• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.31-59
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• 2008

This paper is intended to analyze the toxic substances transmission between South Korea and U.S. through international trade, based on 2000 international input-output data and both country's toxic substances. According to result, The high TEI sectors are metal, chemical and general machinery in Korea, and the high TEI sectors of America are electric & electronics, Chemicals, Rubber and Plastics. Korea's export structure to America is more pollutant than America's export structure to Korea.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.348-356
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• 2023

Objectives: Neuralgia-pharmacopuncture (NP) was recently developed as a water-soluble type of pharmacopuncture inspired by CS (care special pain)-pharmacopuncture. I aimed to evaluate the toxic response and approximate lethal dose of when NP when administered intramuscularly to Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: The experimental group was divided into the NP test substance group and the saline control group and administered at a dose of 1.0 mL/animal to the posterior thigh muscles on both sides using a 1 mL syringe; each group consisted of five males and five females. Each rat was monitored for clinical signs and changes in body weight for 14 days after a single intramuscular injection. After completing observation, necropsy findings and localized tolerance at the injection site were assessed via gross necropsy and histopathological examination. Results: No deaths occurred in the NP or control group, regardless of sex. During the observation period, no changes (such as general symptoms, weight change, or visual observation results at the time of autopsy) were judged to be due to the test substance. Histopathological examination showed no changes at the administration site judged to be caused by the test substance in either the male or female test substance administration groups. In addition, mononuclear cell infiltration of the outer membrane of the femoris muscle at the administration site was observed at the same frequency and extent in the control and NP groups, and was judged to be caused by physical stimulation by the injection needle; therefore, it had no toxicological significance. Conclusion: Based on the above results, the approximate lethal dose for a single intramuscular administration of the test substance NP in Sprague-Dawley rats was judged to be > 1.0 mL/animal, and there were no findings that were judged to be due to the test substance at the administration site.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

Purpose: A number of reports about the intoxicated patients have been introduced, but there were few multicenter studies. The purpose of this study was to analyse the patients with toxic exposure in the Daejon province. Methods: The patients who were presented to the four academic emergency departments in Daejon with toxic exposure were enrolled from January to June 2003. The collected variables were according to the form which modified from the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) of the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Results: The toxic exposure patients were 362 cases which is $0.78\%$ of total patients presented to the emergency department. The most common exposure site was home ($84\%$). Eighteen percent of cases were exposed by two or more substances. The most common substance was the pesticides ($34.8\%$), and the non-prescription drugs ($32.6\%$) was followed. The suicidal attempt was the top reason for exposure ($67.1\%$). The route of exposure other than ingestion was $3.6\%$. Although the most patients left the hospital within a day, the average treatment period was 4.4 days. Thirty-one patients ($8.6\%$) were expired, and 22 among them were exposed to the paraquat. Conclusion: We reported the current status of toxic exposure in Daejon province by modified TESS style.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.170-174
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Inappropriate discharge of wastewaters and industrial effluents are becoming detrimental to the aquatic environment. The presence of toxic substances on wastewaters can be detected by physicochemical and biological methods. However, physicochemical methods do not give any information about biological toxicity. Therefore, in this study we tried to detect the presence of toxic substance on waters using sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) as a bioassay. MATERIALS AND RESULTS: The SOB biosensor was first stabilized using synthetic stream water and operated in both continuous and semi-continuous mode. When the SOB biosensor was operated in continuous mode, the effluent electrical conductivity (EC) stabilized at~1.72 dS/m. While in the case of semi-continuous, the EC stabilized at~0.6 dS/m. The SOB system was also operated at different reaction times to ascertain the shortest reaction time for monitoring the toxicity. Finally, the SOB biosensor was fed with nitrite as toxic substance. When 5 mg/L of nitrite was added to the SOB system, the EC decreased immediately. However, the EC recovered after few cycle. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the SOB biosensor can be used as warning system to protect aquatic environment from hazardous materials. Although SOB biosensor can not give specific information about the toxic substances, it can assess whether the water is toxic or not.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 1990

