• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1999

Transcranial doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is a new, non-invasive and easily applicable method to evaluate cerebral hemodynamics. Last 10 years, its use in Korea has been dramatically expanded, but the qualification of TCD laboratory has yet to be settled. Since duplex sonography is seldom used in Korea, we have to depend totally on TCD to evaluate cerebral hemodynamic changes. Thus, all of the available data from every detectabler cerebral arteries has to be obtained for accurate interpretation of TCD measurements. Moreover, flow direction and wave form should be concerned in addition to the flow velocity. In this article, I present technique to measure the anterior, meddle and posterior cerebral arteries, the internal carotid artery siphon and at cervical level, and the vertebral and the basilar artery, and normal values for these measurements which is essential for the adequate interpretation.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.60-63
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• 1999

Transcranial Doppler(TCD) is an important diagnostic tool for evaluating the patients with stroke. It has some advantages and unique role when compared with other neuroimaging modalities. Recent development of transcranial color-coded Doppler(TCD) improves the limitation and pitfalls of TCD. The current indications of TCD are as follows: 1. Screening and evaluation of the intracranial major vessels 2. early detection and follow-up of vasospasm due to SAH 3. emboli detection (high-imtensity transient signals, HITs) 4. dignosis and follow-up of subclavian steal 5. evaluation of intracranial collaterals when the extracranial ICA has severe stenosis or occlusion 6. evaluation of cerebral perfusion pressure (intracranial pressure) 7. evaluation of arteriovenous malformation 8. diagnosis and follow-up of arterial dissenction 9. diagnosis and follow-up of venous sinus thrombosis (experimental).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1 s.31
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• pp.171-189
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• 1996

Background and Purpose: The greater part of patients to visit Hospital of Oriental Medicine suffer from cerebrovascular accident(CVA). There is transcranial Doppler(TCD) in the diagnostic method to confirm cerebrovascular accident(CVA). Transcranial Doppler(TCD) is an accurate method of monitoring the blood flow velocities of the cerebral vessels and have been generally used to prevent symptomatic vasospasm and confirm cerebral infarction. So we studied, in the crebrovascular accident(CVA), to estimate whether transcranial Doppler(TCD) is useful to. Methods: Using transcranial doppler(Multigon Model 500M Transcranial Doppler System), we measured the mean and peak velocity and the direction of blood flow in 10 cerebrovascular accident(CVA)'s subjects who had been examined by Computed Tomography(CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Results : As an anticipation, in cerebrovascular accident(CVA)'s subject with Cb-infarction, the mean and peak velocity of blood flow fell down remarkably and the direction of blood flow was change or irritable. But didn't find out any signal in lacunar infarction. Also, in case with spontaneous hemorrhage, the velocity and direction of blood flow was change but this signal was short of diagnosis for Cb-hemorrhage. Besides, we found signals about embolism, stenosis, thrombosis and occlusion in cerebrovascular accident(CVA)'s subjects. Conclusion: In Cb-infarction, the result of TCD was equal to diagnosis with Computed Tomography(CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). But about lacunar infarction or spontaneous hemorrhage, signals of TCD couldn't be found out or was insufficient more than Computed Tomography(CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI). In cerebrovascular accident(CVA)'s subject with embolism, stenosis, thrombosis or occlusion, signals of TCD were found out more than Computed Tomography(CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI). Therefore transcranial doppler(TCD) is necessary method which makes a diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident(CVA), with Computed Tomography(CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI).

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.153-165
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• 1999

The transcranial Doppler(TCD) is a technique for measuring blood flow velocity of intracranial and extarcranial arteries. This examination based on Doppler effect which was first formulated in 1842 by the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler. In 1982, Rune Aaslid first maked 2MHz pulsed probe and recording intracranial vessels with transcranially. There are six criteria utilized in gaining positive identification of the intracranial vessels. The six criteria are as follows l)acoustical windows 2)depth of sample volume 3)direction of flow 4)spatial relationship of ACA and MCA bifurcation 5)mean velocity and 6)response common carotid artery compression and/or oscillation test. The affected factors for TCD examination are angle of insonation, posture of subject, age, gender, hematocrit, metabolic factors, and cardiac output. Clinical application of TCD are detection of stenosis, occlusion, emboli, thrombsis in intracranial and extracranial arteries and evaluation of cerebral arterovenous malformation, collateral capacity in the circle of Willis, ischemia cerebrovascular disease, stroke patient and vertebrobasilar system.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.277-287
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• 2024

