• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1037-1043
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• 2020

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Therefore, the development of an effective vaccine for APP is necessary. Here, we optimized the culture medium and conditions to enhance the production yields of Apx toxins in APP serotype 1, 2, and 5 cultures. The use of Mycoplasma Broth Base (PPLO) medium improved both the quantity and quality of the harvested Apx toxins compared with Columbia Broth medium. Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) was first demonstrated as a stimulation factor for the production of Apx toxins in APP serotype 2 cultures. Cultivation of APP serotype 2 in PPLO medium supplemented with 10 ㎍/ml of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and 20 mM CaCl₂ yielded the highest levels of Apx toxins. These findings suggest that the optimization of the culture medium and conditions increases the concentration of Apx toxins in the supernatants of APP serotype 1, 2, and 5 cultures and may be applied for the development of vaccines against APP infection.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.133-152
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• 2000

1. At the Menstruation Period, the uterus is easy to be invaded by a toxin because of its patency. Take cleanliness and hygiene into consideration. 2. At the Menstruation Period, much attention must be paid at the regulation of coldness and heat to harmonize the Menstruation. 3. At the Menstruation Period, excessive exercise must be avoided. Appropriate labor can help the circulation of vital energy & blood and reinforce the immunity of body. 4. The nourishing, plain, warming, digestible food is good at the Menstruation Period. Hot, stenched, stimulating food must be avoided and nuts & water fruit must not be overeaten. 5. At the Menstruation Period, sharpness & excessiveness of emotion must be avoided and a comfortable mood must be maintained. Especially premenstrual or postmenstrual period, peaceful spirit and sufficient sleep must be kept. 6. Women generally feel uncomfortable at the Menstruation Period, but it disappears spontaneously after menstruation. Don't take an overdose of medicine because it can disturb the normal condition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.59-59
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• 2003

Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus, parasiticus and their related fungi that grow in improperly stored foods such as com, rice, peanuts and other cereals. In addition to its high mutagenicity and cytotoxicity, aflatoxin B$_1$ (AFB$_1$) is a potent hepatocarcinogen in experimental animals and an important factor for the human liver cancer. In spite of a high attention to the hepatocarcinogenicity of aflatoxins, the relative toxicity, for the risk assessment, of other types (AFB$_2$, AFG$_1$ and AFG$_2$) of the toxin was not fully studies.(omitted)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1044-1051
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• 2016

The present study compared the differential functions of two groups of adjuvants, Montanide incomplete Seppic adjuvant (ISA) series and Quil A, cholesterol, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide, and Carbopol (QCDC) formulations, in chicken by analyzing published microarray data associated with each type of vaccine adjuvants. In the biological function analysis for differentially expressed genes altered by two different adjuvant groups, ISA series and QCDC formulations showed differential effects when chickens were immunized with a recombinant immunogenic protein of Eimeria. Among the biological functions, six categories were modified in both adjuvant types. However, with respect to "Response to stimulus", no biological process was modified by the two adjuvant groups at the same time. The QCDC adjuvants showed effects on the biological processes (BPs) including the innate immune response and the immune response to the external stimulus such as toxin and bacterium, while the ISA adjuvants modified the BPs to regulate cell movement and the response to stress. In pathway analysis, ISA adjuvants altered the genes involved in the functions related with cell junctions and the elimination of exogenous and endogenous macromolecules. The analysis in the present study could contribute to the development of precise adjuvants based on molecular signatures related with their immunological functions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.301-310
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• 1999

Anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases. The bacterium produces several virulence factors. Of the factors, protective antigen (PA) of tripatite toxin has been identified as a central component in the pathogenesis of anthrax. However, precise roles of PA and other cellular components in the reaction with the target cells remain to be elucidated, especially in the initial stage of the disease. Three B anthracis antigens were prepared for investigation; PA, sonicated cellular antigens (S-Ag) and formalin-inactivaed whole cell antigens (W-Ag). PA was purified from culture supernatant of the bacterium using FPLC system with MonoQ. S-Ag and W-Ag were prepared by sonication and formalin inactivation of the cultured cells, respectively. Purity of the antigens was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. The roles of these antigens in the production of inflammatory mediators such as NO, IL-6 and $TNF{\alpha}$ from mouse peritoneal macrophages were investigated. PA alone did not induce the production of the inflammatory mediators while the other antigens, S-Ag and W-Ag, did in a dose and time dependent manner. These results suggested that in addition to major virulence factors, other cellular antigens are also involved in the initial stage of the disease by the induction of inflammatory mediators.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.140-142
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• 2014

