• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.3-26
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• 2005

In recent years, there is growing concern about the potential use of biological agents in war or acts of terrorism accompanied an increased realization that rapid preparedness and response are needed to prevent or treat the human damage that can be caused by these agents. The threat is indeed serious, and the potential for devastating numbers of casualties is high. The use of agents as weapons, even on a small scale, has the potential for huge social and economic disruption and massive diversion of regional and national resources to combat the threat, to treat primary disease, and to clean up environmental contamination. Biological weapons are one of weapons of mass destruction (or mass casualty weapons, to be precise. since they do not damage non-living entities) that are based on bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi or toxins produced by these organisms. Biological weapons are known to be easy and cheap to produce and can be used to selectively target humans, animals, or plants. Theses agents can cause large numbers of casualties with minimal logistical requirements (in wide area). The spread of disease cannot be controlled until there is awareness of the signs of infection followed by identification of agents; and if the organism is easily spread from person to person, as in the case of smallpox, the number of casualties could run into the tens of thousands. Biological weapons could be used covertly, there can be a lot of different deployment scenarios. A lot of different agents could be used in biological weapons. And, there are a lot of different techniques to manufacture biological weapons. Terrorist acts that make use of Biological Agents differ in a number of ways from those involving chemicals. The distinction between terrorist and military use of Biological Weapon is increasingly problematic. The stealthy qualities of biological weapons further complicate the distinction between terrorism and war. In reality, all biological attacks are likely to require an integrated response involving both military and civilian communities. The basic considerations when public health agencies establish national defence plan against bioterrorism must be 1) arraying various laws and regulations to meet the realistic needs, 2)education for public health personnels and support of concerned academic society, 3)information collection and cooperative project with other countries, 4)Detection and surveillance(Early detection is essential for ensuring a prompt response to biological or chemical attack, including the provision of prophylactic medicines, chemical antidotes, or vaccines) and 5) Response(A comprehensive public health response to a biological or chemical terrorist event involves epidemiologic investigation, medical treatment and prophylaxis for affacted persons, and the initiation of disease prevention or environmental decontamination measures). The purpose of this paper is providing basic material of preparedness and response for biological terrorism in modern society.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.207-214
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 임상에서 분리한 MRSA 균주(n=49)를 대상으로 이 균의 병원성과 관계가 있는 것으로 알려진 유전자들을 선정하여 PCR 방법을 이용하여 이들 유전자들의 보유 유무를 결정하였다. 이들 MRSA 균주는 모두 coa 유전자를 보유하고 있었고, 또한 이들 유전자는 500bp($6{\%}$), 580bp($27{\%}$), 660bp($65{\%}$) 및 740bp($2{\%}$)로 4가지 종류의 polymorphism이 검출되었다. Hemolysin 유전자의 경우 4-5종 이상 다른 locus들을 보유하였고, 그 중 25개 균주($51{\%}$)가 hla / hlb / hld / hlg / hig-2 유전자를 모두 보유하였으며, 가장 많은 분포를 나타내었다. 한편, MRSA 균주는 다양한 enterotoxin 유전자의 조합을 보였으며, sea와 seb 유전자의 경우 모든 49개 균주에서 보유하고 있었다. 그러나 sei 유전자는 31균주($63{\%}$), tsst-1 유전자는 16균주($33{\%}$), seg 유전자는 14균주($29{\%}$), sec 유전자는 8균주($16{\%}$), seh 유전자는 5균주($10{\%}$), sed 유전자와 sej 유전자는 1균주($2{\%}$)에서 각각 검출되었다. 그러나 see 유전자 및 eta와 etb유전자는 어떤 분리균주에서도 검출되지 않았다. 또한 sea / seb 유전자 조합이 11개 균주($23{\%}$)로부터, sea / seb / sei 유전자 조합은 9개 균주($19{\%}$)로부터, sea / seb / seg / sei /tsst-1 유전자 조합은 5개 균주($10{\%}$)로부터 각각 검출되었다. 그리고 다른 유전자의 조합은 $10{\%}$이하로 검출되었다.

