• 생약학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.130-135
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• 2010

This study was performed to the activity of antioxidant and anti-diabetic from Zanthoxylum schnifolium fruit. The Zanthoxylum schnifolium fruits were extracted with water, 100% methanol, 100% ethanol, 70% methanol and 70% ethanol. The activities of each extracts were measured by antioxidant tests, such as total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, hydroxyl radical activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibition activity assay. The water extract represented the highest activity in the antioxidants properties in vitro, including hydroxyl radical activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power. Furthermore, water extract also showed significantly high total phenolic contents but the 100% methanol extract showed high total flavonoid contents estimated as $196.48{\mu}g/mg$. The $IC_{50}$ values for $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibition activity of the 100% ethanol and 100% methanol extracts were $275.66{\mu}g/mg$ and $261.44{\mu}g/mg$. Our results indicated that the Zanthoxylum schnifolium fruit expected to be useful as antioxidants.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.96-105
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• 2022

This study compared and analyzed the antioxidant effect of Doenjang prepared from vegetable water, and explored the optimal addition ratio of vegetables of 5 kinds and the possibility of application to Doenjang. The sample is three kinds of vegetable water (VW1, VW2, VW3) prepared by adding different ratios of radish, carrot, green onion, onion and shiitake mushroom and Denjang prepared using it. Doenjang was aged and fermented at about 40℃ for 40 days, and then separated and used only solids. The content of their antioxidant compounds was measured the content of total phenolic acid contents and total flavonoid contents. In addition, the antioxidant effect was measured by electron donating activity, SOD-like activity, ABTs radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The total phenolic acid contents and total flavonoid contents were high at VW3 and that Doenjang made with VW3. Electron donating activity and SOD-liked activity were high at VW2 and Doenjang made with VW2. ABTs radical scavenging activity was high in Doenjang made of VW3, and Reducing power was high in VW3. Therefore, if Doenjang is prepared with vegetable water prepared by properly mixing 5 types of vegetables, the possibility of developing Doenjang with high antioxidant effect was suggested.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 1999년도 Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Conference The Korean Society of Agricutural Engineers
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• pp.651-656
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the paddy soil and water quality in Boryung freshwater reservoir watershed during the non-cropping season. Soil pH of the Boryung freshwater reservoir watershed were 5.39∼5.78. Total-N and P contents were high by the accumulation of chemical fertilizer partly. Heavy metal content of paddy soils were natural background level. Water pH of the Boryung freshwater reservoir watershed ranged from 6.82 to 8.64. Total-N content affected by a livestock wastes and sewage water were the higher than that of others and total-P content showed below 0.1mg/L. Nitrate nitrogen contents was very high according to the influence a livestock waste and sewage water partly. Heavy metal contents of wateers were natural background level.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.121-131
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• 2009

In an effort to better understand the physiological and ecological differences between warm and cold water copepod species in Korean waters using lipid contents and compositions, two species of copepods (Pleuromamma sp. as a warm water species and Neocalanus plumchrus as a cold water species) were collected from the Northwest Pacific and East Sea/Sea of Japan, respectively. The cold water species showed two fold higher lipid contents than the warm water species (11% vs. 5% of dry weight). Wax esters, known as one of the major storage lipid classes, were found to be the dominant lipid class (accounting for 64% of total lipids) in the cold water species, whereas, in the warm water species, phospholipids, which are known as membrane components, were the dominant lipid class (accounting for 43% of total lipids),with a trace amount of the storage lipids as a form of triacylglycerols (${\leq}1%$ of total lipids). With regard to the fatty acid compositions, saturated fatty acids (SAFA), especially 16:0 (about 30% of total fatty acids), were most abundant in the warm water species, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA : 20:5(n-3)) (${\geq}16%$ of total fatty acids), were most abundant in the cold water species. Among the neutral fraction of lipids, phytol, originating from the side chain of chlorophyll and indicative of active feeding on phytoplankton, was detected only in the warm water species. Significant quantities of fatty alcohols were detected in cold water species, particularly long-chain monounsaturated fatty alcohols (i.e. 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11)), which are well known to abound in cold water herbivorous copepods. However, only trace amounts of short-chain fatty alcohols were detected in the warm water species. Twelve different kinds of sterols were detected in these copepod species, with cholest-5-en-$3{\beta}$-ol (cholesterol) and cholesta-5, 24-dien-$3{\beta}$-ol (desmosterol) dominating in cold and warm water species, respectively. In addition, for the warm water species (Pleuromamma sp.), we assessed the latitudinal gradients of lipid contents and compositions using samples from three different latitudinal regions (Philippine EEZ, Japan EEZ, and the East China Sea). Although no latitudinal gradients of lipid contents were detected, the lipid compositions, particularly dietary fatty acid markers, varied significantly with the latitude. The findings of this study confirm that the distribution of lipid contents and compositions in copepods may not only indicate their nutritional condition and diet history, but may also provide insights into their living strategies under different environmental conditions (i.e., water temperature, food availability).