Toxohormone-L is a lipolytic factor, found in ascites fluid of sarcoma 180-bearing mice and of patients with hepatoma A substance that inhibited the lipolytic action of Toxohormoue-L was isolated and purified from Korean red ginseng powder. This substance had a pectin-like $\alpha$-1,4-polygalacturonan backbone with some acetoxyl groups, and so was an acidic polysaccharide It inhibited Toxohormone-L Induced liploysis in a dose dependent manner at concentrations higher than 10 Ug/ml. Purified acidic Polysaccharide yield(PG4-3 and PG4-4 fraction) was about 0.03%. And also pectic acid that inhibited the lipolytic action of Toxohormone-L.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.464-468
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• 1999

In order to find less toxic antiviral agents from basidiomycetes, EA, the water soluble substance, was isolated from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (Pers.) Karst. Anti-encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus activity of EA was examined in Vero cells by plaque reduction assay in vitro. And the combined antiviral effects of EA with interferon (IFN) alpha and gamma were examined on the multiplication of EMC virus. EA exhibited a concentration-dependent reduction in the plaque formation of EMC virus with 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) of 2.12 mg/ml. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was analysed by the multiple drug effect analysis. The combination of EA with IFN alpha showed potent synergism with CI values of 0.40~0.60 for 50%, 70% and 90% effective levels, but that with IFN gamma showed antagonism with CI values of 2.16~2.83.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.163-166
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• 2011

For reduction of side effects by anti-fungal agents, a less toxic anti-fungal substance or a synergistic substance with a new mechanism is needed. The anti-yeast substance (AYS) originated from Rahnella aquatilis strain AY2000 is like to be a heterogeneous protein. The AYS inhibited the growth of Candida albicans in culture broth, and AYS-treated cells were arrested in each phase during cell cycle. Among AYS-treated cells, the population of the cells belonging to sub-G1 phase was not increased during cell cycle. Therefore, AYS has rather yeaststatic than yeastcidal effect to C. albicans. Moreover, with combination of itraconazole or fluconazole, AYS had a synergistic anti-yeast activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on the analysis of fractional inhibitory concentration index.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2000

In the study, three criteria(toxicity, fire & explosion, environment) and damage prediction method for each case was set up, and all these criteria were applied to the subject substance that was selected as hazardous level by integrating all criteria through Algorithm. Particularly, the environment criterion is a comprehensive concept, environment index modeling by combining USCG(United State Coast Guard) & MSDS(Material Safety Data Sheet) environment criteria classifications and the environment part of MFPA's health hazardousnes(Nh). And for damage prediction method of each criterion were adopted and they were applied to hazardous chemical substances in use or stored by chemical substance related enterprises located in each region that made possible to set up total hazard level of used substances(inflammability, poisonousness and counteraction on a unit substance, and hazard level & display modeling on environment) & damage prediction in case of accident & solidity setup(CPQRA: Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Assessment, IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency, VZ eq: Vulnerable Zone) risk counter. Thus it is deemed that it can be applied to toxic substance leakage that can happen during any chemical processing & storage, application as a tool for prior safety evaluation through potential dangerousness computation of fire & explosion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 1996

A chronological account of the prospect and problems of utilization of urea in poultry diets is presented. Urea has long been considered as toxic to poultry but recent research, although limited, has yielded controversial results. The main problem appears to be due to the fact that whether or not response to urea is dependent on environment (germ free versus conventional). Although caecum is found to be the major site of ammonia production from urea, the so called nutritional benefit derived by chicken fed urea is probably limited to its utilization for the synthesis of nonessential amino acids in the protein depleted chicken, but not in the protein adequate chicken. More research is needed to monitor production characteristics of birds fed urea and investigate its toxic effect, if any, in some greater detail before recommending this nonprotein nitrogenous substance for inclusion in the poultry diets.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.82-84
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• 1964

It has been pointed out that various substances such as "toxoalbumin", glycoside, choline or readily hydrolysable choline derivatives, alkaloid, lysolecithine etc. are associated with the toxicity of the infected grain. But animal tests and analysis of paper chromatography by author's indicated that a basic substance present in the concentrated extracts from the grain may neither be acetylcholine, betaine, nor choline. This problem still have to be examine further.