• 태양에너지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.10-20
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• 1992

본 실험에서는 산업폐수, 가정폐수, 지하수 등에 오염되는 유독성 유기물 처리를 위한 태양반응시스템의 개발을 목적으로 batch형 광분해 반응시스템을 구성하여 수처리 분해 실험을 실시하였다. 실험실 규모의 batch형 반응기를 구성하여 수질 개선용 광화학 반응 활용의 기술적 타당성을 확보하고자 하였으며 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을수 있었다. (1) $TiO_2$ anatase, $TiO_2$ rutile 그리고 $V_2O_5$를 대상으로 광촉매 선정을 위한 실험결과, 본 실험조건에서는 band gap energy가 약 3.2 eV인 $TiO_2$ anatase가 유해 유기물 TCE의 가장 높은 분해율을 나타내었다. $TiO_2$ anatase의 결정구조는 XRD 관찰에 의하여 확인할 수 있었으며, BET-$N_2$ 측정결과 단위무게당 표면적은 약 7.748 $m^2/g$ 이었다. (2) $TiO_2$ anatase의 투입량이 많을수록 TCE분해율도 증가하였다. 그러나 투입량이 0.1 wt% 이상이 될 경우 분해율의 증진은 아주 미미하여서 0.1 wt%의 $TiO_2$ anatase 양을 slurry batch 형 시스템 실험에 최선으로 채택하였다. (3) $H_2O_2$의 양이 TCE 분해율에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 적정량은 약 0.06 volume%임을 알 수 있었다. 이는 적정량의 $H_2O_2$는 OH radical의 형성을 촉진시키지만 과량의 존재시에는 오히려 OH radical과 반응하여 이를 소모하는 역효과를 나타내기 때문이다. (4) 광반응기의 head space를 변화시키면서 산소양의 TCE 분해율에 미치는 영향을 관찰한 결과 TCE 분해반응식의 이론적 stoichiometry로나 실험적으로나 산소양이 아주 중요한 변수임을 알수 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1047-1054
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• 2009

구강편평상피암종은 말기에서 종종 화학치료요법제들이 유도하는 세포자멸사에 저항성을 보인다. 박테리아의 독에 대한 진전된 이해는 암치료에 대한 새로운 치료전략으로 제기되어지고 있다. 본 연구는 Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PEA)가 세포자멸사 기작을 통해 항암제에 저항성을 보이는 YD-9 구강편평상피암종의 생존율을 현격하게 떨어뜨림을 설명하고 있다. 세포자멸사현상은 핵의 형태학적 변화와 DNA 분절 생성을 통해 입증되었다. PEA는 caspase-3, -6, -9 의 분절과 활성화를 일으켰다. 그리고 이러한 반응들은 caspase 의 기질에 해당하는 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), DFF45, 그리고 lamin A 의 단백질 분해를 야기했다. 사립체 막전위 감소, cytochrome c와 Smac/DlABLO의 사립체로부터 세포질로의 유리, 그리고 AIF의 사립체에서 핵으로 이동 등이 관찰되었다. p53, p21 그리고 $14-3-3{\gamma}$는 증가되는 반면 cyclin B와 cdc2는 감소되었다. 이상의 결과들을 종합해 보면 PEA는 caspase를 활성화시키고, 사립체에 변화를 야기시키고 더 나아가서 세포주기 유전자를 조절함으로써 항암제에 대한 강한 저항성을 보이는 YD-9 세포에서 세포자멸사를 유도한다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.672-677
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• 2001

2000년 5월 부산에서 수입 냉동어 S. stellatus에 의하여 발생한 설사성 식중독의 원인성분을 규명하기 위하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 식중독 환자들의 증상은 $0.5\~2$시간 (평균 1시간)에 증상이 시작되었으며 주된 증상은 소화기계의 설사 ($92\%$), 메스꺼움 ($77\%$), 복통 ($54\%$), 구토 ($46\%$), 두통 ($31\%$), 어지러움 ($23\%$), 발열 ($16\%$) 등의 순으로 나타났다. 어육 추출물로부터는 식중독과 관련된 어떠한 자연독 성분도 검출되지 않았으며, diacyl glycol빌 ethers (DAGEs)를 다량 함유한 특이 지질이 다량 ($23\%$) 함유되어 있었다. 설사의 원인으로 추정되는 DAGE의 alkyl chain에는 16:0, 18:1이 주성분이었으며 8개의 다른 장쇄 alkyl chain이 소량 함유되어 있었고, DAGEs의 sn-1,2에 결합된 주요 지방산은 oleic acid (18:1)이었다. DAGEs를 구성하는 분자종은 O-16:0-18:1-18:1($16.2\%$),O-16:0-18:1-22:1 ($14.7\%$), O-18:0-18:1-22:1 ($11.0\%$)이 주된 구성성분이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.581-585
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• 2005