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound is a crucial non-invasive tool for assessing cerebral blood flow and is widely used to diagnose and monitor cerebrovascular diseases. This paper reaffirms the importance of TCD, details examination methods and precautions, and provides a guide for practitioners. TCD evaluates the blood flow velocity to assess stenosis, occlusion, and hemodynamic changes. Distinguishing between increased blood flow volume and decreased vessel diameter based solely on velocity is challenging, necessitating a comprehensive approach to integrating clinical findings and hemodynamic changes. The reliability of TCD results depends on the skill of the examiner and requires standardized procedures and continuous training. Advances in automation and artificial intelligence promise enhanced accuracy and reliability. Future research should focus on validating and clinically applying these technologies. This paper is a review of the clinical significance of TCD, methods, and precautions, offering a valuable guide for practitioners and highlighting the potential benefits of ongoing advancements in TCD for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2005

Objective : This study was performed to examine the relationship between cerebral blood vessel with meridian by using Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography(TCD) Method : Monitoring of TCD was examined in 10 healthy people in their twenties (mean age was 26.5±1.00). Each examination was performed before & after acupuncture. Three Meridian were tested. Those were Stomach Meridian, Bladder Meridian & Gallbladder Meridian. Maximum velocity and Mean velocity were analyzed from TCD on different vessel. Result : The results showed significant(p<0.05; Wilcoxon signed rank test) change in some cerebral blood flow after acupuncture. Conclusion : There was the relationship between Meridian and cerebral blood vessel.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2019

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) was introduced in 1982 to assess intracranial arteries noninvasively, since when it has been widely used to assess and monitor cerebrovascular hemodynamics. The clinical applications of TCD are broadening to include other fields that require monitoring of the cerebral blood flow. TCD has fewer temporal and spatial restrictions than other methods, can be performed on less-compliant patients, and causes no harm to the body. However, its reliance on high levels of examiner skill and experience, as well as a lack of standardized scanning protocols are obstacles that still need to be overcome. In this report we review TCD examination techniques and interpret their findings for several conditions.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 1999

Dignosis of migraine is only based on the medical history, and objective methods to aid the clinical diagnosisare absent. Although transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) abnormalities in headache-free migraineurs have been reported previously, diagnostic criteria for migraine is still lacking and this may limit the practical application of TCD for migraine. We prospectively studied several abnormal TCD indices in interictal migraineurs and their sensitivity and specificity to define the optimal diagnostic criteria. Young (20 yrs$age=29.0{\pm}6.1yrs$) were compared to 69 controls (M:F=25:44, Mean $age=31.2{\pm}5.5yrs$). Elevated MFV (> 2SD)was observed in 63% of migraineurs while n 12% of control (p<0.01). High AI (>25%) or high HI (>3.0) was present in 17% of migraineurs, while 3% and none in controls (p<0.01). Sensitivity of elevated MFV, high AI, and high HI was 63%, 17%, 17% and specificity was 88%, 97%, 100%, respectively. If all these indices were combined, sensitivity and specificity reached 69% and 86%. These preliminary results suggest pathophysiological implication of vasospasm in interictal migraineurs, and TCD may be practically applicable for migraine. Optimal diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options for patients with abnormal TCD findings remain to bo determined.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.63-66
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between various transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography parameters and clinical vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods : This study enrolled 40 patients presented with aneurysmal SAH between September 2006 and August 2007. We measured differences of mean blood flow velocity (BFVm), highest systolic blood flow velocity (BFVh), and Lindegaard ratio (LR) in the middle cerebral artery on TCD examination. These parameters were evaluated for correlation with clinical vasospasm by univariate analysis and the receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results : Twelve patients (30%) developed clinical vasospasm. The best TCD parameters for the detection of clinical vasospasm were revealed to be differences of BFVm, BFVh, and LR values between $1^{st}$ TCD test and $3^{rd}$ TCD (7 cm/s. 11.5 cm/s, 0.45 respectively). The positive predictive value of anyone of three parameters was 60% and the negative predictive value was 100%. Conclusion : TCD is still considered a useful tool for screening clinical vasospasm. To confirm the predictive value of the above parameters. further prospective study will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2010

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) allows measurement of blood flow velocity to be made from the basal intracerebral vessels. Blood flow velocity in TCD is highly affected not only by blood vessel diameter, blood flow volume, blood viscosity, but also age and sex. Therefore, the study is focused on the correlation between TCD measurement index and sex/age. Subjects were 214 (male 147, famale 67) who had TCD for headache and stroke evaluations at Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital neurology department from December 2009 to April 2010. Sex did not show significant differences with mean flow velocity (MFV), peak systolic flow velocity (PSFV), end diastolic flow velocity (EDFV), pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) in middle cerebral artery (MCA). Although age also did not show significant differences with MFV and PSFV, EDFV has statistically decreased with age, and PI and RI has statistically increased with age. In addition, age showed significant correlation with MFV, EDFV, PI and RI, but not with PSFV. Therefore, TCD is definitely correlated with age and sex, so that those influencial factors must be considered when being tested.