• 제목/요약/키워드: toxin components

검색결과 52건 처리시간 0.025초

하수오(何首烏)가 알콜 투여로 유발된 흰쥐의 고지혈증과 간 손상의 예방에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Polygoni Multiflori Radix on prevention of hyperlipidemia and liver damage induced by alcohol)

  • 장영은;박지하;노성수;구진숙;서부일
    • 대한본초학회지
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    • 제30권3호
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    • pp.77-82
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    • 2015
  • Objectives : The Korean medical doctors use PMR(Polygoni Multiflori Radix) for nourishing the liver-kidney, loosing the bowel to relieve constipation, recovering from malaria, and clearing away heat and eliminating toxin, etc. But, this study was performed to investigate the effect of water extracts from PMR on prevention of hyperlipidemia and liver damage induced by alcohol. Methods : Except for the normal group, we fed rat on 25% alcohol for 55 days. And the extract was administrated for the same period. We measured the serum components in rat's blood, body weight and weight of liver. Results : At first, we observed effects of PMR on prevention of hyperlipidemia induced by alcohol. PMR group showed significant decrease of total cholesterol and triglyceride in comparison with those of the control group. PMR group showed significant increase of body weight in comparison with those of the control group in 4weeks and 8weeks. At second, we observed effects of PMR on prevention of liver damage induced by alcohol. PMR group showed significant decrease of GOT, GPT, ALP, and LDH in comparison with those of the control group. PMR group showed significant increase of liver weight in comparison with those of the control group. Conclusions : Reviewing these experimental results, it appears that water extracts from PMR have pharmaceutical efficacy on prevention of hyperlipidemia and liver damage induced by alcohol. Therefore further additional study should be conducted to elucidate in depth the pharmaceutical efficacy of these.

Bacillus 미생물과 활성슬러지의 포자화에 따른 체외고분자물질 생성에 관한 연구 (Production of Extracellular Polymeric Substances by Sporulation of Bacillus sp. and Activated Sludge)

  • 이상호
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.85-93
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    • 2011
  • The structural components of microorganism are quite related to the toxin and environmental conditions. The vegetative and dormant cells are quite affected by the physical and chemical environments to survive and they will be dormant when they are in the extreme environment. The mechanism to activate the microorganisms however, is not well defined yet in the area of activation state and sporulation state through the analysis of EPS. Other than that even the main mechanism of prior to acquisition of analysis values is not well understood. Therefore, what kind of specific environment to affect the activation and sporulation will be discussed through the analysis of the extracellular polymeric substances(EPS). EPS are a high molecular weight mixture of polymers presenting both outside of cells and interior of microbial aggregates. They are a major complex materials in microbial aggregation for sustaining them together in a three dimensional matrix. Three commonly used extraction methods were applied to this study their effectiveness and quantification in extracting EPS from several Bacillus microorganisms and activated sludge. Three extraction methods used for this study are regular centrifugation with formaldehyde (RCF), Steaming, and EDTA extraction. The results of EPS contents such as the quantitative proteins, carbohydrates and the ratio of protein versus carbohydrate from the several species with the several specific methods showed in this research. This study aims to get comparable results of the quantitative production of EPS and the effectiveness of sedimentation for Bacillus microorganisms and activated sludge from several wastewater treatment plans. The results revealed that the protein amount extracted was the highest by the Steaming method of three extraction methods before sporulation and the carbohydrate amount extracted was the highest by the RCA method of three extraction methods after sporulation. The higher amount of protein compared with carbohydrate from Bacillus microorganisms affected higher sedimentation efficiency, however it could not be found the relation between the EPS production and sedimentation efficiency for the activated sludge.

