• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.30 no.12
• /
• pp.1273-1280
• /
• 2008

This study sought to establish the optimum operating condition for the recovery of caustic (NaOH) solution from mercerization in textile process. As main factors, the silt density index (SDI) evaluation of ceramic membrane for the application of nanofiltration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO) membrane, the recovery yield measurement of caustic solution for the application of polymeric membrane, the optimum condition of chemical cleaning for the membrane regeneration, the optimum removal condition of total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, color, and the permeate flux of ceramic membrane/polymeric membrane combined process were investigated. As results, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) in the first step and nanofiltration (NF) in the second step were found to be suitable for the removal of total suspended solid (TSS), residual organics, turbidity including color, and the recovery of caustic solution from caustic wastewater stream in mercerization process. When only the ceramic UF membrane was used, the rejection efficiency of both of TSS and turbidity was more than 99.0%, and the color and TOC were rejected about 74.7% and 49.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, the combined membrane precess of UF and NF membranes showed even more efficient removal abilities and thus more than 99.9% of TSS and turbidity, 87.7% of color, and 78.2% of TOC were removed. In particular, 91.3% of NaOH was successfully recovered with 83.7% of total volume in the combined membrane process. With this regard, a clean caustic solution was obtained in a high purity, which can be reused for mercerization process, expecting to offer economical benefits.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.227-235
• /
• 1993

The effectiveness of sodium carboxymethylcellulose(SCMC) and dextran 70 in the prevention of adhesion formation in abdominal cavity of rabbits following artificial injuries was elucidated and the effects -of these medicines on blood pictures were also examined. After abrasion treatment on jejunum in gonadotropins primed rabbits, 1, 2 and 3% of SCMC solutions, 6 and 10% dextran 70 solutions and a synthetic solution of 1% SCMC and loft dextran 70 in 0.9% saline solution were infused into the abdominal cavity. Four weeks later the abdominal cavities were reopened under general anesthesia. The synthetic solution showed the highest adhesion reduction rate(100%), while 1% SCMC, 6 and loft dextran solutions showed no significantly evident effect of adhesion prevention. The SCMC solutions showed better adhesion reduction effect than dextran 70 solutions. After infusion of these adhesion preventive medicines, the changes of total leucocytes, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, PCV, plasma fibrinogen and protein contents were examined. No remarkable difference in blood pictures was shown between the synthetic solution and the other medicines. Therefore, it can be suggested that the synthetic solution of 1% SCMC and 10% dextran 70 in 0.9% saline solution at dose of 5$m\ell$/kg of body weight is prominently effective in the prevention of postoperative adhesion formation and wolf be safe in animals and human.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
• /
• 1997.05a
• /
• pp.8-11
• /
• 1997

Current methods of evaluating soil contamination by heavy metals rely on analyzing samples for total contents of metals or quantities recovered in various chemical extracting solutions. Results from these approaches provide only an index for evaluation because these methodologies yield values not directly related to bioavailability of soil-borne metals. In addition, even though concentrations of metals may be less than those required to cause toxic effects to biota, they may cause substantial effects on soil chemical parameters that determine soil quality and sustainable productivity. The objective of this research was to characterize effects of Cu or Cd additions on soil solution chemistry of soil quality indices, such as pH, EC, nutrient cation distribution and quantity/intensity relations (buffer capacity). Metals were added at rates ranging from 0 to 400 mg/kg of soil. Soil solution was sequentially extracted from saturated pastes using vacuum. Concentrations of Cu or Cd remaining in soil solutions were very low as compared to those added to the soils, warranting that most of the added metals were recovered as nonavailable (strongly adsorbed) fractions. Adsorption of the added metals released cations into soil solution causing increases of soluble cation contents and thus ionic strength of soil solution. At metal additions of 200~400 mg/kg, EC of soil solution increased to as much as 2~4 dS/m; salinity levels considered high enough to cause detrimental effects on plant production. More divalent cations (Ca+Mg) than monovalent cations (K+Na) were exchanged by Cu or Cd adsorption. The loss of exchangeable nutrient cations decreased long-term nutrient supplying capacity or each soil. At 100 mg/kg or metal loading, the buffering capacity was decreased by 60%. pH of soil solution decreased linearly with increasing metal loading rates, with a decrement of up to 1.3 units at 400 mg Cu/kg addition. Influences of Cu on each of these soil quality parameters were consistently greater than those of Cd. These effects were of a detrimental nature and large enough in most cases to significantly impact soil productivity. It is clear that new protocols are needed for evaluating potential effects of heavy metal loading of soils.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.84-88
• /
• 2001