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.332-340
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of makgeolli that was produced by using different percentages (control, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% by rice weight) of Angelica gigas Nakai water extracts during fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Yeast cell count in makgeolli steadily increased and showed the highest value at day 4 of fermentation, since then, the count decreased consistently. The final alcohol contents were higher than 15% in all samples. Soluble contents and antioxidation activity were significantly increased in percentage as Angelica water extracts increased (p<0.05). As the amount of Angelica water extracts increased, total polyphenol contents increased as well. Soluble contents and total polyphenol contents were increased according to the fermentation period. Total acidity increased up to day 3, but slowly decreased afterwards. However, the pH rapidly decreased by day 3, but then increased steadily. Reducing sugar amount was increased sharply by day 2 of fermentation and then, diminished gradually. Hunter's color value was not significantly different among samples however, they were significantly different between day 2 samples of fermentation and day 3 or more samples (p<0.05). In sensory evaluations, the sample produced using 5% Angelica water extracts received the highest score in herbal flavor, herbal taste, sourness, sweetness, and overall acceptance. Makgeolli using Angelica gigas Nakai water extracts showed excellent characteristics in antioxidative activity and higher total polyphenol content. Makgeolli produced using 5% Angelica water extracts received the highest score in sensory evaluation. Therefore, makgeolli produced using 5% Angelica water extracts was considered to be the most suitable for manufacturing makgeolli.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.356-364
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• 2023

This study compared the physicochemical properties of soybean curd residue and black soybean curd residue produced by hot air-drying and freeze-drying. Regardless of drying method, the crude protein, crude ash, crude fiber contents, pH, L, a, b color values and water soluble index were higher in soybean curd residue, whereas total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity were higher in black soybean curd residue. Significant differences in water absorption index, oil absorption capacity and emulsion activity were observed between soybean curd residue and black soybean curd residue in freeze-drying. On the other hand, the emulsion stability was not significant difference in both hot-air drying and freeze-drying. The crude protein and crude fiber contents of soybean curd residue were not significant difference between hot-air drying and freeze-drying. Freeze-drying resulted in higher crude ash contents, pH, water absorption index, water soluble index, oil absorption capacity, emulsion activity and emulsion stability than hot-air drying. Hot-air drying have caused significantly higher water contents, water activity, total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity in soybean curd residue than freeze-drying. In conclusion, soybean type and drying methods affect the physicochemical and quality characteristics of soybean curd residue, which could be important factors in the manufacture of processed foods.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.255-265
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine the extent of drought resistance based on physiological responses of Calystegia soldanella under water deficit. In order to investigate the changes of plant growth, stomatal density, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, osmolality, total ion contents, the contents of carbohydrate and proline, C. soldanella was grown under well watered and drought stressed conditions for 12 days. In this study, water-deficit resulted in remarkable growth inhibition of C. soldanella. The effect of water-deficit on plant growth was associated with low osmotic potential of soil. On day 12 after drought treatment, dry weight, relative water contents, number and area of leaves and stem length were lower than those of control. The stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate were significantly reduced in water stressed plant to regulate inner water contents and $CO_2$ exchange through the stomatal pore. Chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll contents were not different in comparison with the control, indicating that the efficiency of photosystem II was not affected by drought stress. This results could be explained that water-deficit in C. soldanella limits the photosynthetic rate and reduces the plant's ability to convert energy to biomass. A significant increase in total ion contents and osmolality was observed on day 7 and day 12. Accumulation of proline in leaves is associated with the osmotic adjustment in C. soldanella to soil water-deficit. Consequently, this increase in osmolality in water stressed plant can be a result in the increase of ion contents and proline.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XIII)
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• pp.667-671
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• 2003