Glycoproteins isolated from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz improve protective immune response induction in a mouse model

  • Kim, Kyoung-A.;Son, Young-Ok;Kim, So-Soon;Jang, Yong-Suk;Baek, Young-Hyun;Kim, Chun-Chu;Lee, Jeong-Hoon;Lee, Jeong-Chae
    • Food Science and Biotechnology
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    • 제27권6호
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    • pp.1823-1831
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    • 2018
  • This study examined the efficacy of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK) protein and polysaccharide extracts as adjuvant or adjuvant booster when given together with porcine pleuropneumonia vaccine. Experimental mice (n = 5/group) were subcutaneously immunized with $25{\mu}g$ ApxIIA #3 antigen, a target protein against A. pleuropneumoniae, together with alum and/or various concentrations ($0-500{\mu}g$) of the AMK extracts, while the control group received PBS only. Immunization with ApxIIA #3 antigen increased the antigen-specific IgG titer and this increase was enhanced in the immunization together with AMK protein, but not polysaccharide extract. Supplementation of AMK protein extract exhibited dose-dependent increases in the antigen-induced protective immunity against A. pleuropneumoniae challenge and in the lymphocyte proliferation specific to the antigen. Glycoproteins present in the AMK extract were the active components responsible for immune response induction. Collectively, the present findings suggest that AMK glycoproteins are useful as immune stimulating adjuvant or adjuvant booster.

국내에서 시판중인 조개류의 세포독성 평가 (Cytotoxicity Assessment of Shellfishes from Domestic Fish Market)

  • 김영상;;;제준건;;;전유진
    • 한국해양바이오학회지
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.108-114
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    • 2020
  • A variety of shellfish species sold for human consumption are available for purchase in the domestic fish market. The microalgae families inhabit the ocean, where planktons supply the main nutritional resource for the growth of shellfish. Some phytoplanktons produce toxic compounds that are accumulated in shellfish and ultimately cause toxicity in humans. This article reports the cytotoxicity of commercially available shellfish species. Accordingly, hot water extract (HWE) and an aqueous fraction of 50% methanol extract (MEE-AF) showed no significant cytotoxicity on the two cell lines (i.e., HL-60 and Vero cell lines), but 50% methanol extract (MEE) in 3, 6 samples showed 50% cytotoxic effects on HL-60 cells, and 1, 4 samples showed 40%, 20% cytotoxic effects on Vero cells, respectively. In addition, their consequential dichloromethane fractions (MEE-DF) exhibited significant toxicities at the highest concentration (1,000 ㎍/ml) on HL-60 and Vero cells. Since the shellfish samples showed cytotoxicity in the dichloromethane fraction, it is possible that the dichloromethane fraction contains marine toxins. Further research will be needed to identify the toxic components from each sample.

Identification of the mechanism for dehalorespiration of monofluoroacetate in the phylum Synergistota

  • Lex E. X. Leong;Stuart E. Denman;Seungha Kang;Stanislas Mondot;Philip Hugenholtz;Chris S. McSweeney
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • 제37권2_spc호
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    • pp.396-403
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    • 2024
  • Objective: Monofluoroacetate (MFA) is a potent toxin that blocks ATP production via the Krebs cycle and causes acute toxicity in ruminants consuming MFA-containing plants. The rumen bacterium, Cloacibacillus porcorum strain MFA1 belongs to the phylum Synergistota and can produce fluoride and acetate from MFA as the end-products of dehalorespiration. The aim of this study was to identify the genomic basis for the metabolism of MFA by this bacterium. Methods: A draft genome sequence for C. porcorum strain MFA1 was assembled and quantitative transcriptomic analysis was performed thus highlighting a candidate operon encoding four proteins that are responsible for the carbon-fluorine bond cleavage. Comparative genome analysis of this operon was undertaken with three other species of closely related Synergistota bacteria. Results: Two of the genes in this operon are related to the substrate-binding components of the glycine reductase protein B (GrdB) complex. Glycine shares a similar structure to MFA suggesting a role for these proteins in binding MFA. The remaining two genes in the operon, an antiporter family protein and an oxidoreductase belonging to the radical S-adenosyl methionine superfamily, are hypothesised to transport and activate the GrdB-like protein respectively. Similar operons were identified in a small number of other Synergistota bacteria including type strains of Cloacibacillus porcorum, C. evryensis, and Pyramidobacter piscolens, suggesting lateral transfer of the operon as these genera belong to separate families. We confirmed that all three species can degrade MFA, however, substrate degradation in P. piscolens was notably reduced compared to Cloacibacillus isolates possibly reflecting the loss of the oxidoreductase and antiporter in the P. piscolens operon. Conclusion: Identification of this unusual anaerobic fluoroacetate metabolism extends the known substrates for dehalorespiration and indicates the potential for substrate plasticity in amino acid-reducing enzymes to include xenobiotics.

