• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.256-262
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• 2020

Background Most women consider an oval-shaped face to be youthful and beautiful. In recent years, demand has grown for surgical procedures with a shorter downtime and fewer complications. These minimally invasive procedures include botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) injection, filler injection, suction-assisted liposuction (SAL), laser-assisted lipolysis (LAL), thread lifting, and fat grafting. This study aims to introduce an effective method for creating an aesthetically pleasing lower face using a combination of minimally invasive procedures. Methods From March 2017 to March 2019, 94 patients simultaneously underwent LAL, SAL, and thread lifting. Ancillary procedures such as BoNTA injections, hyaluronic acid filler injections, and removal of the buccal fat pad (BFP) were selectively performed according to the patient's condition. Results Patients rated their postoperative satisfaction as very satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied. Approximately 83% of all respondents were satisfied with the results, whereas the remaining respondents had complaints regarding the outcomes. The most common reasons for dissatisfaction were a longer-than-expected recovery time and undercorrection, and the most severe complaint was skin depression as a result of overcorrection. Conclusions Our method of simultaneously performing LAL, SAL, and thread lifting, while adding BoNTA, filler injections, and BFP removal as needed, was capable of producing consistent and reliable aesthetic outcomes for the lower face.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.137-141
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• 2000

A causal fungus of turfgrass blight was isolated from the infected leaves of zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) and identified as Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason by using a light misroscope. Its conidia are large (14-20 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ diameter), shiny, black, aseptate, and smooth-walled spheres. The fungus caused typical blighting symptoms on the two turfgrass plants of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). The fungus was found to produce a phytotoxic subtance to be associated with the pathogenic mechanism. A phytotoxin was isolated from the liquid cultures of N. sphaerica by repeated silica gel column chromatography and its structure was determined to be 5, 6-dihydro-5-hydroxy-6-propenyl-2H-pyr-2-one (T-3 compound). It was not a host-specific toxin showing phytotoxic effects to various plants inclusing turfgrasses in the leaf-wounding assay, the whole plant test, and the cellular leakage test. The compound caused leaf tip dieback symptoms in turfgrass plants similar to those caused by the pathogen. Thus, T-3 compound is thought to be involved in the development of Nigrospora blight.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.939-942
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• 2005

For the detection of cyanobacterial toxin, an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was integrated into a PDMS microchip. The conjugates of microcystin-LR (MCLR) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were adsorbed on the surface of polystyrene beads and these MCLR-KLH polystyrene beads were introduced into a microchamber. MCLR on the surface of polystyrene beads reacted with horseradish peroxides (HRP) conjugated anti-MCLR monoclonal antibody (mAb) which had a competitive reaction with MCLR in water sample. After the enzyme substrate 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) was injected into the chamber and catalyzed by HRP, the color change was detected with a liquid-cord waveguide. This integration shortened the conventional ELISA analysis time from several hours to about 30 min with only 4.2 $\mu$L MCLR sample consuming which was useful for the environmental analysis. More over, troublesome operations required for ELISA could be replaced by simple operations. The microchip based detection system showed a good sensitivity of 0.05 $\mu$g/L and maintained good reliability through its quantitative range with low coefficients of variation (2.5-10.5%).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.883-893
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• 2021

Clostridium difficile present in feces of food animals may contaminate their meats and act as a potential source of C. difficile infection (CDI) to humans. C. difficile resistance to antibiotics, its production of toxins and spores play major roles in the pathogenesis of CDI. This is the first study to evaluate C. difficile prevalence in retail raw animal meats, its antibiotics susceptibilities and toxigenic activities in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. Totally, 240 meat samples were tested. C. difficile was identified by standard microbiological and biochemical methods. Vitek-2 compact system confirmed C. difficile isolates were 15/240 (6.3%). Toxins A/B were not detected by Xpect C. difficile toxin A/B tests. Although all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole, variable degrees of reduced susceptibilities to moxifloxacin, clindamycin or tetracycline antibiotics were detected by Epsilon tests. C. difficile strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics should be investigated. Variability between the worldwide reported C. difficile contamination levels could be due to absence of a gold standard procedure for its isolation. Establishment of a unified testing algorithm for C. difficile detection in food products is definitely essential to evaluate the inter-regional variation in its prevalence on national and international levels. Proper use of antimicrobials during animal husbandry is crucial to control the selective drug pressure on C. difficile strains associated with food animals. Investigating the protective or pathogenic potential of non-toxigenic C. difficile strains and the possibility of gene transfer from certain toxigenic/ antibiotics-resistant to non-toxigenic/antibiotics-sensitive strains, respectively, should be worthy of attention.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1625-1634
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• 2023

Leuconostoc lactis strain DMLL10 was isolated from kimchi, a fermented vegetable, as a starter candidate through safety and technological assessments. Strain DMLL10 was susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. It did not show any hemolytic activity. Regarding its phenotypic results related to its safety properties, genomic analysis revealed that strain DMLL10 did not encode for any toxin genes such as hemolysin found in the same genus. It did not acquire antibiotic resistance genes either. Strain DMLL10 showed protease activity on agar containing NaCl up to 3%. The genome of DMLL10 encoded for protease genes and possessed genes associated with hetero- and homo-lactic fermentative pathways for lactate production. Finally, strain DMLL10 showed antibacterial activity against seven common foodborne pathogens, although bacteriocin genes were not identified from its genome. These results indicates that strain DMLL10 is a novel starter candidate with safety, enzyme activity, and bacteriocin activity. The complete genomic sequence of DMLL10 will contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of probiotic properties and allow for assessment of the effectiveness of this strain as a starter or probiotic for use in the food industry.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 1998

