• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-31
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• 2009

This paper empirically examines factors that potentially influence the success of a Web-based semantic search engine. A research model has been proposed that shows the impact of quality-related factors upon the effectiveness of a semantic search engine, based on DeLone and McLean's(2003) information systems success model. An empirical study has been conducted to test hypotheses formulated around the research model, and statistical methods were applied to analyze gathered data and draw conclusions. Implications for academics and practitioners are offered based on the findings of the study. The proposed model includes three quality dimensions of a Web-based semantic search engine-namely, information quality, system quality and service quality. These three dimensions each have measures designed to collectively assess the respective dimension. The model is intended to examine the relationship between measures of these quality dimensions and measures of two dependent constructs, including individuals' net benefit and user satisfaction. Individuals' net benefit was measured by the extent to which the user's information needs were adequately met, whereas user satisfaction was measured by a combination of the perceived satisfaction with search results and the perceived satisfaction with the overall system. A total of 23 hypotheses have been formulated around the model, and a questionnaire survey has been conducted using a functional semantic search website created by KT and Hakia, so as to collect data to validate the model. Copies of a questionnaire form were handed out in person to 160 research associates and employees working in the area of designing and developing semantic search engines. Those who received the form, 148 respondents returned valid responses. The survey form asked respondents to use the given website to answer questions concerning the system. The results of the empirical study have indicated that, of the three quality dimensions, information quality was found to have the strongest association with the effectiveness of a Web-based semantic search engine. This finding is consistent with the observation in the literature that the aspects of the information quality should serve as a basis for evaluating the search outcomes from a semantic search engine. Measures under the information quality dimension that have a positive effect on informational gratification and user satisfaction were found to be recall and currency. Under the system quality dimension, response time and interactivity, were positively related to informational gratification. On the other hand, only one measure under the service quality dimension, reliability was found to have a positive relationship with user satisfaction. The results were based on the seven hypotheses that have been accepted. One may wonder why 15 out of the 23 hypotheses have been rejected and question the theoretical soundness of the model. However, the correlations between independent variables and dependent variables came out to be fairly high. This suggests that the structural equation model yielded results inconsistent with those of coefficient analysis, because the structural equation model intends to examine the relationship among independent variables as well as the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. The findings offer some useful implications for owners of a semantic search engine, as far as the design and maintenance of the website is concerned. First, the system should be designed to respond to the user's query as fast as possible. Also it should be designed to support the search process by recommending, revising, and choosing a search query, so as to maximize users' interactions with the system. Second, the system should present search results with maximum recall and currency to effectively meet the users' expectations. Third, it should be capable of providing online services in a reliable and trustworthy manner. Finally, effective increase in user satisfaction requires the improvement of quality factors associated with a semantic search engine, which would in turn help increase the informational gratification for users. The proposed model can serve as a useful framework for measuring the success of a Web-based semantic search engine. Applying the search engine success framework to the measurement of search engine effectiveness has the potential to provide an outline of what areas of a semantic search engine needs improvement, in order to better meet information needs of users. Further research will be needed to make this idea a reality.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.156-168
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• 2010

Purpose : To compare immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (DTPa-IPV, $Infanrix^{TM}$ IPV, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) with co-administration of commercially available DTPa and IPV vaccines at separate injection sites (DTPa+IPV). Methods : A total of 458 infants aged 8-12 weeks were randomized to receive three-ose primary vaccination at 2, 4 and 6 months with DTPa-IPV or DTPa+IPV. Blood samples were collected pre and post vaccination for measurement of immune responses. Reactogenicity was assessed following each dose using diary cards. Results : One month post-dose 3, seroprotection rates for anti-diphtheria, anti-tetanus and anti-poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 were ${\geq}99.5%$ and vaccine response rates to pertussis antigens were at least 98.6% in both DTPa-IPV and DTPa + IPV groups. Non-inferiority between the groups was demonstrated based on pre-defined statistical criteria. Incidences of both local and systemic symptoms were within the same range across both groups with grade 3 symptoms reported following no more than 4.3% of DTPa-IPV doses and 4.5% of DTPa + IPV doses. Two serious adverse events (both pyrexia) after DTPa-IPV administration were considered vaccine-related. Both infants recovered fully. Conclusion : Combined DTPa-IPV vaccine was immunogenic and well tolerated when used as a three-dose primary vaccination course in Korean infants. DTPa-IPV could be incorporated into the Korean vaccination schedule, reducing the number of injections required to complete primary immunization.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

