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Effect of sodium hexa-meta phosphate as pore-sealing agent on the corrosion performance of Al-Zn coating deposited by twin-wire arc thermal spray process in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution (3.5 중량% NaCl 용액에서 쌍선 아크 용사 공정으로 증착된 Al-Zn 코팅의 부식 성능에 대한 기공 밀봉제로서의 헥사메타인산나트륨의 영향)

  • Singh, Jitendra Kumar;Adnin, Raihana Jannat;Lee, Han-Seung
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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    • 2022.11a
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    • pp.81-82
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    • 2022
  • Al and Zn are used to protect the steel structures from corrosion. In the present studies, 15Al-85Zn alloy wires has been used for the deposition of coating by arc thermal spray process. Moreover, this process of coating exhibited severe defects formation, therefore, this coating was post-treated with different concentrations i.e. 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5M sodium hexa meta phosphate (Na6[(PO3)6]: SHMP) to fill to defects of deposited coatings and assessed their corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution with exposure periods. After the treatment, the porosity of the coating reduced significantly by formation of composite oxide films onto the coating surface. Initially, 0.5 M SHMP treated coating exhibited highest in total impedance due to significant reduction of porosity but once the exposure periods are extended, the composite oxides are dissolved, thus, total impedance is decreased.

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THE EFFECTS OF UREA NITROGEN ON THE METABOLISM OF PLANTS (II) The response of some nitrogen components of barley to urea and other nitrogen in water culture.

  • Kim, . Joon Ho
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.6-12
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    • 1962
  • For the comparison with the previous paper (4) the present report deals with the absorption and metabolism of urea and other nitrogen ions in barley seedling absorbed through root. 1. The amount of nitrate in barley treated with urea reach it peak on the 8th day. NO3 on the 4th, NH4 on the 6th or 8th, respectively. 2. The ammonia content in urea group reaches its peak on the 6th day but other groups on the 4th day. The present data in the urea group show to shorten 4 days compared with that of the previous paper(4). 3. the content of total amide from the present data aare gradully increased on all of the groups during this experiment. These are agreement with the result of the previous paper (4). 4. the alcohol solution nitrogen in the urea gorup shows the similar tendency to the NaNO3 group but reaches it peak 2 days later than in the (NH4)2SO4 group. 5. The content of total nitrogen in the urea series has the lowest amount at the beginning while the richest from the 4th day after. These would be explained on that the absorption of urea is delayed and the PH in the urea solution does not change, so called "physiological neutrality". The author should like express his sincere thanks to Prof. M.J.Lee of Seoul National University for his valuable advices.e advices.

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Selection of Filamentous Cyanobacteria and Optimization of Culture Condition for Recycling Waste Nutrient Solution (폐양액 활용을 위한 Filamentous Cyanobacteria의 선발 및 최적배양)

  • Yang, Jin-Chul;Chung, Hee-Kyung;Lee, Hyoung-Seok;Choi, Seung-Ju;Yun, Sang-Soon;Ahn, Ki-Sup;Sa, Tong-Min
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.37 no.3
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    • pp.177-183
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    • 2004
  • The discharge of waste nutrient solution from greenhouse to natural ecosystem leads to the accumulation of excess nutrients that results in contamination or eutrophication. There is a need to recycle the waste nutrient solution in order to prevent the environmental hazards. The amount and kind of nutrients in waste nutrient solution might be enough to grow photosynthetic microorganisms. Hence in the present study, we examined the growth and mass cultivation of cyanobacteria in the waste nutrient solution with an objective of removing N and P and concomitantly, its mass cultivation. Four photosynthetic filamentous cyanobacteria (Anabaena HA101, HA701 and Nostoc HN601, HN701) isolated from composts and soils of the Chungnam province were used as culture strains. Among the isolates, Nostoc HN601 performed faster growth rate and higher N and P uptake in the BG-II ($NO_3{^-}$) medium when compared to those of other cyanobacterial strains. Finally, the selected isolate was tested under optimum conditions (airflow at the rate of $1L\;min^{-1}$. in 15 L reactor, initial pH 8) in waste nutrient solution from tomato hydroponic in green house condition. Results showed to remove 100% phosphate from the waste nutrient solution in the tomato hydroponics recorded over a period of 7 days. The growth rate of Nostoc HN601 was $16mg\;Chl-a\;L^{-1}$ in the waste nutrient solution from tomato hydroponics with optimum condition, whereas growth rate of Nostoc HN601 was only $9.8mg\;Chl-a\;L^{-1}$ in BG-11 media. Nitrogen fixing capacity of Nostoc HN601 was $20.9nmol\;C_2H_4\;mg^{-1}\;Chl-a\;h^{-1}$ in N-free BG-11. The total nitrogen and total phosphate concentration of Nostoc HN601 were 63.3 mg N gram dry weight $(GDW)^{-1}$ and $19.1mg\;P\;GDW^{-1}$ respectively. Collectively, cyanobacterial mass production using waste nutrient solution under green house condition might be suitable for recycling and cleaning of waste nutrient solution from hydroponic culture system. Biomass of cyanobacteria, cultivated in waste nutrient solution, could be used as biofertilizer.

