• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.2D
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• pp.233-239
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• 2006

Most research for until at now link travel time were research for mean link travel time calculate or estimate which uses the average of the individual vehicle. however, the link travel time distribution is divided caused by with the impact factor which is various traffic condition, signal operation condition and the road conditional etc. preceding study result for link travel time distribution characteristic showed that the patterns of going through traffic were divided up to 2 in the link travel times. therefore, it will be more accurate to divide up the link travel time into the one involving delay and the other without delay, rather than using the average link travel time in terms of assessing the traffic situation. this study is it analyzed transit hour distribution characteristic and a cause using examine to the variables which give an effect at link travel time distribute using simulation program and determinate link travel time distribute ratio estimation model. to assess the distribution of the link travel times, this research develops the regression model and the fuzzy model. the variables that have high level of correlations in both estimation models are the rest time of green ball and the delay vehicles. these variables were used to construct the methods in the estimation models. The comparison of the two estimation models-fuzzy and regression model- showed that fuzzy model out-competed the regression model in terms of reliability and applicability.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-79
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• 2006

This study is interested in aberrant driver behaviour. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of error and lapse on driving behaviour of elderly drivers. In order to estimate the errors and lapses, 'Driver Behaviour Questionnaire(DBQ) was used and tested with 883 drivers. Among them 175 of young drivers(younger than 25) and 150 of elderly drivers(older than 65) answered their driving patterns; driving history, annual mileage, the frequency of committing traffic violation, and experience of accident within 5 years. Elderly driver's data were collected by face to face interview. The factors of aberrant driver behaviour were analyzed and the DBQ score was compared by the age. The aberrant driver behaviour was consisted of 3 factors; violations, errors and lapses. Elderly driver's DBQ score was lower than young driver's. Elderly and young drivers showed longer driving history. were in low DBQ score group. Elderly drivers had high error score and young drivers had high violation score. Young driver's aberrant driving behaviour was associated with annual mileage, the frequency of committing traffic violation. Elderly driver's aberrant driving behaviour was associated with annual mileage, experience of accident. Specially elderly drivers, whose violation, error, lapse score was high answered more committing experience of accident within 5 years.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.239-248
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• 2024

VTS operators monitor movements of vessels within their jurisdiction and provide necessary information to ensure safe navigation. This involves communication with vessels within the VTS area. Contents of these communications are manually recorded in logbooks. However, manual logging faces limitations due to its inability to document details comprehensively and the challenge of constant recording amidst various duties. This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the workload associated with manual logkeeping by examining eye movements of VTS operators. Eye-tracking devices were used to measure gaze patterns of VTS operator at the Busan Port. Results indicated that approximately 65% of the VTS operators' gaze was directed towards the operation consoles, which were focal points for marine traffic information. In contrast, only about 9% of their gaze was directed towards logbooks. These findings suggest that while VTS operators predominantly focus on areas related to information gathering and dissemination, logbooks, being information-recording zones, receive minimal attention. For effective traffic management, the primary focus should be on information processing and provision rather than manual documentation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.27-35
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• 2003

Objective: We intended to show the relation between whiplash injury and deviation of upper cervical through analysing patients having deviation of upper cervical injuried by whiplash. Methods: We chose 40 patients who have been admitted for whiplash injury syndrome in vertebral-joint center of Conmaul oriental medical hospital during 2001.10.1-2003.10.15. We examined cervical simple X-ray of them according to the traffic accident patterns and the position in the veicle. Results: The 97% of the cases showed AS deviation and the 95% of them complained neck pain. The first cases collided from the back on the driving seat showed AS deviation. The second cases collided from the front on the back seat showed AS deviation of left lateral misalignment of atlas. The third cases collided from the front on the assistant seat showed AS deviation of right lateral misalignment of atlas.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.200-206
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• 2016

Recently, the certification procedure for exhaust emission regulation of LDV has tested with the NEDC mode in the laboratory. But the on-road exhaust emissions exceed the standard emission limits. Therefore, it is important to analyze the real-driving emissions (RDE) with a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). In present study, the on-road emissions were measured with a PEMS and evaluated by moving averaging window (MAW) method. Also, it was compared with the $CO_2$ and $NO_x$ emissions for real-driving and test modes from euro-6 light-duty vehicles equipped with SCR and LNT systems. In results, on-road $NO_x$ emission has been 2.3-10.0 times higher than the standard $NO_x$ emission limit on NEDC mode. The reason was that the test modes did not reflect traffic and various real-driving patterns sufficiently.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 1993