한의학의 항종양 면역치료에 관한 연구 -1990년 이후 발표된 실험논문을 중심으로- (Compilation of 104 Experimental Theses on the Antitumor and Immuno-activating therapies of Oriental Medicine)

  • 강연이;김태임;박종오;김성훈;박종대;김동희
    • 동의생리병리학회지
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.1-24
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    • 2003
  • This study was done to compile 104 experimental theses which are related to the antitumor and immuno-activating therapies between February 1990 through February 2002. Master's and doctoral theses were dassified by schools, degrees, materials, effects, experimental methods of antitumor and immunoactivity, and results. The following results were obtained from this study : 1. Classifying the theses by the school, 34.6% were presented by Daejeon University, 29.8% by Kyung-hee University and 11.5% by Won-kwang University. Of all theses, 51.0% were aimed for the doctoral degree and 43.3% were for the master's degree. All of three universities have their own cancer centers. 2. Classifying the theses by herb materials, complex prescription accounted for 60.3%, single herb accounted for 24.8% and herbal acupuncture accounted for 14.2%. Considering the key principles of the traditional medicine, complex prescription was much more thoroughly studied than single herb prescription. The results showed that the complex prescription had both antitumor activity and immuno-activating activity, which might reflects on multi-activation mechanisms by complex components. 3. Classifying the theses by the efficacy of herbs examined, in single herb, invigorating spleen and supplementing was 35.5%, expelling toxin and cooling was 29.0%, activating blood flow and removing blood stasis was 12.9%. In herbal acupuncture, invigorating spleen and supplementing was 52.9%, expelling toxin and cooling was 29.4%. In complex prescription, pathogen-free status was 41.9%, strengthening healthy qi to eliminate pathogen was 35.5%, strengthening healthy qi was 22.6%. It is presumed that the antitumor and immunoactivating therapy based on syndrome differentiation is the best way to develop oriental oncology. 4. Classifying the theses by antitumor experiments, cytotoxic effect was 48.1 %, survival time was 48.1 % and change of tumor size was 42.3%. Survival rate was not necessarily correlated with cytotoxicity. These data reflect the characteristic, wholistic nature of the oriental medicine which is based on BRM (biological response modifier). 5. Classifying the theses by immunoactivating experiments, hemolysin titer was 51.0%, hemagglutinin titer was 46.2% and NK cell's activity was 44.2%. In the future studies, an effort to elucidate specific molecular and cellular mechanisms of cytokine production in the body would be crucial. 6. Classifying the theses according to the data in terms of antitumor activity, 50% was evaluated good, 24.0% was excellent, and 15.5% have no effect. In an evaluation of immuno-activating activity, 35.9% was excellent and 18.0% showed a little effect. The index point, as described here, may helps to use experimental data for clinical trials. Changes in index points by varying dosage implicate the importance of oriental medical theory for prescription. 7. In 167 materials, IIP (immunoactivating index point, mean : 3.12±0.07) was significantly higher than AIP(antitumor index point, mean : 2.83±0.07). These data demonstrate that the effect of herb medicine on tumor activity depends more on immunoactivating activity than antitumor activity. This further implies that the development of herbal antitumor drugs must be preceded by the mechanistic understanding of immunoactivating effect. 8. After medline-searching tumor and herb-related articles from NCBI web site, we conclude that most of the studies are primarily focused on biomolecular mechanisms and/or pathways. Henceforth, we need to define the biomolecular mechanisms and/or pathways affected by herbs or complicated prescriptions. 9. Therefore, the most important point of oriental medical oncology is to conned between experimental results and clinical trials. For the public application of herbal therapy to cancer, it is critical to present the data to mass media. 10. To develop the relationship of experimental results and clinical trials, university's cancer clinic must have a long-range plan related to the university laboratories and, at the same time, a regular consortium for this relationship is imperative. 11. After all these efforts, a new type herbal medicine for cancer therapy which is to take care of the long-term administering and safety problem must be developed. Then, it would be expected that anti-tumor herbal acupuncture can improve clinical symptoms and quality of life (QOL) for cancer patients. 12. Finally, oriental medical cancer center must be constructed in NCC (National Cancer Center) or government agency for the development of oriental medical oncology which has international competitive power.