표고버섯 추출물을 이용한 total phenolic compounds 와 flavonoid 함량 분석 후 표고버섯의 GST activity를 측정한 결과 높은 GST 활성을 가지는 추출물은 total phenolic compounds의 함량이 높게 나타난 증류수 추출물로 나타났으며, flavonoid의 함량이 높게 나타난 ethanol, methanol 추출물에서는 비교적 낮게 나타났다. 이는 표고버섯 추출물 중 GST 활성을 나타내는 물질은 flavonoid 외의 다른 total phenolic compounds 로 추정된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.56-60
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• 2017

국내산 영지버섯으로부터 ${\beta}-glucan$ 소재 개발을 위하여 pH를 달리하여 물 및 에탄올로 $90^{\circ}C$에서 환류 추출하여, ${\beta}-glucan$ 함량과 항산화 활성 및 항산화 성분을 조사하였다. 물 추출물(pH 10)이 추출수율($8.53{\pm}0.17%$)과 ${\beta}-glucan$ 함량($6.20{\pm}0.12g/100g$)이 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 전반적으로 pH가 증가할수록 ${\beta}-glucan$ 함량이 증가하였으며 에탄올 추출물은 물 추출물보다 추출수율과 ${\beta}-glucan$ 함량이 낮았다. DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성과 FRAP 활성은 에탄올 추출물이 물 추출물보다 비교적 높았으며 pH 조건은 활성에 영향을 미치지 않았다(P<0.05). 총폴리페놀 화합물 및 총플라보노이드 화합물의 함량도 pH 조건에 상관없이 물 추출물보다 에탄올 추출물이 높았다. 물 추출물 및 에탄올 추출물들의 항산화 활성과 항산화 성분 값들은 비교적 높은 상관성을 보였으며, DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성과 총폴리페놀 화합물 함량 간의 상관성이 가장 높았다(r=0.969).

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.48-60
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study is to optimize the extraction of beneficial substance from Cudrania tricuspidata leaves grown at Jirisan Mountain in South Korea by three different solvents depending on extraction time and at different temperature. Methods: The total phenolic contents were determined by the method reported by $S{\acute{a}}nchez$-Moreno et al. The total flavonoid contents were analyzed by Slinkard and Singleton. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was determined according to the method reported by Blois Results: The extraction yield for each solvent is 9.05-14.1%, 2.17-5.67%, and 2.3-3.9% for D.W., ethanol, and hexane, respectively. The overall results were maximized for the extract obtained with D.W. for 5 min at $100^{\circ}C$. The average phenol contents were 77.11, 45.64, and 0.343 mg/g at $100^{\circ}C$ in water, $78^{\circ}C$ in ethanol, and $68^{\circ}C$ in hexane, respectively. The flavonoid contents were the highest in the materials extracted with D.W., and were increased with increasing temperature, regardless of the extraction solvents, whether water (green), polar organic ethanol, or nonpolar organic hexane. In the ethanol extract, the flavonoid contents are increased gradually from 5.66 mg/g to 7.73 mg/g. The total flavonoid contents were proportional to the concentrations of the water extracts, ranging from 4.14 mg/g to 48.89 mg/g. The antioxidative activities of the water-extracted compounds are generally increased with increasing temperature from 42.5% to 85.5%. Those of the hexane extracts are increased slowly from 3.79% to 8.8%, while those of ethanol extracts are increased from 29.8% to 47.4%. Conclusion: The extraction yields were dependent upon solvents for extraction as well as extraction time and the temperature. The optimal extraction time was 5 min and the extraction yields were increased with increasing temperature excepted hexane. Of the three tested extraction solvents, the greenest solvent of water shows excellent results, suggesting that water is among the most effective solvents for natural sample extractions for general medicinal, pharmaceutical, and food applications.