A role of endogenous somatostatin in pancreatic exocrine secretion induced by intrapancreatic cholinergic activation was studied in the isolated rat pancreas perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution. Intrapancreatic neurons were activated by electrical field stimulation (EFS: 15 V, 2 msec and 8 Hz). Pancreatic exocrine secretion, including volume flow and amylase output, and release of somatostatin from the pancreas were respectively determined. Somatostatin cells in the islet were stained with an immunoperoxidase method. EFS significantly increased pancreatic volume flow and amylase output, which were reduced by atropine by 59% and 78%, respectively. Intraarterial infusion of either pertussis toxin or a somatostatin antagonist resulted in a further increase in the EFS-evoked pancreatic secretion. EFS also further elevated exocrine secretion in the pancreas treated with cysteamine, which was completely restored by intraarterial infusion of somatostatin. EFS significantly increased not only the number of immunoreactive somatostatin cells in the islet but also the concentration of immunoreactive somatostatin in portal effluent. It is concluded from the above results that intrapancreatic cholinergic activation elevates pancreatic exocrine secretion as well as release of endogenous somatostatin. Endogenous somatostatin exerts an inhibitory influence on exocrine secretion induced by intrapancreatic cholinergic activation via the islet-acinar portal system in the isolated pancreas of the rat.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.197-203
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• 2001

A fusion protein, consisting of human epidermal growth factor as a recognition domain and human angiogenin as a toxin domain, can be used as a targeted therapeutic against breast cancer cells among others. The fusion protein was expressed as inclusion body in recombinant E. coli, and when the conventional, solution-phase refolding process was used the refolding yield was very low due to severe aggregation, probably due to the opposite surface charge due to vastly different pI values of each domain. Solid-phase refolding process exploiting ionic interactions between the solid matrix and the protein was tried, but the ionic binding yield was very low regardless of the resins and pH conditions used. To provide higher affinity toward the solid matrix, six lysine residues were tagged to the N -terminus of the hEGF domain When the cation exchange resins such as heparin- or CM-Sepharose were used as the matrix, the adsorption capacity increased 2.5-3 times and the subsequent refolding yield increased nearly IS times compared to the conventional process.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.72-76
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• 2011

The adjuvant effects of Korean mistletoe lectin-C (KML-C) were investigated following the oral administration of KML-C with ovalbumin (OVA) as an antigen. Mice were orally immunized with OVA alone or admixed with various doses of KML-C or cholera toxin (CT), and the titer of OVA-specific antibody in the serum and mucosal secretions were determined. OVA+KML-C-treated mice showed high titers of IgA specific to CT in mucosal secretions. The antibody titers in the serum of OVA+KML-C-treated mice were comparable to those in the serum of OVA+CT-treated mice. When mice were immunized with OVA+KML-C or with CT alone and subsequently injected with OVA on the footpads after the primary immunization, they showed a more significant increase in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions than when they were administered CT alone. These results suggest that KML-C is a potent immunoadjuvant that enhances both humoral and cellular immunity by the mucosal immune system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2012

Spasmodic dysphonia is a chronic, focal, movement-induced, action-specific dystonia of the laryngeal musculature during speech. It can have a profound effect on quality of life, severely limiting people's communication, especially via telephone and in noisy backgrounds. Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is usually of the adductor type characterized by glottic contractions causing tightness and voice breaks with forced-strangled voice, but it may also be abductor type or, much less commonly, mixed. Treatment options for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) include voice therapy, surgical procedures, and botulinum toxin injections (Botox). The use of Botox injected into the laryngeal muscles remains the "gold standard" treatment for reducing the vocal symptoms of ADSD and Botox induces a temporary paresis of the laryngeal muscles and provides short-term relief of symptoms. Repeated injections of the laryngeal muscles, generally every 3-4 months, are required for continuous relief of symptoms. Improvement in vocal function has been reported after use of Botox injections, though a completely normal voice is rarely achieved. In this hospital, 1,030 patients have been enrolled for Botox injection therapy so far (May, 2012). In this review article, I'd like to present my personal experience of management of spasmodic dysphonia mainly by Botox injection.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.160-166
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• 1997

Toxic shock syndrome(TSS) is a multisystemic disease presenting with high fever, sunburn like rash that subsequently desquamates, and hypotension mainly caused by toxin producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. It was first reported in 1978 by Todd et al, thereafter many patients have been reported. In children, TSS is rare and must be differentiated from other erythematous febrile diseases such as Kawasaki disease, scarlet fever, drug eruption etc. We experienced a case of TSS associated with staphylococcal cellulitis in 26-month old boy, who was presenting similar symptoms to Kawasaki disease at initial stage of illness. As time passed, the patient represented more typical symptoms of TSS and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from cellulitis of the right elbow area. Therefore, we report this case with a brief review of related literatures.