The objective of the present study was to determine the expression of genes associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced stressor in two breeds of chickens: the Korean native chicken (KNC) and the White Leghorn chicken (WLH). Forty chickens per breed, aged 40 weeks, were randomly allotted to the control (CON, administered the saline vehicle) and LPS-injected stress groups. Samples were collected at 0 and 48 h post-LPS injection, and total RNA was extracted from the chicken livers for RNA microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. In response to LPS, 1,044 and 1,193 genes were upregulated, and 1,000 and 1,072 genes were downregulated in the KNC and WLH, respectively, using a ${\geq}2$-fold cutoff change. A functional network analysis revealed that stress-related genes were downregulated in both KNC and WLH after LPS infection. The results obtained from the qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of heat shock 90 (HSP90), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) were confirmed by the results of the microarray analysis. There was a significant difference in the expression of stress-associated genes between the control and LPS-injected KNC and WLH groups. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the stress-related $HSP90{\alpha}$ and HMGCR genes were downregulated in both LPS-injected KNC and WLH groups. However, the HSP70 and $HSP90{\beta}$ genes were upregulated only in the LPS-injected KNC group. The results suggest that the mRNA expression of stress-related genes is differentially affected by LPS stimulation, and some of the responses varied with the chicken breed. A better understanding of the LPS-induced infective stressors in chicken using the qRT-PCR and RNA microarray analyses may contribute to improving animal welfare and husbandry practices.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.3 s.113
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• pp.322-333
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• 2005

Total phosphorus (TP) and suspended solids (SS) were measured in the discharge waters from 5 drainage basins of Lake Yongdam, from April, 2002 till March, 2004. The responses of SS and TP to rainfall were analyzed and their loadings into Lake Yongdam were calculated. The inflowing rivers into Lake Yongdam were the Juja River, the Jeongja River, the Jinan River, the Geum River and the Guryang River. Among these rivers Jinan River showed the highest TP that fluctuated very much according to the flow rate. TP and the flow rates (Q) of each river showed positive correlations with empirical relationsip of $TP\;=\;6.32Q^{0.30}$ for the Juia River, $TP\;=\;8.58Q^{0.49}$ for the Jeongia River, $TP\;=\;307.92Q^{0.10}$, for the Jinan River, $TP\;=\;17.91Q^{0.47}$, for the Geum River, $TP\;=\;20.11Q^{0.53}$ for Guryang River. In April 2002 ${\sim}$ March 2003, phosphorus loadings from the Juja River, the Jeongja River, the Jinan River, the Geum River and the Guryang River were calculated to be 3,677, 11,430, 36,412, 89,651, and 42,226 kgP ${\cdot}$ $yr^{-1}$ respectively. And the specific loadings from the Juja River, the Jeongia River, the Jinan River, the Geum River and the Guryang River were calculated to be 0.3, 2.9, 13.6, 9.3, and 13.0 kgP ${\cdot}$ $km^{-2}$ ${\cdot}$ $yr^{-1}$ respectively. In April 2002 ${\sim}$ March 2004, the suspended particles loading from the Juja River, the Jeongia River, the Jinan River, the Geum River and the Guryang River were 673, 1,232, 4,232, 30,902, 80,202 ton ${\cdot}$ $yr^{-1}$ respectively. The Guryang River showed the largest contribution of SS loading.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.753-767
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• 2009

