skin melanin index, skin redness index, skin redness image analysis, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and amount of stratum corneum before and after creating a temporary high temperature and low humidity environments targeting Korean women in their 20s to 50s. Stratum corneum by tape stripping was collected at each measurement and skin biomarkers including total protein content, carbonylated protein, neutral lipid, and lipid peroxidation were analyzed. Based on the results, the differences before and after creating a high temperature and low humidity environments were confirmed, the correlation between skin characteristics and skin biomarkers was confirmed, and a new skin index was created based on this. The new skin index can be used in product efficacy evaluation, and the possibility of constructing a new clinical study method and using skin biomarker discovery research through additional research was confirmed.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

The safety of cosmetics or cosmetic ingredients on human skin is generally evaluated by visual assessment but some early subtle skin changes may not be noticed by the naked eyes. Thus, the present study was conducted to detect skin reactions induced by mildly irritating cosmetic ingredients by using a laser Doppler perfusion imager (LDPI) method that measures blood flow, a $Vapometer^{(R)}$ that measure strans epidermal water loss (TEWL), and a spectrophotometer that measures the skin color as the erythema values ($a^*$). Visual assessment showed that all tested oils and humectants except propylene glycol belong to the low skin irritation ranges (grades 0+ to 2.9+) while all tested surfactants and propylene glycol belong to the moderate-to strong-skin irritation ranges (grades 3+ to 5+). Among three instrumental methods, TEWL assessment appeared to be more sensitive than spectrophotometric or LDPI method and suitable for the detection of subtle skin response invisible to the naked eye (grades 0+ to 2.9+). Skin reactions of grade 3+ to 5+ could be detected by all three instrumental methods. In conclusion, the current study suggested that the sub-clinical skin reactions due to mild irritants contained in cosmetics can be best assessed by TEWL measurements.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.260-268
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• 2016

Background: During the aging process, skin shows visible changes, characterized by a loss of elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles due to reduced collagen production and decreased elasticity of elastin fibers. Panax ginseng Meyer has been used as a traditional medicine for various diseases due to its wide range of biological activities including skin protective effects. Ginsenosides are the main components responsible for the biological activities of ginseng. However, the protective activities of an enzymatic preparation of red ginseng against human skin aging have not been investigated. Methods: The efficacy of an enzyme-treated powder complex of red ginseng (BG11001) in preventing human skin aging was evaluated by oral administration to 78 randomized individuals. All patients were requested to take three daily capsules containing either 750 mg of BG11001 or a placebo vehicle for 24 wk; at the end of the testing period, skin roughness, elasticity, and skin water content were measured. Results: BG11001 significantly reduced the average roughness of eye wrinkles and the Global Photo Damage Score compared with the placebo, although there were no significant differences in arithmetic roughness average between the groups. In addition, gross elasticity and net elasticity values increased, and transepidermal water loss level decreased, indicating improved skin elasticity and moisture content. Conclusion: In conclusion, enzyme-treated red ginseng extract significantly improved eye wrinkle roughness, skin elasticity, and moisture content. Moreover, enzyme-treated red ginseng extract would be useful substance as a bio-health skin care product.