• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.138-138
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• 2002

Oxidative stress has been associated with a number of diseases in human. Among the sources that can generate oxidative stress, it has been reported that iron can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS)with thiol. In iron overload state, increased thiol levels in plasma appeared to be associated with human mortality. In this study we examined whether iron could interact with thiols in plasma, generating ROS. In human plasma, unlike with Fe(III), Fe(II) increased lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence in concentration-dependent manner, and this was inhibited by SOD. Boiling of plasma did not affect chemiluminescence induced by Fe(II). Hovever, thiol depletion in plasma by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)decreased Fe(II)-induced chemiluminescence significantly, suggesting that Fe(II) generated superoxide anion by the nonenzymatic reaction with plasma thiol. Consistent with this findings, albumin, the major thiol contributor in plasma, also generated ROS with Fe(II) and this generation was inhibited by pretreatment with NEM. Treatment with Fe(II) to plasma resulted un significant reduction of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value, suggest that total antioxidant capacity could diminished in iron overload state. In conclusion, In iron overload state, plasma may be affected by oxidative stress mediated by nonenzymatic reaction of Fe (II)with plasma thiol.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.243-248
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• 1997

In order to evaluate the usefulness of O. javanica for the phytoremediation, it was grown for 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 days and was exposed to $50\;{\mu}M\;of\;CdCl_2$ in hydroponic medium after 3 weeks. Its biomass and contents of chlorophylls were analyzed. The growth of O. javanica showed little difference between cadmium treated and non-treated groups, while its contents of chlorophylls of Cd-treated group decreased up to 50% compared to the case of non-treated group. Its accumulated cadmium concentrations were 2.1, 7.3 and $113\;{\mu}moles\;Cd/g$ dry weight in the leaf, stem and root, respectively. The total contents of thiol increased 0.5, 1 and 7 times in the leaf, stem and root, respectively, while the contents of glutathione tended to decrease by 43%, 70% and 47% in the leaf, stem and root, respectively. Using HPLC analysis, the reasonable peaks of thiol compounds in shoot and root of Cd-treated sample were compared to those of non-treated sample in O. javanica, and found to be phytochelatins. In case of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi tested as control plant, the cadmium treatment for 3 weeks resulted in the decrease of both biomass and chlorophyll up to 70% and 75%, respectively. The roots of tobacco became rotten and eventually died. These results suggested that Oenanthe javanica is cadmium-tolerant hyperaccumulator.(Received December 20, 1996; accepted March 17, 1997)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.1433-1439
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• 2000

An experiment was carried out with 48 IVRI 2CQ rats 6-8 week old, weighing 50-100 g, to study the effect of lead exposure on antioxidant defense, lipid peroxide level, status of thiol groups and concentration of lead in the liver and kidneys at the end of the exposure and also after withdrawal of lead administration. Twenty four rats were given lead at a daily dose rate of 1 mg lead/2 ml of distilled water/kg body weight as lead acetate solution intraperitoneally for a period of 30 days. Another 24 control rats received 2 ml of sterile normal saline solution (0.85% NaCl)/kg body weight in an identical manner. A many-fold increase in concentration of lead was associated with a non-significant (p>0.05) decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver (27%) and kidneys (12%) and catalase in kidneys (22%). A significant (p<0.05) increase in lipid peroxide level was recorded in the liver (40%) compared with control values. There were significant (p<0.05) decreases in the total thiol and protein bound thiol contents in liver and an increase in non-protein bound thiol groups in the kidneys of lead exposed rats. During the 10 day observation period after withdrawal of lead administration, no significant change was observed with respect to any of the above parameters indicating that a 10 day withdrawal period was not enough for restoration of normality. It is concluded that the magnitude of response and the resultant changes in the lipid peroxide concentration, and the activities of SOD and catalase were not identical in the liver and kidneys of lead-exposed rats.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2006

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) seedlings exposed to various concentrations of $CdCl_2(0{\sim}100{\mu}M)$ in a nutrient solution for up to 9 days were analyzed with respect to the thiol changes and oxidative stress. The Cd exposure increased total non-protein thiols (NPT) and cysteine in both leaves and roots, total glutathione in leaves, and the ratios of oxidized glutathione (GSSG)/reduced glutathione (GSH) in both leaves and roots, but decreased the ratio of dehydroascorbate (DASA)/ascorbate(ASA) in leaves. Our results suggest that the Cd-induced GSH depletion due to thiol synthesis and oxidation alters the antioxidant activity of seedlings for $H_2O_2$, and the subsequent $H_2O_2$ accumulationand oxidative stress result in phytotoxicity.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2019

Objectives: Oxidative stress plays a central role in diabetes-induced complications. In the present study, the protevtive effect of Artemisia turanica (A. turanica) was evaluated against diabetes-induced liver oxidative stress and dysfunction. Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, diabetic, diabetic + metformin, diabetic + A. turanica extract, and diabetic + A. turanica extract + metformin. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single-dose (55 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (ip)) injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Metformin (300 mg/kg) and A. turanica extract (70 mg/kg) were orally administrated three days after STZ injection for four weeks. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were measured in the liver tissue. Serum glucose concentration, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were also determined. Results: In the diabetic group, serum glucose concentration, serum AST and ALT activities and liver MDA level were significantly higher while tissue total thiol content as well as catalase and SOD activities were lower, compared to the control group. Serum glucose in diabetic rats treated with metformin + A. turanica extract showed a significant decrease compared with the diabetic group. In all the A. turanica extract and metformin treated groups, serum ALT, tissue MDA level, total thiol content and SOD activity significantly improved compared with the diabetic rats. However, treatment of the diabetic rats only with metformin could not significantly change the activities of catalase and AST compared with the diabetic group. Conclusion: These findings suggested that A. turanica extract had a therapeutic effect on liver dysfuncyion and oxidative stress induced by diabetes, that may be probably due to its antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.393-400
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• 2011