Objectives : The study is to gain some basic material for the improvement of dental clinics' homepages through a survey investigation, in which college students of three Dental Hygienic departments participated in Kwangju and Cheollanamdo Province. Methods : In the investigation three factors were analyzed : the degree of knowledge on dental clinics' homepages, the degree of recognition on them, and whether they have paid a visit on them or not. A total of 509(96.8%) respondents are valid except 17sheets of responses. Results : 1. When asked about the degrees of knowledge on the formation of the homepages by students' years, the correct rate on Information Service was higher in a row of the second year, the first year, and the third year. And it shows statistically significant difference(p<0.05). In the part of Counseling Service, the rate of correct answers was highest in the second year, and then the first year and the third year. It also shows significant difference(p<0.05). In case of Visual Service, the second year got the highest rate of correct answers, and then the first year and the third year. Here is significant difference by the school years<0.01) 2. It was asked whether they have visited the dental clinics' homepages. The results are like this: 145 sophomores(28.5%) have visited them, and 115 juniors(22.6%) and 85 freshmen(16.7%), and it show significant difference (p<0.001). 3. It was asked how many sites they have visited. Among the freshmen, not a few students visited two sites (34, 9.9%), among sophomores 48 students visited five sites(13.9%), and among juniors the highest answers were two sites (41, 11.9%). It shows signigicant difference(p<0.01). 4. It was asked what is the purpose of the visits. At this 27 freshmen answered for having counseling(7.8%), and 80 sophomores(23.3%) and 43 juniors(12.5%) answered they visited them for the purpose of gaining some materials about their major. It shows significant difference(p<0.001). 5. It was asked with what opportunity they have visited them. They answered through searching activities like this : freshmen (68, 19.8%), sophomores (130, 37.9%), and juniors (98, 28.6%). It shows significant difference(p<0.05). 6. In regard with the recognition of the homepages, all the participants said that the management of the homepages are closely related with the images of the clinics($3.96{\pm}0.781$). But it is found that they do not think that the effective management of dental clinics' homepages is the task of dental hygienic workers as a part of dental hygienic($3.12{\pm}0.971$). 7. There is some difference concerned with the homepages among each group of students; sophomores have highest recognition on them and then juniors and freshmen, and it shows significant difference(p<0.01). In addition, those who have visited them show higher recognition than those who have never visited them(p<0.001). Conclusions : There are some differences among each group of students in regard with the formation service, the purpose of visiting them and such experiences, and the opportunities. Whereases they think that the management of the homepages are closely related with the images of the clinics, they do not think that the effective management of dental clinics' homepages is the task of dental hygienic workers as a part of dental hygienic. Therefore it is necessary to study actively for the qualitative improvement of the dental clinics' homepages, which will result in the higher recognition on the homepages by the dental hygienic students and the workers.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2011

The distributions of phytoplankton assemblages and environmental factors in Jinhae Bay and their relationships were investigated to estimate the potential limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth and community structure. In situ algal bioassay experiments were also conducted to assess the species-specific characteristics in phytoplankton responses under different nutrient conditions (control, N(+) and P(+) treatment). During the study periods, bacillariophyceae and cryptophyceae occupied more than 90% of total phytoplankton assemblages. Phytoplankton standing crops in the inner part of Masan Bay were higher than that of Jinhae Bay. The DIN:DIP ratio, pH and transparency showed the significant positive correlation with phytoplankton biomass. According to cluster and multidimensiolnal scaling (MDS) analysis based on phytoplankton community data from each station, the bay was divided into three groups. The first group included stations from the south-western part of Jinhae bay where cryptophyta species were dominated. The second group was distinguished from inner stations in Masan Bay. These stations showed low transpancy and high DIN:DIP ratio. The other cluster included the stations from the eastern part and central part of Jinhae Bay, which was characterized by the high DSi:DIP ratio and dominant of diatom species. Phosphorous (P) was limited in Masan Bay due to significantly increases in the phytoplankton abundances. Based on stoichiometric limitation and algal bio-assay in Jinhae Bay, nitrogen (N) was a major limiting factor for phytoplankton production. However, silicate (Si) was not considered as limiting factor, since Si/DIN and Si/P ratio and absolute concentration of nutrient did not create any potential stoichiometric limitation in the bay. This implies that high Si availability in winter season contributes favorably to the maintenances of diatom species.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.524-533
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• 2001

Background: Hyperoxemic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been recognized as a safe technique and is widely used in cardiac surgery. However, hyperoxemic CPB may produce higher toxic oxygen species and cause more severe oxidative stress and ischemia/reperfusion injury than normoxemic CPB. This study was undertaken to compare inflammatory responses and myocardial injury between normoxemic and hyperoxemic CPB and to examine the beneficial effect of normoxemic CPB. Material and method: Thirty adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were randomly divided into normoxic group (n=15), who received normoxemic CPB (about Pa $O_{2}$ 120 mmHg), and hyperoxic group (n=15), who received hyperoxemic CPB (about Pa $O_{2}$ 400 mmHg). Myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and troponin-T (TnT) concentrations in coronary sinus blood were determined at pre- and post-CPB. Total leukocyte and neutrophil counts in arterial blood were measured at the before, during, and after CPB. Lactate concentration in mixed venous blood was analyzed during CPB, and cardiac index (Cl) and pulmonary vascular

