• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 1977

Contents of proline and chloride in halophytes were $80-1700\;{\mu}g/gfw$ and 0.13-0.45 mM/gfw respectively. The content of proline was inversely proportional to that of chloride. Rhizomes of Phargmites communis Trin, a halophyte, were grown in non-saline medium and then taken to saline treatment for one or two weeks. Growth of P. communis was inhibited when salinized with 0.25M NaCl. Total nitrogen decreased and alcohol soluble nitrogen and proline increased when growth was retarded. The quantity of Fraction 1 protein decreased at 0.25M NaCl treatment. The accumulation of proline at high concentration in P. communis suggested that it might play a role in osmotic adjustment.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of dietary probiotics supplementation contained with astaxanthin synthesizing microorganism 'Phaffia rhodozyma' on the productivity and meat quality of ducks. Growth performance carried out during 45 days for day-old ducks offered in Joowonori incorporated. A total of 150 day-old ducks(cheribery) of mixed sex(M:F=1:1) were allotted into 5 groups. The basal diets were added with low levels of astaxanthin containing probiotics. We investigated mortality, bodyweight, and feed conversion used by growth performance. 45day-old ducks were butchered and carried out nutrients composition analysis, meat quality test, organoleptic examination, fatty acid analysis, cholesterol analysis, storage test, and astaxanthin concentration analysis. Control showed $3.7\%$ mortality and treatments showed $0\%$ mortality. These results showed improvement of immunity, for influence of dietary probiotics supplementation contained with astaxanthin. The control gained 2.68 kg and treatment gained 2.84 kg. The control was 2.15 and treatment was 1.83 for feed conversion. Treatment was increased feed conversion than control as significantly. The results of meat quality test showed that treatment was tender and taste more than control. The results of nutrients composition analysis showed that treatment was produced low fat and high protein meat. Ducks meat of treatments contained higher unsaturated fatty acid and lower cholesterol than control. The case of carotenoids confirmed that astaxanthin and $\beta-carotein$ were accumulated in duck meat.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of application of cattle slurry on forage productivity and environmental pollution in rice paddy land. Cropping systems used in this study consisted of two designs, such as whole crop rice applied with standard fertilizer (MWRS) and whole crop rice applied with cattle slurry (MWRC). The field experiments were conducted on the clay loam at Backsanmyun, Kimje, Chunlabukdo province in Korea for three years (May 2006 to Apr. 2009). This study was arranged in completely randomized design with three replicates. The yield of dry matter of whole crop rice in MWRS was similar as compared with that of MWRC. The contents of crude protein of whole crop rice in MWRS significantly increased as compared with those of MWRC (P<0.05). However, the contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of whole crop rice were hardly influenced by cattle slurry application. The pH, and contents of T-N, $P_2O_5$ and organic matter (OM) in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment increased as compared with those at the beginning of the experiment. After the end of experiment, the concentrations of exchangeable cations (Ca, Na, Mg and K) in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment were remarkably higher than those at the beginning of the experiment (P<0.05). The concentrations of $NO_3$-N and $NH_4$-N in discharge water in MWRS, MWRC and DWBRC were higher in 2008 than those in 2007. But the concentration of $PO_4$-P in discharge water was hardly influenced by the cropping system during experimental period. The concentrations of $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N and $PO_4$-P in leaching water were hardly influenced by application of cattle slurry.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 1985

Seven different strains of lactic bacteria and 13 combinations of these microorganisms were tested for their acid forming capacity on a vegetable milk made from lupinseed protein concentrate(LPC). L acidophilus, L casei, S. lactis, L. mesenteroides, mixed culture of L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus, and mixed culture of S. lactis and L. mesenteroides were selected and further tested for their growth pattern and acid forming property on lupinseed milk both untreated and partly hydrolized one with carbohydrate decomposing enzymes. The enzyme hydrolized lupinseed milk had 1.5 folds of total free sugar, 8.2 folds of fructose, 3 folds glucose, 2.3 folds maltose, compared to the untreated lupinseed milk. For the untreated lupinseed milk, L. mesenteroides was appeared to be most suitable microorganism having the maximum cell concentration of 1.0 $\times$ 10$^{9}$ $m\ell$ and the final pH 4.40 with the acidity 0.46％. For the enzyme treated lupinseed milk, mixed culture of L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus showed the best performance having 1.9$\times$10$^{9}$ $m\ell$ maximum cell number and the final pH and acidity were 3.69 and 1.13％, respectively. Lactic acid fermentation altered the physical property of lupinseed milk; by fermentation the viscosity generally increased with untreated lupinseed milk, but decreased with enzyme hydrolized one. The viscosity change and sedimentation rate of fermented milk varied with the type of lactic bacteria. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that S. lactis, L. casei, mixed culture of S. lactis and L. mesenteroides, and mixed culture of L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus, grown on enzyme hydrolized lupinseed milk, could produce acceptable lactic beverage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1484-1491
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• 2015