마비성패류독의 생물학적 제독 -2. 해수에서 분리한 Enterobacter sp. CW-6를 이용한 마비성패류독의 분해- (Change of Paralytic Shellfish Poison Components during Bacterial Detoxification)

  • 박미정;이희정;이태식;김지회;이태호
    • 한국수산과학회지
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    • 제33권6호
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    • pp.550-553
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    • 2000
  • 해수에서 분리한 마비성패류독 분해 균주 Enterobactersp. CW-6 균주의 마비성 패류독소 최적 분해 온도 및 시험 균주의 독소 분해과정 중의 독소 함량 및 구성성분을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 시험 균주는 배양 적온으로 확인된 $30, 35^{\circ}C$에서 배양 5일만에 각각 최초 첨가 독력의 $56.8, 44.1{\%}$, 12일 후에는 $93.0, 79.5{\%}$를 분해하였다. 그러나, 배양 적온에서 벗어날수록 균주의 독소 분해 활성은 감소하여 $20^{\circ}C$에서는 배양 12일 후에도 최초 독력의 $69.0{\%}$가 잔존하였다. 시험 균주 Enterobacter sp. CW-6는 $30^{\circ}C$에서의 조독소를 이용한 분해 활성 측정에서 초기 농도 38.2nmole/g의 마비성패류독을 배양 8일 및 12일째 각각 $88.4, 92.7{\%}$ 분해하였다. 정제 독소를 이용한 분해 시험에서, 조독소 분해과정 중에 일시적으로 증가하는 STX group은 GTX2, 3에서 전환된 것으로 확인되었다. 시험 균주 Enterobactersp. CW-6는 정제 독소에 대해서도 강한 분해 활성을 나타내었으며, 최초 농도 47 nmole/g 의 GTX1과 37 nmole/g GTX4를 분해 과정 12일 후에 각각 $100, 90.8{\%}$ 분해하였으며, GTX2, 3 혼합물에 대하여는 최초농도 25.6 nmole/g의 독소를 12일 후에 $66.4{\%}$까지 분해하였다.

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감마선 조사(照射)에 의한 쌀 저장에 관한 연구(제1보) (Studies on the Preservation of Korean Rice by Gamma-irradiation(I))

  • 김형수;최영락
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.51-61
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    • 1969
  • 쌀 저장중 곤충과 미생물에 의한 손실을 방지하기 위하여 팔달, 농광 두 품종을 현미와 백미로 도정하고 Polyethylene bag에 포장후 6-400K rad 의 $Co^{60}$${\gamma}$선을 조사하여 8개월간 실온에 저장하면서 곤충, 미생물의 발생상태와 방사선조사에 의한 쌀중 수분과 Amylose, Reducing Sugar, Rancidity 의 변화를 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1)Polyethylene bag에 저장된 쌀은 대조구도 곤충의 발생이 없었으나 가마니에 저장된 것은 5월달부터 곤충이 발생되었다. 2)400K rad 조사로는 쌀중 Yeast와 곰팡이의 살균에 부족하였고 Yeast는 쌀 표면에, 곰팡이는 균사가 쌀 입자에 깊이 뿌리박고 있었다, 3) 저장중 쌀의 수분은 방사선의 영향을 받지 않았다. 4) 선량증가와 저장기간에 따라 전분중 Amylose의 함량은 증가하는 경향이 있다. 5) Free reducing Sugar의 함량은 방사선에 의해 영향을 받지 않았고 저장중 감소하였다. 6) Rancidity는 선량과 저장기간에 따라 증가하였다.

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김치 유산균의 Caco-2 세포막 부착성 및 Aflatoxin B1 제거 효과 (Adhesion of Kimchi Lactobacillus Strains to Caco-2 Cell Membrane and Sequestration of Aflatoxin B1)