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.529-538
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• 2002

Background : Many clinicians are reluctant to prescribe systemic corticosteroids to manage an asthmatic attack because of many complications such as osteoporosis, cushing's syndrome, diabetes, hypertension and bleeding tendency. The use of nebulized budesonide may be of value in some infants, old men, and in particular adult asthmatic patients who complain of severe dyspnea. A clinical validation and steroid-sparing effect of nebulized budesonide in asthmatic adults and COPD were evaluated, and the short-term effects of budesonide use on the HPA axis were assessed. Materials and Methods : Study A was prospectively done with 41 patients diagnosed with pure asthma and 30 patients diagnosed with COPD (including asthmatic component) in Soonchunhyang Hospital, Chunan from June. 2000 to Sep. 2001. They were treated with nebulized budesonide including systemic steroids (Group 1), a budesonide tubuhaler including a systemic steroid (Group 2), or only the systemic steroid(Group 3). The peak flow rate, arterial blood gas in room air, pulmonary function test, symptom scoring, steroid amount and hospital stay were analyzed. Study B was conducted with 19 patients to evaluate the short-term effects on the HPA axis of treatment with nebulized budesonide 1mg twice daily and a budesonide turbuhaler 5 puffs twice daily. The adrenal function was assessed prior to budesonide inhalation and after 7 days of budesonide inhalation. Results : In the pure asthmatic patients, the mean value of the symptoms (dyspnea, wheezing, cough, night asthma) or the arterial BGAs, total amounts of steroid or hospital stay and the difference in the results of the pulmonary function tests or peak expiratory flow rate were similar in the three groups. In COPD with an asthmatic component, there were no significant differences among the three groups. Although nebulized budesonide suppressed HPA function,(p=0.006) the HPA responses from the nebulized budesonide and turbuhaler budesonide were similar (p=0.288) Conclusion : This result suggests that systemic steroid should only be made available for acute asthmatic patients irrespective of the inhaled budesonides. Nebulized budesonide at the therapeutic dose has similar effects on the HPA axis compared to that of turbuhaler budesonide.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.87-104
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• 2004