The new cultivar Lentinula edodes, which is named 'Lentinula edodes GNA01', was bred by mating strains isolated from 'L26' and 'Kyoungwon9015' obtained from Sammyungjin Research Institute, Fujian, China. L. edodes GNA01 does not have stipes like L. edodes, although it generally has a similar spherical shape. Moisture and crude protein contents of L. edodes GNA01 were lower than those of L. edodes. Meanwhile, L. edodes GNA01 contained higher levels of crude ash, crude lipid, crude fiber, and carbohydrates than L. edodes. The ${\beta}$-carotene content ($19.05{\mu}g/100g$) of L. edodes GNA01 was about three times higher than that of L. edodes. In addition, vitamin D content ($118.53{\mu}g/100g$) of L. edodes GNA01 was more than twice that of L. edodes. L. edodes GNA01 was a good source of mineral elements, with K and Mg contents of 2,277.50 mg/100 g and 203.15 mg/100 g, respectively. The major fatty acids of L. edodes GNA01 were C16:0 and C18:2, and L. edodes GNA01 had the highest linoleic acid (C18:2) content of 1,087.66 mg/100 g. Total phenol content of L. edodes GNA01 was 12.52 mg GAE/g, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values of L. edodes GNA01 were lower than those of L. edodes at all concentrations. However, DPPH radical scavenging activities and FRAP values of L. edodes GNA01 were above 80% and 0.9 at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.328-337
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• 1990

The incividual and combined effects of the chloroacetanilide herbicide pretilachlor and of the safener fenclorim on the growth and selected physiological processes of rice (Oryza sativa L., var 'Lemont')were evaluated under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Fenclorim applied at rates ranging from 50 to 300 g a.i./ha antagonized the injurious effects caused by 150 to 900 g a.i./ha of pretilachlor on 15-day old wet-sown rice grown under greenhouse conditions. When used rates of 150 g/ha or higher, fenclorim reversed completely the effects of all doses of pretilachlor on rice. When the two compounds were given simultaneously, fenclorim enhanced the uptake of $^{14}C$pretilachlor into rice leaf mesophyll protoplasts measured for 1 hr, indicating that competition for uptake at the protoplast level is not involved in the protective action of this safener. The safener-induced stimulation of pretilachlor uptake was particularly evident when fenclorim was used at concentrations of 10, 20 and $40{\mu}M$. Following 4 hr of incubation, individual treatments with pretilachlor inhibited the in vitro incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into proteins, DNA, and lipids of rice leaf protoplasts only when used at the high concentration of $100{\mu}M$M. Individual treatments with high concentrations (10 or $100{\mu}M$) of the safener fenclorim inhibited the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into proteins and lipids of rice protoplasts, but had no DNA synthesis. The combined effects of pretilachlor and fenclorim on the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into these macromolecules of isolated rice mesophyll protoplasts appeared to be additive or slightly synergistic rather than antagonistic. Fenclorim at $1{\mu}M$ antagonized the effects of pretilachlor on total lipids of rice leaf protoplasts. In addition, individual and combined treat-menu with pretilachlor and fenclorim influenced the incoroporation of$^{14}C$acetate into polar lipids, triglycerides and steryl esters of rice leaf protoplas causing a redistribution of carbon in these lipid fractions. However, these effects were not large enough to explain the herbicidal activity of pretilachlor or to account for the protective action of the safener fenclorim. Overall, the uesults of the present study idnicate that the safener fenclorim does not seem to protect rice against pretilachlor injury by antagonizing its effects on protein, DNA, or lipid syntheses.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2010

Selenium is an essential micronutrient for normal body function and functions as an essential constituent of selenoproteins. This study was carried out to investigate effect of selenium on the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumor formation in a mouse model. Five-week old ICR mice were acclimated for one week and fed different selenium diet (0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 ppm) for 12 weeks. Animals received three intraperitoneal injections of azoxymethane (10 mg/kg B.W. in saline for 3 weeks), followed by 2% dextran sodium sulfate in the drinking water for a week. There were four experimental groups, including a normal control group and three different selenium levels groups. After sacrifice, the total numbers of aberrant crypt (AC) and ACF were measured in the colonic mucosa after methylene blue staining. The number of tumors was noted for tumor incidence. Liver selenium concentration was measured using ICP-AES method. Gutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was determined using a GPx assay kit in the liver and colon. TUNEL assay and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining were performed to examine the cell apoptosis and cell proliferation, respectively. Immunohistochemistry of $\beta$-catenin was also performed on the mucous membrane tissue of colon. The activity of GPx in the liver and colon was decreased in the selenium-deficient diet group while it was increased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. Apoptotic positive cells were increased in the selenium-overloaded diet group but decreased in the selenium-deficient diet group. PCNA staining area was decreased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. In addition, the $\beta$-catenin protein level in the selenium-deficient diet group was increased but decreased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. These results indicate that dietary selenium might exert a modulating effect on colon cancer by inhibiting the development of ACF and colon tumor formation in this mouse model.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.363-372
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• 2017

