• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.415-427
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermoregulatory responses to postures under different environmental conditions and to obtain the basal information for standard clothing weight, indoor climates, and working condition. Two adult female (22.5yrs, 46kg) were participated in this study. The experimental conditions were divided into three groups ; 1) comfort($27{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$), 2) hot($34{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$), and 3) cold($21{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}10%$) condition. The postures performed were as follows; standing, sitting on the chair, sitting on the floor, and supine on the floor. At each condition, subjective sensations, 12 points skin temperature, rectal temperature, total and local sweat rate, pulse rates, blood pressure, skin blood flow rate were measured. The results were as follows : 1. Rectal temperature was high significant among groups in order of supine, sitting on the floor, sitting on the chair, standing posture(p<0.01). 2. Skin temperature was high in part of contact with the surface of the floor or wall and the effect of posture was greater in peripheral temperature than torso temperature. Sitting on the chair and sitting on the floor posture showed higher peripheral temperature than standing and supine posture. And peripheral temperature was lower in supine posture than any other postures. 3. Total and local sweat rate were decreased in order of standing, sitting on the chair, sitting on the floor, supine posture. 4. Pulse rate and disastolic blood pressure were higher in standing posture than supine posture, and there was significant difference between two postures(p<0.001). 5. Blood flow rate of thigh was high in sitting on the chair and sitting on the floor posture and low in standing posture. Blood flow rate of leg was low in standing posture significantly(p<0.01). 6. In comfort and hot condition, temperature sensation and comfort sensation were higher in standing posture and lower in supine posture than any other postures. In cold condition, temperature sensation was lower and comfort sensation was higher in standing and supine posture than any other postures. And supine posture was appeared positive in hot condition and negative in cold condition. From this study, we confirmed the effects of posture on human thermoregulatory responses. Results indicate that even under same conditions and clothing weight, the insulation of clothing will be different to postures.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.495-503
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• 1998

The present study investigated the effects of Bisroot, that contains live bacteria (Bacillus polyfermenticus, Bacillus mesentericus, Streptococcus faecalis, & Bifidobacterium breve) and digestive enzymes (protease, lipase), on the growth, body composition and immune response of Nile tilapia fingerlings. One percent of the Bisroot was added to the experimenta feed. All exprimental fish were fed for 60 days. The weigh gains among the experimental fish were not significntly different (P>0.05). Hematocrit value, hemoglobin, total protein, glucose, GOT, and GPT were unaffected by Bisroot treatment. However, it was observed that glucose, GOT, and GPT value in the fish that were fed Bisroot, were lower than the control. The complement activity ($CH_50$) tended to be significantly increased by Bisroot treatment, but not lysozyme activity. Phagocytosis and respiratory burst activities of macrophages in the head kidney were enhanced by Bisroot. Therefore, the Bisroot diet enhances the cellular immune activities were enhanced by Bisroot. Therefore, the Bisroot diet enhances the cellular immune activities of non-specific immune responses. When fish were challenged with a virulent strain of Edwardsiella tarda, the Bisroot treated fish were more resistant than the control. The present results suggest that the introduction of Bisroot into the diet of Nile tilapia could increase their resistance against bacterial infection, reduce fish mortality, and offers economic benefits.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.82-98
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• 2020

Purpose - This study aims to overcome the limitations of existing studies, which linearly determine the precedence factors of competency in overseas subsidiaries. The research objectives are as follows. First, what kind of nonlinear effects does the level of control held by Korean headquarters over foreign subsidiaries have in terms of competency in the subsidiaries? Second, what kind of nonlinear effects do the local experiences of overseas subsidiaries have on their competency? Design/methodology - With data on Korean multinational corporations (MNCs), this paper analyzes the effects of control levels of headquarters (HQs) and host-country experiences of foreign subsidiaries regarding competency in overseas subsidiaries. In particular, this study focuses on nonlinear models, differentiating it from previous studies. In order to examine research hypotheses, this study conducted a survey of overseas subsidiaries of Korean corporations. Surveys were conducted through various methods including e-mail, online questionnaires, fax, and telephone calls. Copies of the questionnaire were distributed to a total of 2,246 overseas subsidiaries, and 409 completed responses were collected. Excluding 15 copies that were insufficiently answered, responses from a total of 394 copies were used for analysis. Findings - This study presents the following results. First, there is a U-shaped relationship between levels of HQ control and competency in foreign subsidiaries. This means that higher levels of HQ control negatively impact the competency levels of subsidiaries because strict control undermines autonomy in subsidiaries. However, if the level of HQ control exceeds a certain point, then the transfer of knowledge between HQs and subsidiaries is facilitated. Knowledge transferred from HQs can be used as prior knowledge by foreign subsidiaries to the benefit of all parties. Accordingly, knowledge transfer negates the negative effects of excessive HQ control and positively affects competency in subsidiaries. Second, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the local (host-country) experiences of subsidiaries and competency in foreign subsidiaries. This means that foreign subsidiaries can overcome the liabilities of foreignness and contribute to capability building by accumulating unique knowledge about their host countries. However, if local experiences accumulate excessively beyond a certain point, then the host country-specific experiences of foreign subsidiaries will offset the benefits discussed above. Excessive local experiences not only increase organizational inertia, but also create a problem of goal incongruence due to information asymmetry between HQs and subsidiaries. Therefore, excessive local experiences have negative effects on competency in foreign subsidiaries. Originality/value - This study suggests the following implications. First, unlike existing studies based mainly on linear models, this study presents important theoretical implications in its focus on nonlinear models and its analysis of the effects of HQ control and local experiences on competency in foreign subsidiaries from perspectives of organizational learning theory and agency theory. Second, in terms of practical implications, the results of this study suggest that optimally raising levels of HQ control and managing the local experiences of subsidiaries without increasing organizational inertia is important for enhancing competency in foreign subsidiaries.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.294-303
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• 2019

