• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2000

Objectives and Methods : In order to elucidate toxic mechanism of myocardial damage and protective effect of myrrha water extract against cytotoxic effect of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine(XO/HX), cardioprotective effect of myrrha water extract was examined by MTT assay, LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity and heart beating rate after cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal mouse were treated with various concentration of XO/HX, a free radical. Results : XO/HX induced a decrease of cell viability, an increase in the amount of LDH, and a decrease of heart beating rate on cultured myocardial cells in a dose-dependent manner. In cardioprotective effect of myrrha water extract, it showed a decrease in the amount of LDH and an increase of heart beating rate on cultured myocardial cells damaged by XO/HX. Conclusions : From the above results, it is suggested that XO/HX showed toxic effect in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal mouse and that myrrha water extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced cardiotoxicity.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.213-222
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• 1999

The toxic effects of four pesticides on the entomopathogenic nematodes. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NC strain, Steinernema glaseri NC and Dongrae strain were tested by checking the mortality of infective juveniles(Ijs) in aqueous solution of pesticide. Mortality of Ijs was influenced by pesticide and concentration and soaking time. The herbicide alachlor and insecticide fenitrothion were toxic to Ijc of three entomopathogenic nematodes. But, the fungicides mepronil and tolclofos-methyl were nontoxic to Ijs. Tolclofos-methyl showed significantly very week toxicity at 28 days after soaking for S. glaseri NC strain. H. bacteriophora NC strain was more highly sensitive to high temperature condition then were the other nematodes.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.438-443
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• 1991

This study was designed to examine the effects of diphenhydramine and papaverine on the toxic manifestations of cholinesterase inhibitors. It was found that papaverine increase acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebral cortex of mice. Papaverine pretreatment tended to increase acetylcholinesterase activity against the actions of neostigmine and physostigmine. When diphenhydramine (20~30 mg/kg, s.c.) was treated 20 min before the administration of cholinesterase inhibitor, it significantly extended the onset latency in the signs of toxicosis which were characteristically produced by physostigmine (0.25~1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or neostigmine (0.125~0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), and it also prevented lethality in all of the animals.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.267-272
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• 1985

Pyrantal pamoate's anthelmintic activity is due to its action as a neuromuscular blocking agent. It is generally well tolerated. Transient rises in SGOT levels have been reported in the drug-treated patients. Decreased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase post treatment were found in yound dogs. The present study was performed to investigate the possible toxic effects of pyrantal pamoate in pregnant mice progenies. The drug was given in different doses to these mothers in the first, second and third trimester. Serum alkaline phosphatase, SGOT and SGPT of one or two month old offspring were monitored. SGOT levels showed an increase in some doses in one and two month old offspring where alkaline phosphatase showed a decrease in some doses in one and two month old offspring. The latter effect may be due to osteoblastic alkaline phosphatase inhibition. The effect on SGOT levels, however, was difficult to explain, but may be due to a toxic effect on liver cells or cardiac muscles.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.1069-1074
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• 2002

The growth and heavy metal experiments revealed oppositive interactions between toxic metals(Zn and Cd) and Mn when the coastal diatom T. pseudonana were used. Cd and Zn inhibited the algal growth rate only at low Mn ion concentrations and this effect could be accounted for an inhibition of cellular Mn take by the toxic metals. Mn and Zn inhibited cellular Cd take and this indicated a reciprocal effects among the metals with respect to metal take. Saturation kinetics modeling of the take data was consistent with two metals competing with each other for binding to the Mn take system and with both Cd and Mn being transported into the cell by that system. Mathematical modeling of Mn and Cd take data revealed evidence fur a Cd efflux system.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.12-26
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• 1985

The generation of $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$ and its toxic effects were studied with rat brain mitochondria. The production of $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$ from mitochondria in the presence of succinate and antimycin was demonstrated by SOD-inhibitable reduction of NBT. Although succinate can support the $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$ formation, the highest rate needs antimycin indicating that blockade of electron flow in the respiratory chain augments the univalent reduction of molecular oxygen. Under this condition, $H_2O_2$ was also observed to be produced. But its formation appears to be derived from the dismutation of the primary product, $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$ since the rate of $H_2O_2$ production was markedly decreased by NBT and ferricytochrome c. The $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$ and $H_2O_2$ produced were able to cause toxic actions to mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial components as shown by lipid peroxidation of mitochondrial membrane, and inactivation and lysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase and erythrocytes added to the medium, respectively. In all the toxic actions observed, $Fe^{++}$ was required. It appears that in the toxic actions $OH{\cdot}$ generated from the iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction acts as a mediator. This was supported by the finding that mitochondria in the presence of succinate and antimycin produced ethylene from methional, and $Fe^{++}$ added increased the ethylene production. The observed toxic actions of mitochondrial $O^{-}_{2}{\cdot}$ may provide evidence supporting a potential role of mitochondria as a source of oxygen radicals to cause tissue damage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2014