Hypericum ascyron has long been used as medicinal plant and recent studies reported that H. ascyron has anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, and anti-bacterial effects. In this study, inhibitory effect from H. ascyron on pro-inflammatory responses has been investigated. H. ascyron was extracted at optimal extraction condition. Total phenolic contents in water and 90% ethanol were 29.75 and 31.82 mg/g, respectively. Hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of H. ascyron extracts ($50-200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics) was 0.00-14.81% and 15.33-47.49%, respectively. In cell viability, cell toxicity was shown at concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$ and $30{\mu}g/mL$ of water and 90% ethanol extract. Therefore, $10-50{\mu}g/mL$ in water extracts and $5-20{\mu}g/mL$ in ethanol extracts was selected each for further study. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) derived nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-derived prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) protein expression inhibitory effect of extracts were inhibited in a dose dependent manner, significantly. Also, the pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibitory effect such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, nterleukin (IL)-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$ were decreased in the dose dependent manner. The results indicate that H. ascyron extracts reduced inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-induced 264.7 cells via the regulation of the iNOS, COX-2, NO, $PGE_2$, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, H. ascyron extracts have significant anti-inflammatory effect and a source as therapeutic materials.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.71-97
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• 1975

To improve the food qualities in Korea, two hundred and fourtynine kinds of food additives have been allowed in food processing, of which one hundred and nineteen kinds could be used under the limitted conditions. Hence, in practical uses in food processing, many kinds of them are mixed at random within the permitted amounts for their special purposes. For last several years, many kinds of the food additives were prohibited because they have been proved to be toxic even with the single dose. Until recently a few studies on the toxicity in the mixture of food additives were reported, however, they were shown to be no severe additional effect on the animal. This study was performed to see if any elevation of chronic or subacute toxicity of food additives occur especially when they are mixed with each other, using three kinds of food additives (DHA, AF-2, BHT) most widely used as food preservatives, antiseptics and antioxidants. One hundred and fifty young male rats were taken and divided into ten feeding groups, one first control group (food additives blank), three second control groups (DHA 0.1%, AF-2 0.1%, BHT 0.5%), three mixture groups of low level (mixture of each 60% of two second control level) and three mixture groups of high level (mixture of each 90% of two second control level). As the methods of biological and clinical tests, the change of body weight (growth rate), daily intake of diets, organ to body weight ratio, histopathological findings of organs, hematological observation, liver and kidney function tests were checked three times during the periods of 24 weeks. The following results were obtained. 1. The low level group of DHA, AF-2 mixture and DHA, BHT mixture revealed a little retardation in growth rate than the first control group, however, they were similar to the second controls, while all the mixture groups of high level showed a more remarkable retardation than the first and second controls. 2. Average daily intake of the diets was the same in each group, showing a similar decreasing tendency (70-100g/kg of body weight) in accordance with the growth rate. It was observed that there are no differences in the taste and appetite in each group of rats. 3. Abnormal enlargements of kidney and lung were not seen in all the mixture groups compared with the controls, while a slight hepatomegaly was observed in all mixture groups of low level as in the second controls. Significant differences (almost 1% level) were observed between the high level groups and the first control group. 4. Histopathological effects of the food additives on lung, kidney and liver tissues were found in all mixture group of high level. The less frequencies of the same effects were also seen in the low level groups. 5. The esterified cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio in the mixture groups of high level showed a little lower values, and the activities of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase decreased almost with significance of 5% level compared with the first control group. The serum A/G ratio in the mixture groups also decreased. The results demonstrated that the liver function was decreased in the mixture groups compared with the controls. 6. In all groups throughout the test period, kidney functions (concentration of protein and creatinine excreated per hour in urine and renal filtration rate) were shown almost as normal as the first control. 7. Average values of hematocrit, erythrocytes and leucocytes in the mixture groups were in the normal ranges as in the controls, which denotes that the production of blood cells in bone marrow were also normal in all groups. With the above results, it is concluded that when the food additives (DHA, AF-2, BHT) were given together to the rats in several combinations even in less amount, they showed more toxic signs than the single doses.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.357-368
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• 1996

To utilize the ascidian tunic as a natural pigment and dietary sources for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), juvenile were fed on experimental diets containing enzymatic hydrolysates of ascidian tunic treated with three commercial mined enzymes (ultrazyme, cellulase, viscozyme) for 12 weeks. From the results of feeding experiment, similar growth rate was checked in the enzymatic hydrolysis group compared with control, and those were a higher than of ascidian tunic powder group. The total acetone extractable pigment in muscle of the enzymatic hydrolysates group was lower than that of the ascidian extracts group and carophyll pink group until 8 weeks, but the level of those pigment of the enzymatic hydrolysates was similar to the ascidian extracts and carophyll pink group after 12 weeks. The lipid content was increased with the pigment concentration in the all experimental group. But the ascidian tunic pigment did not influence on the composition of the fatty acids in the muscle and liver. From the consideration of results for pigmentation, the enzymatic hydrolysates of ascidian tunic were suitable for both a natural pigment and dietary protein and carbohydrates sources as a substitute synthetic pigment for aquaculture use.