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin levels on physiological responses, blood profiles, and reproductive performance in gestating sows. A total of 52 F1 multiparous sows ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) with an average body weight of $223.5{\pm}31.7kg$, an average parity of $6.4{\pm}2.7$, and an average backfat thickness of $18.5{\pm}4.9mm$ were divided into four treatment groups considering body weight, backfat thickness, and parity in a completely randomized design with 13 replicates. The treatments were 100% (V1), 300% (V3), 600% (V6) and 900% (V9) of the National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirements of Swine. The gestation diet was formulated based on corn-soybean meal (SBM) and contained 3,265 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg and 12.00% crude protein. During the lactation period, all sows were fed the same commercial lactation diet. There was no significant difference in body weight of gestating sows. However backfat thickness tended to increase when higher levels of vitamins were provided to gestating sows (p < 0.10). When high levels of dietary vitamins were provided, the body weight change of lactating sows increased (p < 0.01). When sows were fed higher levels of vitamins, the feed intake of lactating sows tended to decrease (p = 0.06). There were no treatment differences in the number of total born, born alive, stillbirth piglets, or the body weight of piglets according to different dietary vitamin level. As dietary vitamin level increased, the serum concentration of $25(OH)D_3$ in sows at 90 days of gestation linearly increased (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the serum vitamin E level of gestating sows was linearly increased with increasing dietary vitamin level (p < 0.05). The current NRC vitamin requirements are sufficient for gestating sows and higher levels of vitamins in the gestation diet did not show any beneficial effects for gestating and lactating sows.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.116-128
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• 2021

Purpose: The extraction conditions for bioactive components from peanut shells, which is a byproduct of peanut processing, were optimized to enhance the total phenolic content (TPC, Y1), total flavonoid content (TFC, Y2), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (RSA, Y3). In addition, this study evaluated the anti-obesity effect of peanut shell extract. Methods: Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed using a response surface methodology. The independent variables applied for extraction were time (X1: 5.0-55.0), temperature (X2: 26.0-94.0), and ethanol concentration (X3: 0.0%-99.5%). Quadratic regression models were derived based on the results of 17 experimental sets, and an analysis of the variance was performed to verify its accuracy and precision of the regression equations. Results: When evaluating the effects of independent variables on responses using statistically-based optimization, the independent variable with the most significant effect on the TPC, TFC, and RSA was the ethanol concentration (p = 0.0008). The optimal extraction conditions to satisfy all three responses were 35.8 minutes, 82.7℃, and 96.0% ethanol. Under these conditions, the inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase by the extract were 86.4% and 78.5%, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, UAE showed superior extraction efficiency compared to conventional hot-water extraction in the extraction of polyphenols and bioactive materials. In addition, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects were identified, suggesting that peanut shells can be used as effective antioxidants and anti-obesity agents in functional foods and medicines.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.423-435
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• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to verify the influence of the characteristics of Chinese online video on users' subscription satisfaction and continuous subscription intention. For this purpose, this paper conducted online and offline questionnaire for customers who had subscription experiences within one month from April 16 to May 16, 2021. A total of 338 questionnaires were collected, except for 55 dishonest responses and non-subscription responses. A total of 283 copies were used for empirical analysis. The analysis results are as follows. First, before implementing the hypothesis verification of this paper, the results of analyzing the rationality and reliability of the measurement concept show six factors of online video characteristics, such as accuracy, social impact, service quality, content diversity, information, and entertainment. Second, among the six factors of the characteristics of online video, accuracy, social influence, service quality, and information have a "positive (+)" impact on subscription satisfaction. Third, in addition to the content diversity and entertainment in the characteristics of online video, the other four factors have a positive impact on consumers' continuous subscription intention. Fourth, subscription satisfaction has a positive impact on continuous subscription intention. Fifth, there is a media effect of subscription satisfaction between the characteristics of online video and the intention of continuous subscription.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.995-1006
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of practical course operation in a non-face-to-face online environment, learning effects, and students' experiences and perceptions for radiology major students using a survey. The questionnaire consisted of a total of 34 items in 5 areas: general characteristics of subjects, current learning participation in non-face-to-face environments, learning satisfaction, learning outcomes, improvement and requirements. For the analysis of the questionnaire responses, frequency analysis was performed on the response frequency, ratio, and scale for each item. Based on the general characteristics of the survey respondents, cross-analysis was performed using the chi-square test for participation in non-face-to-face learning, learning performance, and learning satisfaction. implemented. Improvements and requirements were qualitatively analyzed for the repetition frequency of words with the same meaning. Through the results of analyzing the responses of a total of 397 questionnaires, the direction of design and development of practical classes in a non-face-to-face environment in the future and basic information and implications for efficient operation were confirmed. Based on this, it is necessary to continue to think and make efforts for the efficient operation of non-face-to-face practice classes in the post-corona era.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.985-991
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• 2008