This study selected the fifth and sixth graders of elementary school in Jeollanamdo who can express their opinions of safety consciousness and understand the items of questionnaire as the population. It selected 10 elementary schools under the supervision of Jeonnam Board of Education and sampled 700 students randomly from 2-3 classes in the 5th and the 6th grade. One preliminary survey was conducted to revise and complement the contents and forms of questionnaire with 70 students of a school from Apr. 1 to 6, 2004 and this study was conducted from Apr. 10 to 30, 2004. Data of this study were collected by explaining the purport of study to subjects after obtaining approval of principal and teacher of the school and distributing questionnaires. Total 700 questionnaires were distributed and 681 were collected (97%) and 602 were used for final analysis except 79 lacking responses. The results of this study are as follows. According to demographical characteristics of subjects, 'male' students were 302(50.%) and 'female' students were 300(49.8%) by sex and 'the 5th graders' were 285(47.3%) and 'the 6th graders' were 317(52.7%) in grade distribution. Residents at 'apartment house' were 406(67.4%) in residence type, 'going to school by foot' was 477 students(79.2%), 'high school graduates' were 297(49.3%) in fathers' education, 'high school graduates' were 366 (60.8%) in mothers' education, 'professional and office workers' were 231(38.4%) in fathers' job, 'full-time workers' were 283(47.0%) in mothers' job, and the number of siblings was one except myself in 343 students(57.0%). Respondents on the level of class showing 'good' were 340(56.5%) and those on the degree of adaptation to school life showing 'active' were 349(58.0%). On the characteristics related to safety education, 360(59.8%) responded it was 'very necessary', on the frequency of safety education at school for last one year, 339(56.3%) responded they had 'once or twice', on the frequency of safety education by parents, 279(46.3%) responded they 'often' had it, on the level of safety practice by parents, 347(57.6%) responded they practiced it 'frequently', on the source of knowledge of safety, 223(37.0%) responded they got it from 'parents, siblings and relatives', on the degree of recognizing the need of safety education textbooks, 295(38.5%) responded 'it was needed', on the recognition of necessity of teacher for safety education, 271(45.0%) answered it was very necessary', and on the recognition of qualification of teacher for safety education, 370(61.5%) answered it was 'paramedic'. The mean score of safety consciousness of subjects was 2.72 (SD. 21) of full score 3, having high score over mean score. According to each area, the area showing the highest safety consciousness was safety of fire(2.83), followed by home safety(2.76) and first-aid treatment(2.76), traffic safety(2.71), play and leisure safety(2.66) and school safety(2.56). Items showing statistical differences in the degree of safety consciousness according to demographical characteristics were sex(t=-3.11, p=.002), education(t=2.33, p=.021) and number of siblings(F=3.729, p=.011). In the difference of safety consciousness between both sexes, 'female' students(2.75) showed higher safety consciousness than 'male' students (2.69), and the former also showed higher safety consciousness than the latter in all six areas of school safety, play and leisure safety, traffic safety, fire safety, home safety and first-aid treatment, and there were statistical differences in the areas of play and leisure safety, traffic safety, fire safety and first-aid treatment. According to the differences of safety consciousness by grade, 'the fifth graders'(2.74) showed higher safety consciousness than 'the sixth graders'(2.70) and the former also showed higher safety consciousness than the latter in all six areas of school safety, play and leisure safety, traffic safety, fire safety, home safety and first-aid treatment, and there were statistical differences in the areas of fire safety and home safety. In the safety consciousness by the number of siblings, 'single son or daughter' (2.78) was highest and their safety consciousness was also highest in all six areas of school safety, play and leisure safety, traffic safety, fire safety, home safety and first-aid treatment, and there were statistical differences in the areas of school safety, fire safety and home safety, There were statistically remarkable differences in degree of adaptation to school life (F=15.349, p=.000) and perceived schooling level(F=9.552, p=.000). According to the degree of safety consciousness related to characteristics of safety education, there were statistical differences at the degree of recognizing the need of safety education(F=9.797, p=.000), degree of safety education at school(F=2.595, p=.006), degree of safety education by parents(F=12.709, p=.000), degree of practicing safety by parents(F=17.579, p=.000), source of knowledge of safety education (F=2,715, p=.044), necessity of safety education textbooks(F=3.972, p=.008), need of safety teacher(F=4.137, p=.006) and qualification standard of safety teacher(F=3.016, p=.029).

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.695-707
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate relationships among gifted students' perceived parental behavior of their parents, self-esteem, and emotional intelligence. The sample includes 91 6th-11th grade gifted students enrolled at a gifted program in a University. The surveys, administered in March, 2012, assess self-esteem, emotional intelligence, and the parental behavior of the parents of gifted students. Data were collected and analyzed by the researchers, using SPSS 18.0. The results are as follows: 1) Each of the 10 item's mean score is over 4.0, and the total mean scores on self-esteem is 4.36 out of 5 (SD=.546), showing positive responses. 2) The mean scores of two aspects of emotional intelligence were close to 4, showing positive perception. 3) The mean scores on perception of a father's and a mother's behavior are at 3.89 and 4.10, respectively; the three factors of perception among fathers (care, trust, and respect) are close to 4.0, while care (3.57) was somewhat low; the perception among mothers is at 4.31 (care), 4.20 (lesson), 4.01 (respect), and 3.96 (trust), showing statistical differences between fathers and mothers. 4) The correlation existed between self-esteem and emotional intelligence, between self-esteem and the four aspects of parental behavior, and between emotional intelligence and parental behavior. 5) Regression analyses showed that respect (${\beta}$=.422, p<.001) among fathers, and trust (${\beta}$=.450, p<.001) among mothers affected students' self-esteem; lessons (${\beta}$=.414, p<.001) and trust (${\beta}$=.280, p<.01) among fathers and lessons (${\beta}$=.450, p<.001) and respect (${\beta}$=.331, p<.01) among mothers affected students' emotional intelligence. The implication of this study, limitation, and future study ideas are suggested at the end of this paper.