The effects of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and cadmium (Cd) on physiological properties and Cd uptake by Populus alba ${\times}$ glandulosa was investigated under greenhouse conditions. Cd treatment decreased the photosynthetic rate ($P_N$) of both non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants (16.3%) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants (11.5%). In addition, the reduction in total dry weight by Cd treatment was greater in ECM plants (24.3%) than that in NM plants (17.6%). Mycorrhizal infection increased the $P_N$ and transpiration rate in both control and Cd-treated plants. Cd treatment increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased glutathione reductase activity, and the increase of SOD activity by Cd treatment was greater in NM plants (40.3%) than that in ECM plants (3.7%). Thiol content increased in both NM and ECM plants treated with Cd solution, and the increase in thiol content in NM plants (43.9%) was greater than that of ECM plants (15.6%). Cd uptake in the leaves, stems, and roots of ECM plants was 69.9%, 167.2% and 72.8%, respectively, higher than in the NM plants. However, the increase in Cd uptake ability of ECM plants resulted in a reduction in dry weight.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 1997

The effect of thiol compounds on development and intracellular glutathione(GSH) concentrations of bovine embryos produced by in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization(IVM/IVF) was examined in CRlaa medium with or without $\beta$-mercaptoethanol(0, 10, 25 and 50$\mu$MME) and cysteamine(0, 25, 50 and 75 $\mu$M). Numbers of cells comprising blastocysts were also counted using double fluorescence stain and the total glutathione levels(oxidized and reduced form) of morula and blastocyst embryos were than measured by an enzymatic method. Following routine IVM/IVF procedures oocytes and zygotes were cultured for 40 to 44h in CRlaa medium. Then 2 to 8-cell embyos had cumulus cell removed and were allotted randomly to the experimental medium. In Experiment 1, the proportion of embryos developing to and beyond morulae stages in 0, 10, 25 and 50 $\mu$M $\beta$-ME was 42.9%, 50.0%, 53.7% and 65.6%, respectively. Fifty $\mu$M $\beta$-ME group was significantly higher than those of any other groups (P<0.05). In Experiment 2, the percentages of embryos developed beyond morulae stages in 0, 25, 50 and 75 $\mu$M cysteamine was 42.9%, 40.4%, 60.0% and 59.2%, respectively. Fifty and 75$\mu$M cysteamine groups were significantly higher than in 0 and 25 $\mu$M cysteamine groups, but all of culture medium containing cysteamine(52.6%) was not significantly difference in control group(42.9%). In Experiment 3, the intracellular GSH concentrations of morulae and blastocyst embryos in 0 and 50 $\mu$M $\beta$-ME was 42.4 pM and 44.9 pM, 49.5 pM and 67.8 pM, respectively. Morulae embryos were not difference, but blastocyst embryos were significantly difference between treatments(P<0.05). In Experiment 4, the intracellular GSH concentrations of morulae in CRlaa with or without cysteamine were 39.8 pM and 45.6 pM, and blastocysts were 59.3 pM and 66.8 pM, respectively. Cell numbers of blastocysts were similar to in all experimental groups. These experiments indicate that thiol compounds can increase the proportion of embryos that developing to and beyond morulae stage and the intracellular GSH concentrations.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.331-336
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• 2002

Conformation of soymilk protein was examined to obtain basic information for improved calcium intolerence of soymilk protein partially hydrolyzed with protease. Surface hydrophobicities of three proteins showed the order of SMP(soymilk protein) < SPI(soy protein isolate) < PT-SMP(protease treated soymilk protein). Total thiol group contents of SMP and PT-SMP were similar but larger than that of SPI. Reducing rate of disulfide bond in PT-SMP after 2-mercaptoethanol treatment was laster than that in SMP. And so, this result indicates that PT-SMP may be less compacting due to protease treatement. From circular dichroism result, PT-SMP showed different pattern from SMP and SPI suggesting change of secondary structure by hydrolysis. And analysis of heat denaturating property by DSC showed that denaturation enthalpy of three proteins were all small. Especially enthalpy of PT-SMP was least, and this result suggested that PT-SMP was denatured easily by heating due to less compacting structure.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.438-442
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• 2005

A series of 3-[1-(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) ethyl]-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione (I) and its bicyclic condensed derivatives 6-benzylidenethiazolo[3,2-b]-1, 2,4-triazole-5(6H)-ones (IIa-IIf) were investigated for the prevention of ethanol-induced oxidative stress in liver and brain of mice. Administration of ethanol (0.1 mL/mice, p.o.) resulted in a drop of total thiol groups (T-SH) and non-protein thiol groups (NP-SH), and an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in both liver and brain tissue of mice (p<0.001). Among the compounds investigated (at a dose of 200 mg/kg, p.o.), I and IId ameliorated the peroxidative injury in these tissues effectively. Compounds IIa, IIc and IIe improved the peroxidative tissue injury only in brain. These findings suggest that certain condensed thiazolo-triazole compounds may contribute to the control of ethanol-induced oxidative stress in an organ selective manner.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.103-106
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• 1998

The oxidation product bis(2-oxo-3H-1,3,4-thiadiazolidinyl)-5,5-disulfide (5b) was obtained from an attempted synthesis of 5-thioxo-3H,4H-1,3,4-thiadiazolidin-2-one (1). Spectroscopic results indicate that the most stable tautomeric form of 1 is the lactam-thiol form (1b). The computed total energies and relative energies at the MP4 level also showed that the most stable tautomer is 1b.