Flux Decline Behavior in Cross-flow Microfiltration of Inorganic Colloidal Suspensions (무기 콜로이드 현탁액의 십자류 정밀여과에 의한 투과유속의 감소거동)

  • Nam Suk-Tae;Han Myeong-Jin
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.338-348
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    • 2005
  • The permeate flux decline on microfiltration capillary membrane operation was investigated with inorganic colloidal solutions. The permeate flux of the alumina solution is two times higher in average than that of the bentonite solution. The flux decline with increase in operation time was less in the alumina solution than in the bentonite solution. The rate of initial flux decline until 10 min was higher on the bentonite solution over the alumina solution. The decline in permeate flux was due to both the cake formation and the pore blocking. The latter effect was higher in the operation of the bentonite solution. In comparing the ratio of each fouling component to the total fouling fur the $1.0\;kg_f/cm^2$ TMP condition, complete blocking was $9.35\%$, standard blocking was about $6.82\%$ and cake filtration was $83.83\%$, respectively. With the increase in cross flow velocity, the permeate flux increased by $6.0\%$ for the alumina solution and by 14.0 for the bentonite solution. With the increase in average pore size fromm $0.24\;{\mu}m\;to\;0.34\;{\mu}m$, the permeate flux increases 1.61 times for the alumina solution and 1.76 times far the bentonite solution.

Studies on Anisakis Type Larvae (Anisakis 형(型) 유충(幼蟲)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Lim, Jung Teck
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.293-307
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    • 1975
  • As it has been known recently that anisakis type larvae harbouring in marine fishes are a causal agent of zoonosis to human and probably to land living mammal animals, attention was focused on the study on the larvae in an aspect of epidemiology or epizootiology. The present work was conducted from 1966 to 1975 for i) survey on the harbouring status of anisakis type larvae in marine fishes of this country, ii) observation on the response to the experimental infestation of the larvae to the pigs, in the reason that they could well fetid raw fish viscera occasionally containing the larvae as a high protein source of swine food, and iii) observation on the larval resistance and response to vermicidal agents for the purpose of prevention of the larval infection to the mammal animals. The data obtained in the studies were summarized as follows: 1. In the survey on the status of larvae harbouring in main species of marine fishes of this country, 15 species, a total of 1,940 fishes, were observed and the result was summarized in table 2. Average number of larvae, in upper rank of 5 out of all 15 species of fishes, were as highest as 156 larvae ranging 74 to 450 in Pseudosciaena manchurica (chamjogi), 54.5 ranging 15 to 240 in Trichiurus haumela (kalchi), 35.6 ranging 8 to 112 in Trachurus japonica (junggengi), 30.6 ranging 4 to 65 in Parapristipama trilineatum (benjari) and 20.5 ranging 3 to 48 in Nibea argentata (boguchi) respectively. In morphological observation, size of the larvae in the fishes were varied, ranging from 2 to 32mm long, and a tendency to larger size and number of larvae in the fishes, which were wider sea migration, higher age and lager bodily size, was observed The favorite places harbouring the larvae in fishes were mainly around the intraperitoneal viscera such as mesentery, omentum, liver, pyloric suspensory, fat tissue and cloaca, and rarely in body muscles of fish. Fishes heartily infested with the larvae showed stunted growth decreased egg formation and severe damage of liver. 2. In the experimental infestation of the larvae to normal pigs, as illustrated in table 3, a group with large dose of larvae (a total of 1,800 larvae, 300 larvae Per dose, twice in a dart for 3 days) showed acute clinical syndrome terminatine death with a week course, whereas two groups with less dose of larvae (a total of 180~360 larvae, 10 larvae per dose, at 5 days interval for 70~180 days) showed subclinical syndrome with remarkably stunted growth as. much as approximately one half of body size in contest to the control pigs. In the pathological findings, a group with large dose of larvae showed macroscopically larvae penetrating to the gastric wall with severe gastroenteritis, and histopathologically various acute lesions caused by active larvae penetration into the wall of stomach and interstine, whereas two groups with less dose of larvae showed chronic lesions such as hypertrophy and verminous granulomatous swelling of gastric wall, suggesting strongly the possibility of natural infestation of larvae to swine. 3. In the resistance of the larvae to the chemical solutions, the larvae tolerated for 2 days in 15 percent solution of sodium chloride and acetic acid, and for 7 days in 70 percent solution of ethyl alcohol. In the resistance to the temperature, the larvae died within 1 second at $62^{\circ}C$ and tolerated for 24 hours at $-3^{\circ}C$, 12 hours $-5^{\circ}C$ respectively. 4. For the experiment on the vermicidal effect to larvae, general vermicidal drugs such as Neguvon, Combantrin, antimony Potassium, piperazine adipate and piperazine dihydrochloride, oxidizer such as potassium permanganate and potassium chlorate, and dyes such as gentian violet and crystal violet were used, and among them, as illustrated in table 6, potassium permanganate was proved as the best. In the successive test for the practical use of potassium permanganate, vermicidal effect in seawater solution of potassium permanganate and common-water solution of potassium permanganate were compared, and then retested by dipping the fish viscera including the larvae into the two different solutions of potassium permanganate. The result through these tests indicated that 0.01 percent common water and sea-water solution of potassium permanganate could be apparently recommended as a preventive vermicidal solution, having 90 to 100 percent vermicidal effect by dipping for 12 to 24 hours even though sea-water solution of potassium permanganate had a tendency to slightly less effect than the common-water solution of potassium permanganate (Table 8).

