• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.453-460
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• 2020

Background: BIOGF1K, a fraction of Panax ginseng, has desirable antimelanogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antiphotoaging properties that could be useful for treating skin conditions. Because its potential positive effects on allergic reactions in skin have not yet been described in detail, this study's main objective was to determine its efficacy in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography was used to verify the compounds in BIOGF1K, and we used the (3-4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method to determine its cytotoxicity in RBL-2H3 and HMC-1 cell lines. RBL-2H3 cells were induced using both anti-DNP-IgE/DNP-BSA and calcium ionophore (A2187) treatments, whereas HMC-1 cells were induced using A2187 alone. To measure mast cell degranulation, we performed histamine (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and β-hexosaminidase assays. To quantify interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in RBL-2H3 cells, we performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR); to quantify expression levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in HMC-1 cells, we used semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Finally, we detected the total and phosphorylated forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p-38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase proteins by immunoblotting. Results: BIOGF1K decreased the AD response by reducing both histamine and β-hexosaminidase release as well as reducing the secretion levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in RBL-2H3 cells and IL-4 and IL-13 in HMC-1 cells. In addition, BIOGF1K decreased MAPK pathway activation in RBL-2H3 and HMC-1 cells. Conclusions: BIOGF1K attenuated the AD response, hence supporting its use as a promising and natural approach for treating AD.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.498-507
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• 2020

Since the launch of Pokémon GO in 2016, the game has been loved for many users. Although the number of Pokémon GO users has declined, lots of users still enjoy the location-based augmented reality game. From the perspective of game properties and Use & Gratifications theory, this paper investigated the antecedents of continuance intention of Pokémon GO. A total of 258 responses from Pokémon Go users was collected by an online survey. The result of regression analysis showed that attitude toward game characters, attitude toward random game elements, social interaction, competition, and physical activity increased continuance intention. Perceived cost, however, decreased continuance intention. Implications for researchers and practitioners were discussed.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.133-143
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• 2018

The purposes of this study was to investigate how interpersonal relationship stress had the impact on job attitude and turnover intention. To perform this study, total 420 questionnaire were distributed to regular hotel employees from October 16th to November 26th in 2017. Unworkable data were excluded, and final 344 usable responses were obtained for an empirical analysis. Frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were measured by using SPSS 18.0, respectively. For the study structure, interpersonal relationship stress primarily concentrated on the boss/staff/colleague/customer stress. Job attitude was divided into organization commitment and job satisfaction. Transfer intention was a single factor. The results of this study were shown as follows: Hypothesis 1, boss/customer stress have a negative effect on organization commitment and boss/colleague/customer stress have a negative effect on job satisfaction. Hypothesis 2, boss/customer stress have a positive effect on transfer intention. Hypothesis 3, tissue commitment have a negative effect on transfer intention. This results of this study have shown that stress management of employee is a source of management result in hotel business. This study have given to the hotel's human resource management and internal marketing for the practical implication and academical use.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.127-134
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• 2017

Despite its importance to Thailand, museum tourism has not received sufficient attention from researchers and practitioners. Consequently, knowledge of museum tourist responses toward museum service quality is quite limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to (1) examine the service quality of museums in Thailand and (2) revealed how tourists react positively namely through satisfaction and revisit intentions. This study further explored how the proposed relationships vary between Asian and European tourists. Based on Harrison and Shaw's (2004) museum experience model, facilities, staff services, and exhibition experience were proposed as three important service elements encountered during a service experience. Data were collected from foreign tourists who visited any of the 6 national museums in Bangkok. A total of 260 questionnaires were obtained over a 3-month period, all of which were retained and utilized for the analysis. Results found that exhibition experience and staff services were positively associated with tourist museum visit satisfaction, which in turn acted on revisit intention. In addition, exhibition experience was found to be the most important service element for Asian tourists, while staff services was most important for European tourists. Staff services and exhibition experience both played important roles in the tourist museum experience, while facilities did not have an effect on the evaluation of museum services. In response, museum managers need to implement a segmentation strategy that considers tourists' backgrounds such as region, culture, or nationality.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.347-356
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic evidence to improve community health nursing practice education by analyzing the current status of actual operation, program outcomes and evaluation methods, and the level of achieving learning goals. Methods: Data were collected through an e-mail survey from 155 professors teaching community health nursing in April 2016. Out of 45 responses in total, 42 cases were used for analysis (response rate 29.0%). Results: Community health nursing practice was a 3-credit course in most of the schools (66.7%) and included a practice at public health centers without exception. The most common diagnosis classification system was OMAHA (81.0%). The core fundamental nursing skills evaluated during the practice were subcutaneous injection, vital signs, oral administration, and intradermal injection. Among the subjects of community health nursing practice, the area with the highest potential for achieving learning goals was primary health care provision (4.4/5) and the area with the lowest potential was disaster management (2.4/5). Conclusion: The results of this study show that there would be active efforts to complement and improve several problems of the community health nursing practice among the community health nursing practice instructors for more effective and qualitative community health nursing practice.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2016