The growth of leaves in field-grown head lettuce(cv. Urake) was compared after conventional application of N-P-K fertilizer or after application of various dilutions of livestock waste solution. Plants treated with livestock waste solution diluted 25 times (Ef. 25) or 50 times (Ef. 50) had greater growth than that for any other treatment. The number of leaves was greater with Ef. 25 than that with other treatments, although the increase was not statistically significant. Total head yield increased by fertigation with livestock waste solution compared to yield resulting from conventional fertilization. Plant tissue weight was increased according to the increase in concentration of applied livestock waste solution. The soil chemical properties, pH, electrical conductivity, $NH_4^+-N$, NO$_3$-N, available P exchangeable Ca and Mg, all increased with the increased application of livestock waste solution. In conclusion, fertigation of the dilute livestock waste solution on the range of Ef. 25 to Ef. 50 could improve yield and quality in head lettuce.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.264-271
• /
• 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate taste profiles and the correlation of Doenjang soup solution prepared with three different temperatures (5, 25, $45^{\circ}C$) and using an electronic nose (e-nose), electronic tongue (e-tongue), and descriptive analyses by trained panelists. A total of 17sensory attributes were generated from the descriptive analyses for the Doenjang soup solution. There were significant difference among the samples in the cooked soybean flavor, the cooked soybean odor, the soy sauce odor, the sweet odor, the sweet taste, and the sweet aftertaste attributes. The intensities of these sensory attributes tended to increase as the serving temperature of the Doenjang soup solution increased. There were seven volatile compounds detected by the electronic nose: ethanol, propanal, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, 3-methylbutanal, and beta-pinene. The intensities of the volatile compounds increased as the temperature of the Doenjang soup solution increased. On the other hand, the intensities of the basic tastes by the e-tongue decreased as the temperature of the Doenjang soup solution increased. In conclusion, the e-nose, e-tongue, and descriptive analysis results showed different correlations depending on the temperature of the Doenjang soup solutions.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.271-279
• /
• 2020

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of buffered and unbuffered local anesthesia solutions during inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) administration in children. Methods: PubMed, Ovid SP, and Cochrane databases were searched separately by two independent reviewers for potential papers published between 1980 and April 2020 using relevant MeSH terms and pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. T Studies of IANB administration in children comparing buffered and unbuffered local anesthesia solutions were evaluated. The primary outcome evaluated was pain (perception and reaction), while the secondary outcome was the onset of anesthesia. Results: A total of five articles were included in a qualitative analysis; among them, four qualified for quantitative analysis of the primary outcome and three for quantitative analysis of the secondary outcome. A fixed-effects model was used to perform the meta-analysis. Pain perception (child-reported pain): Significantly lower pain scores were reported with buffered local anesthesia solution than with unbuffered solution (P = 0.006, MD: -0.32, 95% CI: -0.55 to -0.09). Pain reaction (observer-reported pain reaction in child): No significant difference was found between buffered and unbuffered solution in terms of observer-reported pain behavior in the child (P = 0.09, MD: -0.21, 95% CI: -0.46 to 0.04). Onset of anesthesia: A significantly lower duration of anesthesia onset was reported with buffered local anesthesia solution than with unbuffered solution (P = 0.00001, MD: -12.38, 95% CI: -17.64 to -7.13]. Conclusion: Buffering local anesthesia solution may reduce discomfort due to IANB injection administration and lower the initial onset time of anesthesia. More randomized control trials with adequate sample sizes should be carried out to validate the accuracy of these results.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.693-698
• /
• 1997

Drought resistance and salt resistance of seedlings were compared with the polyethylene glycol(P.E.G) and NaCl solutions of the same osmotic potential($\Psi_\pi$=-10 bar). Plant height, seedling dry weight, chlorophyll content and leaf water potential decreased while the free proline content increased more in the P.E.G. than in the NaCl solution. Free amino acids increased 2.6 times in the P.E.G. solution and 3.6 times in the NaCl solution more than in the untreated(Hoagland's solution). Free proline occupied 66% and 61% of the content of total amino acids under water stress and salt stress, respectively. Besides free proline, phenylalanine in the P.E.G. solution and phenylalanine, alanine and asparagine in the NaCl solution increased distinctly. In short, it was shown that water and salt stress responses in seedling stage were relatively similar.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
• /
• v.28 no.10
• /
• pp.541-547
• /
• 2001

Testing a core-based designed chip requires a full isolation ring to provide fro core test data access to each core. A partial isolation ring replaces the full isolation ring reducing total isolation ring size surrounding. This paper proposes an efficient method to reduce the size of the partial isolation ring and shorten the time to acquire the final solution. For this, a reasonable ordering technique according to testability is introduced and a sorting technique is adopted to reduce the total solution time. Experimental results show that the proposed method can be useful in practice.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.387-389
• /
• 1997

Effect of concentrations of wheat flour and glucose on the sponge fermentation of soda cracker by the mixed lactic acid bacteria of L. brevis, L. fermentum and L. plantarum was investigated. When glucose was added to the wheat flour solution, pH was higher and TTA (total titrable acid) was lower as compared with the medium without glucose. This results suggested that glucose in the solution stimulate cell growth but inhibit the production of organic acids. With increasing of wheat flour concentration, pH decreased and TTA increased during the sponge fermentation of soda cracker.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.732-739
• /
• 2010

Two combined autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) and biofilter (BF) systems were operated to treat the piggery wastewater and the ammonia offgas. Experimental results indicated that the organic removal efficiency of ATAD-2, operated with oxygen, was higher than that of ATAD-1, operated with air. The concentration of ammonia in ATAD-2 offgas was higher compared to ATAD-1 offgas, but the total amount of ammonia produced from ATAD-2 was less than that from ATAD-1 due to the lower oxygen flowrate. The ammonia gas produced from both ATAD reactors was successfully removed by the BF. The BF-1, connected with ATAD-1, removed 93% of ammonia at the loading rate of $9.4g\;NH_3-N/m^3/hr$. The BF-2, connected with ATAD-2, removed 95% of ammonia gas at the loading rate of $8.1g\;NH_3-N/m^3/hr$. As the nitrification process continued, pH value of recirculating solution continuously decreased due to the accumulation of nitrate. When the ammonia loading rate was less than $22.7g\;NH_3-N/m^3/h$, the proper replacing cycle of recirculating solution was in the range of 10 to 11 days. Almost 90% of total mass of nitrogen fed into the each BF was confirmed from the mass balance on nitrogen.