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Removal of Cesium and Cobalt within Soil around TRIGA Reactor by Electrokinetic method (동전기적방법을 이용한 TRIGA 연구로 주변 토양내의 세습과 코발트 제거)

  • 김계남;원희준;정종헌;오원진
    • Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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    • 2004.06a
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    • pp.13-23
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    • 2004
  • The characteristics of cesium and cobalt removal from soil around the TRIGA reactor using the electrokinetic method were analyzed and a device to restrain the pH increase in the soil column was suggested. When a NaCl solution was used as the electrolyte to raise the electric field strength, a precipitate was formed in the cathode in the soil column, resulting in a low removal efficiency. Thus, an acetate buffer solution (compound solution of $CH_3COONa$ and $CH_3COOH$) was injected into the soil column and acetic acid was periodically infected into the cathode reservoir to restrain any pH increase. Many $Cs^{2+}$ and $Co^{2+}$ ions were transferred by electromigration rather than electroosmosis during the initial remediation period, and no precipitate was formed in the soil column. 96% of the total amount of cesium in the soil column was removed after 5.9 days, while 94% of the total amount of cobalt was removed. Furthermore, the residual concentrations predicted by the developed model were similar to those obtained by experiment.

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Fermentation of rice bran and defatted rice bran for butanol production using Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 (수송용 바이오 부탄올 생산을 위한 미강발효의 최적화)

  • Lee, Ji-Eun;Seo, Eun-Jong;Park, Ki-Moon;Jin, Young-Su
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2008.05a
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    • pp.235-238
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    • 2008
  • We examined butanol fermentation by Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 using various hydrolyzates obtained from rice bran which is one of the most abundant agricultural by-products in Korea and Japan. In order to increase the amount of fermentable sugars in the hydrolyzates of rice bran, various hydrolysis procedures were applied. Total eight different hydrolyzates were prepared using rice bran (RB) and defatted rice bran (DRB) with enzyme or acid treatment and both. Each hydrolyzate was evaluated in terms of total sugar concentration and butanol production after fermentation by C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052. Acid treatment yielded more sugar than enzyme treatment and combined treatment with enzyme and acid yielded even more sugars as compared to single treatment with enzyme or acid. As a result, the highest sugar concentration (33 g/L) was observed from the hydrolyzate from DRB (100 g/L) with combined treatment using enzyme and acid. Prior to perform fermentation of the hydrolyzates, we examined the effect of P2 solution containing yeast extract, buffer, minerals, and vitamins on production of butanol during the fermentation. Fermentation of the hydrolyzates with or without additionof P2 was performed using C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 in a 1 L anaerobic bioreactor. Although the hydrolyzates RB were able to support growth and butanol production, addition of P2 solution into the hydrolyzates significantly improved cell growth and butanol production. Highest butanol production (12.24 g/L) was observed from the hydrolyzate of DRB with acid and enzyme treatment after supplementation of P2 solution.