The object of this study was to evaluate the combined toxic interactions of the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with six heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb). The individual and combined toxic effects were assessed using the Vibrio fischeri assay. In case of the individual toxicity, PFOA was higher toxic than PFOS and toxicity of PFOA and PFOS were lower than heavy metal. In the toxicity of heavy metals, the $Hg^{2+}$ was found to be most toxic followed by $Pb^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$. The combined toxicity of PFOA or PFOS with $Cr^{6+}$ were synergistic effect because the $EC_{50}$ mix values were less than 1 TU. PFOA + $Zn^{2+}$, PFOS + $Zn^{2+}$, PFOA + $Cd^{2+}$ and PFOS + $Cd^{2+}$ produced addictive effect. Except in these case, all of binary mixtures show antagonistic effect. This study proved potential risk of coexistent with perfluorinated compounds and heavy metals in water environment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6541-6548
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• 2013

Pigmented rice is mainly black, red, and dark purple, and contains a variety of flavones, tannin, polyphenols, sterols, tocopherols, ${\gamma}$-oryzanols, amino acids, and essential oils. The present study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of purple rice extracts (PREs) combined with chemotherapeutic drugs on human cancer cells and mechanisms of cell death. Methanolic (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of three cultivars of purple rice in Thailand: Doisaket (DSK), Nan and Payao (PYO), were tested and compared with white rice (KK6). Cytotoxicity was determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, prostate cancer LNCaP and murine normal fibroblast NIH3T3 cells. MeOH-PYO-PRE was the most cytotoxic and inhibited HepG2 cell growth more than that of LNCaP cells but was not toxic to NIH3T3 cells. When PREs were combined with paclitaxel or vinblastine, they showed additive cytotoxic effects on HepG2 and LNCaP cells, except for MeOH-PYO-PRE which showed synergistic effects on HepG2 cells when combined with vinblastine. MeOH-PYO-PRE plus vinblastine induced HepG2 cell apoptosis with loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) but no ROS production. MeOH-PYO-PRE-treated HepG2 cells underwent apoptosis via caspase-9 and-3 activation. The level of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol was highest in DCM-PYO-PRE (44.17 mg/g) whereas anthocyanin content was high in MeOH-PYO-PRE (5.80 mg/g). In conclusion, methanolic Payao purple rice extract was mostly toxic to human HepG2 cells and synergistically enhanced the cytotoxicity of vinblastine. Human HepG2 cell apoptosis induced by MeOH-PYO-PRE and vinblastine was mediated through a mitochondrial pathway.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2006

Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) has been used as feed additives in poultry industries to improve production and control coccidiosis. The effect of high dietary levels of Roxarsone (ROX) on the performance and function of internal organs and the kinetics of recovery as well as its after-effects were examined in laying hens. The inclusion rates of ROX were 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg per kg feed. Inclusion up to 200 mg did not show any adverse effects (p>0.05), whereas in the 300 and 400 mg groups, significant effects, particularly in the latter, were observed for three weeks after ROX addition (p<0.05). Recovery of the physical appearance occurred soon after ROX addition was withdrawn. Recovery of performance and internal organs, however, appeared to be dependent on the amount of residual ROX in the body; as the amount of ROX decreased, the toxic effect of ROX also decreased. In the third week after the withdrawal of ROX, complete recovery was observed in the lower dosage groups (100 or 200 mg groups) (p>0.05), whereas in the higher dosage groups (300 or 400 mg groups), recovery took at least five weeks; when complete recovery was observed in egg production and in liver weight (p>0.05). On the other hand, ROX might have damaged the liver and other tissues. The recovery of liver weight was probably due to accumulation of fatty particles rather than repair. It appeared, therefore, there were little after-effects of ROX on the hen's physical appearance, but some internal organs were probably damaged.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.334-339
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• 2005

Although phosphogypsum can have profound effects on both the physical and chemical properties of certain soils with supplying the essential elements, no widespread use of by-product phosphogypsum will be made unless such uses pose no threat to the public health and soil contaminations. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of phosphogypsum on the growth of oriental melon and soil properties in plastic film house. Phosphogypsum was treated at the rate of $70kg\;CaO\;10a^{-1}$ and the effects were compared with the treatment of Ca-Mg carbonate. In the treatment of phosphogypsum, early growth of oriental melon was significantly increased comparing to the growth in the Ca-Mg carbonate treatment. Total fruit yield was not different between the treatments of phosphogypsum and Ca-Mg carbonate, but marketable fruit yield was higher in the phosphogypsum treatment. Although Ca and S contents in oriental melon were increased in the phosphogypsum treatment, contents of toxic heavy metals including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb were not different between the two treatments. Also, soil pH and contents of extractable toxic metals in the soil were not significantly different between the two treatments after the experiment. These results suggest that phosphogypsum can be a valuable substitute for lime materials in high pH soils of plastic film house.