To evaluate the recovery rates to increase toxigenic C. difficile, the selective enrichment broth culture methods were compared with commonly used cytotoxin assays and toxigenic culture. First, the enrichment culture, using the selective medium broth for 2 to 5 days, was performed and then, toxigenic C. difficile was confirmed by C. difficile toxin gene-specific PCR after being cultured on C. difficile selective agar. The sensitivity of C. difficile from the enrichment culture (100%) was higher than that of C. difficile selective agar culture (93.8%), while positive predictive values (PPV) were low; 72.7% (16/22) and 88.2% (15/17). PPV of the enrichment culture are not high. Recently, combinations of C. difficile selective agar culture, C. difficile A & B assays, glutamate dehydrogenase, and nucleic acid amplification method are widely used. The enrichment culture was disadvantageous in PPV, turn-around time, and cost. So, what we performed is not considered as a common method of diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.243-256
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• 2012

This article schematically reviews the clinical features, diagnostic approaches to, and toxicological implications of toxic encephalopathy. The review will focus on the most significant occupational causes of toxic encephalopathy. Chronic toxic encephalopathy, cerebellar syndrome, parkinsonism, and vascular encephalopathy are commonly encountered clinical syndromes of toxic encephalopathy. Few neurotoxins cause patients to present with pathognomonic neurological syndromes. The symptoms and signs of toxic encephalopathy may be mimicked by many psychiatric, metabolic, inflammatory, neoplastic, and degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Thus, the importance of good history-taking that considers exposure and a comprehensive neurological examination cannot be overemphasized in the diagnosis of toxic encephalopathy. Neuropsychological testing and neuroimaging typically play ancillary roles. The recognition of toxic encephalopathy is important because the correct diagnosis of occupational disease can prevent others (e.g., workers at the same worksite) from further harm by reducing their exposure to the toxin, and also often provides some indication of prognosis. Physicians must therefore be aware of the typical signs and symptoms of toxic encephalopathy, and close collaborations between neurologists and occupational physicians are needed to determine whether neurological disorders are related to occupational neurotoxin exposure.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2012

NOx is one of the toxin gases, which is mainly causing the optic-chemical smog phenomena, and decreasing in the function of nose and taste. Especially, NO is easily reacting with $O_3$, and then becoming the $NO_2$. $NO_2$ is mainly causing the acidulation rain. So, we should develop the NOx gas sensing system to detect NOx gas. In this paper, we present the microstructure and the NOx gas detecting properties of the nitrocellulose/MWCNT thin film coated by the air-spray on the glass substrate. The nitrocellulose/MWCNT-based gas sensors have been studied detecting NOx molecules of a ppm-level at the temperature range of $30{\sim}120^{\circ}C$. The resistance of the sensors decreases when the sensors are exposed to NOx gas. As a results, we obtained the nitrocellulose/MWCNT sensors with the sensitivity of 0.6%/sec under the 0.8 ppm of NOx gas concetration. Also, we get the activation energy of 0.202eV from the sensor for the 0.3 ppm of NOx gas concentration.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.121-130
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• 2014

Objectives : I investigated whether bee venom inhibit cell growth through enhancement of death receptor expressions in the human lung cancer cells, NCI-H460. Methods : Bee venom(1-5 ${\mu}g/ml$) inhibited the growth of NCI-H460 lung cancer cells by the induction of apoptotic cell death in a dose dependent manner. Results : Consistent with apoptotic cell death, expression of TNF-R1, TNF-R2, FAS, death receptors(DR) 3, 4, 5 and 6 was increased in the cells. Expression of DR downstream pro-apoptotic proteins including Caspase-8, -3, -9 was upregulated and Bax was concomitantly overwhelmed the expression of Bcl-2. NF-kB were inhibited by treatment with bee venom in NCI-H460 cells through TNF response change led by TNF-R1 and TNF-R2. Conclusions : These results suggest that bee venom should exert anti-tumor effect through induction of apoptotic cell death in NCI-H460 human lung cancer cells via enhancement of death receptor expression, and that bee venom could be a promising agent for preventing and treating lung cancer.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2002

In the literal study of anti-tumor effects of Jakeumjung. the results were as follows. 1. Jakeumjung is a traditional oriental medical prescription which is composed of Cremastare appeniculatae tuber, Euphorbiae pekinensis radix, Toosendan fructus, Chinensis galla, Moschus, Realgar and Cinnabaris. 2. Jakeumjung is applied to patients by administering or external application. When it is administered for patients, pertinent dose is 0.6~1.5g twice or three times per one day. When it is applied by external application, we melt it by water or vinegar and apply it to patients. 3. Effects of Jakeumjung are expelling toxin and pestilence, counteracting pathogen and relieving stagnation, detumescence and stopping pain. So it is used for detoxification from ancient. In recent, it is often used for cancer such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, epigastric cancer, acute leukemia, lymphoma, thymus cancer and skin cancer. 4. From the various experiments, Jakeumjung has been proved to have antifungal and antitumor effects. It inhibits and kills L7212, L1210 cells of leukemia. Especially, it acts in S stage of cell period. 5. Jakeumjung includes mineral medicines such as Realgar, Cinnabaris. So if we execute progressive study for anticancer effects and safety, the boundary of oriental medicine of using mineral medicines for cancer therapy will magnify in the future.