김치의 발효와 숙성 에 관여하는 2종의 유산균과 3종의 유제품으로부터 분리된 유산균을 Caco-2 세포 부착성과 $AFB_1$ 흡착능에 대해 비교 검토하여 보았다. 또한 유산균을 생균군, 열처리군, 강산처리군으로 나누어 유산균의 부착성 및 흡착력이 세포벽의 구조와 관련이 있다는 보고를 재확인하고자 하였다. L. plantarum KCTC 3099의 경우 Caco-2 세포 부착성이나 $AFB_1$ 흡착능이 높게 나타났으며 이것은 양성 대조군으로 사용된 L. rhamnosus GG와 유사한 수준을 나타내었다. 하지만 L. mesenteroides KCTC 3001은 Caco-2 부착성은 다소 높게 나타났으나 $AFB_1$ 흡착능은 낮게 나타났다. 이것은 Caco-2세포에 결합하는 부위와 $AFB_1$에 결합하는 부위가 일치하지는 않는다는 것을 암시하는 것으로 사료된다. 또한 유산균의 처리방법에 따라서도 다양한 차이를 보였는데 본 실험에서는 강산처리군의 경우 보다 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며 세포벽의 주된 구조인 peptidoglycan과 polysaccharides이 강산의 처리에 의해 결합이 파괴되면서 Caco2 세포 부착성이나 $AFB_1$ 흡착능의 상승에 영향을 미쳤으리라 여겨진다. 하지만 강산처리에 의한 세포벽의 변화는 비특이적으로 발생하기 때문에 동일한 형태로 모든 유산균에 적용 되기는 어려울 것이며 각 유산균종의 세포벽 구조와 특이 성분의 함량에 따라 다양하게 변화가 일어날 것으로 사료된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.86-92
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• 2006

Background: Germanium compounds are increased to use in nutrient foods and medicines in terms of antibiotics to microbes, anticancer, modulation of immune system and neutralizing heavy metal toxins. Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, containing stable organic germanium and bound to the yeast protein was developed by Geranti Pharm. LTD. and the modulation effect in the immune system was examined in vivo and in vitro. Methods: The compound, Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, was fed to female Balb/c mice (each group has 10 mice) for 4 weeks and the yeast powder and steamed red ginseng powder were used as control during the same feeding time points. During 4 weeks there was no symptom to be considered, and after 4 weeks feeding all mice were sacrificed to check the changes of related immune cells and subsidiary responses (i.e. cell counting, FACS, MTT, LDH, PFC assay). Results: In pre-post comparison, B cell population was increased in the group of Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast in a dose dependent manner (100 to 800 mg/kg). However, the population of T cell, dendritic cell and macrophage was not comparably changed in all doses. The ability of cytokine production and proliferation was almost same level as shown in control group. In contrast, PFC assay informed that the compound increase the antibody production ability when fed over 200 mg/kg implying that the increase of PFC number might be due to the increase of B cells. Conclusion: Over the entire study, we concluded that the compound, Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast has better potential in immune response in terms of B cell proliferation than that of positive control, red ginseng, and the compound can be one of the future candidates for a new supplementary source improving immune system activity.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.332-344
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• 1999

Cytokines are hormone-like proteins which mediate and regulate inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in the final differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing cells. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a neutrophil chemotactic factor that plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophil to inflammatory loci. Inflammatory mediators by cells in the gingiva have been implicated in the initiation and progression of periodontitis and oral infection. The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) on production of IL-6 and IL-8 by human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts. Primary cultured human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts were incubated with LPS (0.01, 0.1, $1.0{\mu}g/ml$), SEB (0.01, 0.1, $1.0{\mu}g/ml$) or LPS $(0.1{\mu}g/ml)$ plus SEB $(0.1{\mu}g/ml)$. Culture supernatants were collected at 24, 48, and 72 hrs and assessed for IL-6 and IL-8 production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-6 production in gingival fibroblasts stimulated with LPS was higher than that with SEB. IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-6 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was increased only by stimulation with a high concentration of LPS $(1.0{\mu}g/ml)$. Its production in facial dermal fibroblasts by exposure with SEB was decreased in comparison with control, nontreated cells. Therefore, gingival fibroblasts showed higher sensitivity than facial dermal fibroblasts in response to low concentration of LPS. Also, IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in gingival fibroblasts was enhanced greatly only by stimulation of high concentration of LPS $(1.0{\mu}g/ml)$. That by exposure with SEB was increased only in 24 hrs cultivation. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was decreased by LPS and increased only in 48 hrs cultivation by SEB. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was enhanced only in 48 hrs cultivation in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. therefore, IL-6 and IL-8 production were released at various quantities according to bacterial toxin applied and site of fibroblast harvested. These results suggest that gingival fibroblasts may be concerned with IL-6 and IL-8 related inflammatory response more than facial dermal fibroblasts.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.13-13
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• 2016