Exhaust emissions are calculated as a product of the emission factor and the vehicle kilometer traveled(VKT). The emission factor is a function of several parameters such as vehicle model year, vehicle mileage, traffic conditions, etc. The representative driving cycles classified as ten different types of an average vehicle speed were selected by analyzing passenger car driving patterns in Seoul. 51 vehicles were sampled and analyzed by types of vehicles, fuels used, model years and vehicle mileages also, exhaust emissions of them were measured by chassis dynamometer. Regression equations between average vehicle speeds and exhaust emissions are made for the estimation of emission factors at different vehicle speeds. Annual emission rates of air pollutants from motor vehicles in Korea were 1116$\times10^3 ton, 149\times10^3 ton, 413\times10^3 ton and 67\times10^3$ ton for CO, HC, NOx and particulats, respetively in 1990. It was found that 56% of CO and 49% of HC were originated from passenger cars and taxis, in addition, 87% of NOx and 100% of particulates were from buses and trucks using diesel fuels.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.193-196
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• 2010

Multiplex PCR-based short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is considered as a good tool for monitoring bone marrow engraftment after sex-mismatched allogeneic transplantation and provides a sensitive and accurate assessment of the contribution of both donor and/or recipient cells in post-transplantation specimens. Forensic STR analysis and quantitative real time PCR are used to determine the proportion of donor versus recipient each contained within the total DNA. The STR markers were co-amplified in a single reaction by using commercial $PowerPlex^{(R)}$ 16 system and $AmpFISTR^{(R)}$ $Identifiler^{(R)}$ / $Yfiler^{(R)}$ PCR amplification kits. Separation of the PCR products and fluorescence detection were performed by ABI $PRIS^{(R)}$ 3100 Genetic Analyzer with capillary electrophoresis. The $GeneMapper^{TM}$ ID software were used for size calling and analysis of STR profiles. Extracted DNA was quantified by the $Quantifiler^{TM}$ Human DNA / Y Human Male DNA Quantification Kit The intent of this study was to analyze the ratio of donor versus recipient cells in the post-transplant peripheral blood, spleen, lung and kidney specimens. Specimens were taken from the traffic accident male victim who had been engrafted from bone marrow female donor. Blood and spleen specimens displayed female donor DNA profile. Kidney specimen showed male recipient DNA profile. Interestingly, lung tissue showed mixed profiles. The findings of this study indicate that the forensic STR analysis using fluorescence labeling PCR combined with capillary electrophoresis is quick and reliable enough to assess the ratio of donor versus recipient cells and to monitor the mixed chimeric patterns.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.610-614
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• 2011

Nowadays Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are a very popular and emerging technology in the world. MANETs helps mobile nodes to communicate with each other anywhere without using infrastructure. For this purpose we need good routing protocols to establish the network between nodes because mobile nodes can change their topology very fast. Mobile node movements are very important features of the routing protocol. They can have a direct effect on the network performance. In this paper, we are going to discuss random walk and random waypoint mobility models and their effects on routing parameters. Previously, mobility models were used to evaluate network performance under the different routing protocols. Therefore, the network performance will be strongly modeled by the nature of the mobility pattern. The routing protocols must rearrange the changes of accurate routes within the order. Thus, the overheads of traffic routing updates are significantly high. For specific network protocols or applications, these mobility patterns have different impacts.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.191-213
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• 2006

Increasing of the number of Roe Deer in Jesudo is regarded as an direct cause of the damages of Roe Deer - i.e. damages of crops and trees by Roe Deer and traffic accidents between human and Roe Deer. But, no study of the number of Roe Deer in Jejudo has been found and never has been progressed it and nobody convinces about the total number of Roe Deer in Jejudo. In this paper, we focus at the moving pressure which enforces Roe Deer to move the other places. Moving pressure is appeared when the habitat environment destruction of Roe Deer and it forces Roe Deer in hilly section to move the middle mountains section and the low section. This moving pressure promotes the moving of Roe Deer to the other places and then the total number of Roe Deer in new places are increasing. High density of Roe Deer makes the habitat environment bad and increases the competition of Roe Deer. These patterns are repeated continuously. The habitat environment of Roe Deer is related with human life area very closely. We should keep and preserve our nature and environment, and if we develop our nature then we must consider our ecosystem in all aspects. It's the most important thing to us and Roe Deer and other living things.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.166-176
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• 2010

In this research, the environmental behavior of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) was investigated in a mountainous site in the proximity of a highly industrialized megacity, Seoul, Korea. The concentration data of $CO_2$ monitored routinely at hourly intervals at Mt. Gwan-Ak (GA), Seoul, Korea throughout 2009 were analyzed in several respects. The mean $CO_2$ value was $405{\pm}12.1$ ppm (median=403 ppm) with a range of 344 to 508 ppm (N=8548). The analysis of its seasonal trend indicated that the $CO_2$ levels peaked in the winter but reached a minimum in fall. If the short-term trend is analyzed, the $CO_2$ values generally peaked during daytime along with the presence of two shoulders; this is suspected to be indicative of strong man-made effects (e.g., traffic activities). It is seen that the general patterns of $CO_2$ distribution in this study area are highly comparable to those typically found in urban areas with strong signals of anthropogenic activities.