This study was to investigated the changes of physiologically active components in germinated brown rice treated with chitosan (CGBR) and its anti-obesity effect in rat fed a high fat diet. Contents of physiologically active compounds such as total phenolic compounds, total dietary fiber, $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and total phytic acid in CGBR were significantly higher than those of traditional germinated brown rice (GBR). Lipase inhibitory activity of CGBR was higher than those of GBR and brown rice (BR). High fat diets containing CGBR, GBR, and BR were administered to three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats for four weeks. All groups showed no significant difference in body weight, total abdominal fat, and plasma lipid levels. However, CGBR group appeared to have lower body weight gain and total abdominal fat level than other groups fed high fat diets containing GBR and BR. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol contents in plasma of CGBR group were also lower than those of other groups. Thus, new germination method of brown rice using chitosan is a useful process, which utilizes plant defense responses to elevate the production of secondary metabolites and anti-obesity effect.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.446-451
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• 2018

Effective ingredients were extracted using wheat sprout with high levels of flavonoids, and the extraction process was optimized with a central composite design model. The response value of the central composite design model establishes the extraction yield and the content of the flavonoids. The main and interactive effects were then analyzed depending on independent variables such as the extraction time, the volume ratio of alcohol to ultrapure water, and the extraction temperature. The extraction time and temperature were relatively large for the extraction yield. For the total flavonoids, the extraction time was most significantly affected. Considering both the extraction yield and the content of the total flavonoids, optimal extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction time (2.44 h), volume ratio of alcohol to ultrapure water (50.00 vol%), extraction temperature ($54.41^{\circ}C$). Under these condition, the extraction yield was 30.14 wt% and the content of the total flavonoids was $35.37{\mu}g\;QE/mL\;dw$. From the actual experimental result, the extraction yield under this condition was 29.92 wt% and the content of the total flavonoids was $35.32{\mu}g\;QE/mL\;dw$, which had an error rate of 0.39% and 0.74%, respectively. This is a multi-analysis comprehensive analysis that analyzes two simultaneous values of responses, but is considered to be highly accurate and also provides an excellent reliability of the optimization process in this study.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.957-964
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum spray drying conditions of soft persimmon latte using response surface methodology that is a statistical procedure used for optimization studies. A central composite design was applied to investigate the effects of independent variables, inlet temperature ($X_1$), air flow rate ($X_2$), and feed flow rate ($X_3$), on responses such as yield, water absorption index, and total phenolic compounds. Statistical analysis revealed that independent variables significantly affected all the responses. A maximum yield of 8.11 g was obtained at $90^{\circ}C$ of $X_1$, 51.82 mL/min of $X_2$ and 7.00 mL/min of $X_3$. A minimum water absorption index of 0.58 was obtained at $101^{\circ}C$ of $X_1$, 60.00 mL/min of $X_2$ and 17.00 mL/min of $X_3$. A maximum total phenolic compounds of $298.02{\mu}g/mL$ was obtained at $90^{\circ}C$ of $X_1$, 43.33 mL/min of $X_2$ and 17.00 mL/min of $X_3$. In conclusion, the best spray drying conditions were as follows: $X_1$, $90^{\circ}C$; $X_2$, 53 mL/min; $X_3$, 17 mL/min. Under those optimal conditions, the powder's yield (7.46 g), water absorption index (0.54), and the content of total phenolic compounds ($294.75{\mu}g/mL$) were estimated.