This paper aimed to provide the basic data on consumers' purchasing tendency required to start and operate online shopping malls on internet. The survey selected the female college students from 19 to 24 years old majoring fabric and fashion design in colleges in Gyeonggi-do. Total 283 questionnaires were selected for statistical analysis. The analysis results are presented below. The first online shopping was during the middle school times showing the highest responses as 63.54%, followed by high school times, college times and elementary school times in that sequence. Most female college students(97.88%) purchased goods from online shopping malls. The purposes of search in online shopping malls were 'need to purchase goods(47.18%)', 'habit/hobbies(27.57%)', 'need to collect data on goods(20.27%)' and 'to relieve stresses(4.98%)'. About 50% of respondents selected 'I visit mainly several online shopping malls. If there is no goods that I try to find, I search other sites and purchase what I want to buy(46.57%).' For the goods purchased from online shopping malls, everyday wears showed the highest ratio, 85.92%. About the time to purchase goods related to trends, most respondents selected 'purchase whenever it is necessary without respect to trends(87%).' Main considerations when the respondents purchased the goods from online shopping malls were 'design(64.98%)', 'price(18.41%)', 'quality(11.20%)', 'company recognition(2.53%)', 'color(1.44%)', and 'materials (1.44%)' in that sequence. 64.62% of respondents had the experience of returning goods after purchasing from online shopping malls. The reason why the respondents returned goods after purchasing from online shopping malls was mainly 'because of size(52.17%)', the response with the highest ratio. 42.24% responded that they experienced damage by washing the goods purchased from online shopping malls. It was found that the respondents didn't think about the country of manufacturing when purchasing goods from online shopping malls.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.181-197
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• 2015

This study examined the influence of perceived value, perceived quality, reasonable price of subtropical vegetables on trust, purchase intention and word of mouth among hotel chefs. For this investigation, a survey was carried out targeting hotel chefs in Korea with experience with subtropical vegetables. A total of 380 questionnaires were distributed to selected chefs over 20 days from October 1st to October 20th, 2014, of which 353 valid questionnaires were used after the exclusion of responses missing values or too much weighted tendency. A frequency analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted with the use of the SPSS 18.0 package. The analysis results are as follows. First, perceived value, perceived quality and reasonable price had a positive influence on trust. Second, trust had a positive effect on purchase intention and word of mouth. Third, purchase intention positively influenced word of mouth.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 2017

In this paper, size dependent bending and free flexural vibration behaviors of functionally graded (FG) nanobeams are investigated using a nonlocal quasi-3D theory in which both shear deformation and thickness stretching effects are introduced. The nonlocal elastic behavior is described by the differential constitutive model of Eringen, which enables the present model to become effective in the analysis and design of nanostructures. The present theory incorporates the length scale parameter (nonlocal parameter) which can capture the small scale effect, and furthermore accounts for both shear deformation and thickness stretching effects by virtue of a hyperbolic variation of all displacements through the thickness without using shear correction factor. The material properties of FG nanobeams are assumed to vary through the thickness according to a power law. The neutral surface position for such FG nanobeams is determined and the present theory based on exact neutral surface position is employed here. The governing equations are derived using the principal of minimum total potential energy. The effects of nonlocal parameter, aspect ratio and various material compositions on the static and dynamic responses of the FG nanobeam are discussed in detail. A detailed numerical study is carried out to examine the effect of material gradient index, the nonlocal parameter, the beam aspect ratio on the global response of the FG nanobeam. These findings are important in mechanical design considerations of devices that use carbon nanotubes.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2018

The phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct of the phosphate fertilizers manufacture. The world production estimated to 200 million tons per year induces environmental threats and storage problems, which requires strict policies to limit pollution and encourage its valorization. This paper presents a purification process of the crude PG including treatment with a diluted sulfuric acid, floatation, filtration and washing. The purified PG is used to produce plaster. The process optimization was conducted using a full factorial design. The significant factors considered in the experimental study are temperature ($X_1$), volume of sulfuric acid solution ($X_2$) and PG quantity ($X_3$). The main effects and interaction effects of these factors on the responses of the % $P_2O_5$, % F, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) ($mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) and pH were analyzed. The optimum conditions for $X_1$, $X_2$ and $X_3$ were found to be $60^{\circ}C$, 3 L and 1 kg, respectively and the optimized pH values was found to be 6.2. Under these conditions, 60% of $P_2O_5$, 95% of Fluorine and 98% of TOC were removed from PG. The predicted values were found approximately the same as the experimental ones. The plaster produced with purified PG was found to have similar properties to that produced from natural gypsum.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.845-853
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to predict the timing of nitrogen (N) demand through analyzing chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF), soil-plant analysis development (SPAD), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which are positively correlated with foliar N concentration in star cluster (Pentas lanceolata). The plants were grown in potting soil under optimal conditions for 30 d, followed by weekly irrigation with five concentrations (0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 mM) of N for an additional 30 d. These five N application levels corresponded to leaf N concentrations of 2.62, 3.48, 4.00, 4.23, and 4.69%, respectively. We measured 13 morphological and physiological parameters, as well as the responses of these parameters to various N-fertilizer treatments. The general increases in Dickson's quality index (DQI), above-ground dry weight (DW), total DW, flowering rate, ${\Delta}F/Fm$', and qP in response to treatment with 0 to 8 mM N were similar to those of SPAD, NDVI, and Fv/Fm. Consistent and strong correlations ($R^2$= 0.60 to 0.85) were observed between leaf N concentration (%) and SPAD, NDVI, ${\Delta}F/Fm$', and above-ground DW. Validation of leaf S PAD, NDVI, and ${\Delta}F/Fm$' revealed that these vegetation indices are accurate predictors of leaf N concentration that can be used for non-destructive estimation of the proper timing for N-solution irrigation of P. lanceolata. Moreover, irrigation with 8 mM N-fertilizer i s recommended w hen leaf N concentration, SPAD, NVDI, and ${\Delta}F/Fm$' ratios are reduced from their saturation values of 4.00, 50.68, 0.64, and 0.137%, respectively.