  • 이정민
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제34권5호
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    • pp.581-585
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    • 2005
  • 김치의 발효와 숙성 에 관여하는 2종의 유산균과 3종의 유제품으로부터 분리된 유산균을 Caco-2 세포 부착성과 $AFB_1$ 흡착능에 대해 비교 검토하여 보았다. 또한 유산균을 생균군, 열처리군, 강산처리군으로 나누어 유산균의 부착성 및 흡착력이 세포벽의 구조와 관련이 있다는 보고를 재확인하고자 하였다. L. plantarum KCTC 3099의 경우 Caco-2 세포 부착성이나 $AFB_1$ 흡착능이 높게 나타났으며 이것은 양성 대조군으로 사용된 L. rhamnosus GG와 유사한 수준을 나타내었다. 하지만 L. mesenteroides KCTC 3001은 Caco-2 부착성은 다소 높게 나타났으나 $AFB_1$ 흡착능은 낮게 나타났다. 이것은 Caco-2세포에 결합하는 부위와 $AFB_1$에 결합하는 부위가 일치하지는 않는다는 것을 암시하는 것으로 사료된다. 또한 유산균의 처리방법에 따라서도 다양한 차이를 보였는데 본 실험에서는 강산처리군의 경우 보다 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며 세포벽의 주된 구조인 peptidoglycan과 polysaccharides이 강산의 처리에 의해 결합이 파괴되면서 Caco2 세포 부착성이나 $AFB_1$ 흡착능의 상승에 영향을 미쳤으리라 여겨진다. 하지만 강산처리에 의한 세포벽의 변화는 비특이적으로 발생하기 때문에 동일한 형태로 모든 유산균에 적용 되기는 어려울 것이며 각 유산균종의 세포벽 구조와 특이 성분의 함량에 따라 다양하게 변화가 일어날 것으로 사료된다.

The Signal Transduciton of Ginsenosides, Active Ingredients of Panax ginseng, in Xenopus oocyte: A Model System for Ginseng Study

  • Nah Seung-Yeol;Lee Sang-Mok
    • 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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    • pp.66-83
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    • 2002
  • Recently, we have provided evidence that ginsenosides, the active components of Panax ginseng, utilize pertussis toxin (PTX)-insensitive $G{\alpha}_{q/11}-phospholipase\;C-{\beta}3(PLC-{\beta}3)$ signal transduction pathway for the enhancement of $Ca^{2+}-activated\;Cl^{-}$ current in the Xenopus oocyte (British J. Pharmacol. 132, 641-647, 2001; JBC 276, 48797-48802, 2001). Other investigators have shown that stimulation of receptors linked to $G{\alpha}-PLC$ pathway inhibits the activity of G proteincoupled inwardly rectifying $K^+$ (GIRK) channel. In the present study, we sought to determine whether ginsenosides influenced the activity of GIRK 1 and GIRK 4 (GIRK 1/4) channels expressed in the Xenopus oocyte, and if so, the underlying signal transduction mechanism. In oocyte injected with GIRK 1/4 channel cRNAs, bath-applied ginsenosides inhibited high potassium (HK) solution-elicited GIRK current $(EC_{50}:4.9{\pm}4.3\;{\mu}g/ml).$ Pretreatment of the oocyte with PTX reduced the HK solution-elicited GIRK current by $49\%,$ but it did not alter the inhibitory ginsenoside effect on GIRK current. Prior intraoocyte injection of cRNA(s) coding $G{\alpha}_q,\;G{\alpha}_{11}\;or\;G{\alpha}_q/G{\alpha}_{11},\;but\;not\;G{\alpha}_{i2}\;or\;G{\alpha}_{oA}$ attenuated the inhibitory ginsenoside effect. Injection of cRNAs coding $G{\beta}_{1{\gamma}2}$ also attenuated the ginsenoside effect. Similarly, injection of the cRNAs coding regulators of G protein signaling 1, 2 and 4 (RGS1, RGS2 and RGS4), which interact with $G{\alpha}_i\;and/or\;G{\alpha}_{q/11}$ and stimulates the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP in active GTP-bound $G{\alpha}$ subunit, resulted in a significant reduction of ginsenoside effect on GIRK current. Preincubation of GIRK channel-expressing oocyte in PLC inhibitor (U73122) or protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (staurosporine or chelerythrine) blocked the inhibitory ginsenoside effect on GIRK current. On the other hand, intraoocyte injection of BAPTA, a free $Ca^{2+}$ chelator, had no significant effect on the ginsenoside action. Taken together, these results suggest that ginsenosides inhibit the activity of GIRK 1/4 channel expressed in the Xenopus oocyte through a PTX-insensitive and $G{\alpha}_{q/11}$-,PLC-and PKC-mediated signal transduction pathway.

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