Insects constitute the largest and most diverse group of animals in the world. They also serve as the hosts or nutrient sources for an immense assemblage of pathogens, parasites, and predators. More than 700 fungal species from 100 genera have adopted an entomopathogenic lifestyle. Although entomopathogenic fungi were studied as only biocontrol agents against a variety of pests in various countries, it has been recently focused their additional roles in nature. They are antagonists to/against plant pathogens, endophytes, and possibly even plant growth promoting agents. The potential antimicrobial effect against fungal plant pathogens by an isolate of entomopathogenic fungi including Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium spp., and Isaria fumosorosea have been reported since late 1990s, but wasn't reported pathogenicity of the isolate against pests. Later, a Canadian Lecanicillium sp. isolate and L. longisporium isolated from Vertalec$^{(R)}$ showed simultaneous control effect against both aphid and cucumber powder mildew. Therefore, the antimicrobial activities of 342 fungi isolates collected from various regions and conditions in Korea were evaluated against plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea using dual culture technique on agar plate. As a result, 186 isolates (54.4%) shown the antifungal activity against B. cinerea. The culture filtrates of selected fungi completely suppressed the growth of the microorganisms, indicating that suppression was due to the presence of antimicrobial substances in the culture filtrate. Mode of action of these fungi against insect involves the attachment of conidia to the insect cuticle, followed by germination, cuticle penetration, and internal dissemination throughout the insect. During infection process, secreted enzymes, proteinous toxins, and/or secondary metabolites secreted by entomopathogenic fungi can be used to overcome the host immune system, modify host behavior, and defend host resources. Recently, secondary metabolites isolated from entomopathogenic fungi have been reported as potential bioactive substances. Generally, most of bioactive substances produced by entomopathogenic fungi have reported low molecular weight (lower than 1,000 g/mol) as peptide and, in contrast the high molecular weight fungal bioactive substances are rare. Most substances based on entomopathogenic fungi were shown antimicrobial activity with narrow control ranges. In our study we analyzed the antimicrobial substances having antagonistic effects to B. cinerea. Antimicrobial substances in our fungal culture filtrates showed high thermostability, high stability to proteolytic enzymes, and hydrophilicity and their molecular weights were differed from substance. In conclusion, entomopathogenic fungi showed pathogenicity against insect pests and culture filtrate of the fungi also shown to antimicrobial activity. In the future, we can use the entomopathogenic fungi and its secondary metabolites to control both insect pest control and plant pathogenic fungi simultaneously.

• 약학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.341-347
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• 2010

The majority of forensic autopsies in Korea are performed by the National Institute of Scientific Investigation (NISI), and the NISI has carried out about 4,000 cases annually. Total 4,578 autopsies were performed by NISI in 2009, among them 2,918 cases (64%) were carried out at main office of NISI in Seoul, which is in charge of Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi province. In this study we investigated pattern of drugs & poisons in autopsy cases for recent three years in Korea. Postmortem specimens (bloods, gastric contents, etc) from autopsy cases by main office of NISI during 2007~2009 were screened for drugs & poisons. Using laboratory information management system of NISI (iLIMS), the kinds of drugs & poisons and the frequency were investigated. As the results, 1,705 cases were negative to drugs & poisons, it occupied 58% of total 2,918 autopsy cases in 2009. During three years (2007~2009), the kinds of drugs & poisons detected in specimens were 206, 185 and 203, respectively, and top three drugs were atropine (anticholinergic), chlorpheniramine (antihistamine) and lidocaine (local anaesthetic/anti-arrythmic). These drugs were supposed to be used not so much for suicidal or homicidal purpose as for therapeutic purpose in hospital. Meanwhile cyanide showed the highest frequency of poisons during 2007~2009, and the frequency was 32 cases in 2009. In case of pesticides, poisoning by paraquat (herbicide, 17 cases) showed the highest frequency, and methomyl (insecticide, 9 cases) and glyphosate (herbicide, 7 cases) were followed. Finally we selected 62 drugs as target drugs for systematic toxicological analysis (STA) for Korea. Poisons such as pesticides, natural toxins, volatile compounds should be included for STA in further study.