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Aortic Surgery without Infusion of Cardioplegic Solution at Total Circulatory Arrest

  • Lee, Hae Young;Kim, Dong Jin
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.46 no.1
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    • pp.27-32
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    • 2013
  • Background: Minimal infusion of cardioplegic solution (CPS) during aortic surgery using total circulatory arrest (TCA) may reduce several potential side effects: clamping on a diseased aorta, insult of coronary ostia, and edema. Materials and Methods: From 2006 to 2009, 72 patients underwent aortic surgery without infusion of cardioplegic solution at the initiation of circulatory arrest. The diagnoses were acute aortic dissection (44), aneurysm (22), and intramural hematoma (6). Results: The duration of TCA, the lowest nasopharyngeal temperature, bypass time, and aortic clamp time was 45 minutes, $16.4^{\circ}C$, 162 minutes, and 100 minutes, respectively. The amount of CPS was 1,050 mL, and 15 patients underwent surgery without CPS. The average inotrope score was 113 points (range, 6.25 to 5,048.5 points) corresponding to the dopamine infusion of 5 mcg/kg/min for 1 day. Seven patients showed a level of creatine kinase-MB above 50 ng/mL, postoperatively, compared with the average of 12.75 ng/mL. The ischemic change was found on electrocardiogram in 5 patients, postoperatively. There was no cardiac morbidity requiring mechanical assist. The average of intensive care unit stay and postoperative hospital stay was 40 hours (range, 15 to 482 hours) and 11 days, respectively. Conclusion: Minimal infusion of only retrograde CPS during rewarming without initial infusion at TCA in aortic surgery is feasible and can be used with acceptable results.

Effects of Selenate Ion Concentration in Nutrient Solution on the Growth and Essential Oil Content of Wormwood( Artemisia absinthium L.) (배양액 내의 Selenate 이온농도가 웜우드(Artemisia absinthium L.)의 생육 및 정유함량에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Kuen-Woo;Lee, Yun-Jeong;Jeong, Jin-Cheol
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.264-269
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    • 1997
  • This study was conducted to evaluate appropriate selenate ion concentration for the production of high functional vegetables. Sodium selenate was treated 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8mg/$\ell$ using herb nutrient solution developed by European R & D Vegetable Center in Belgium. Low level of Na2se04 concentration increased the growth of wormwood, but high selenate concentration decreased the growth. Total chlorophyll content was increased by sodium selenate. The higher selenate ion concentration in the nutrient solution, the more total chlorophyll content was. The vitamin C content in wormwood was high at 2 and 4mg/$\ell$ treatment, showing good growth, at higher concentration, however, the vitamin C content decreased. At 4mg/$\ell$ selenate ion concentration, essential oil content of wormwood was best. But higher selenate ion concentration decreased essential oil content. The uptake of Se by the plant increased with the increase of selenate ion concentration.

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The Accuracy Analysis of RTK-GPS by Field Calibration in Plane Surveying (국지측량에서의 현장 Calibration에 의한 RTK-GPS 정확도 분석)

  • Park, Woon-Yong;Shin, Dong-Soo
    • Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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    • v.10 no.2 s.20
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    • pp.87-95
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    • 2002
  • Real-time Kinematic GPS enables high accuracy Positioning by real time. If ambiguity use an integer solution, can obtain accuracy of several 'mm', and can obtain accuracy of tens 'em' if use real solution. In this study, We accomplish surveying by existent traditional surveying techniques (Total Station), Static GPS techniques and RTK-GPS techniques by Field Calibration about uniformity measuring point and then compared and ana1yzed each techniques positioning accuracy etc.. Result that achieve by Static-GPS in Plane area, about all measuring points, expressed error fewer than 3cm. Result that achieve RTK-GPS Surveying by Field Calibration in Plane area, could know that RTK-GPS techniques by Field Calibration is available in Plane area because expressing errors fewer than all 6cm, except case that do not get fixed solution of ambiguity Field Calibration RTK-GPS could know economically than existent conventional type measurement and existent GPS's measurement techniques that efficiency is very high.

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