• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.363-372
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• 2008

본 연구는 거세한우 비육시 섬유질배합사료의 급여가 발육, 사료이용성 및 도체특성에 미치는 효과를 구명하고, 기존의 분리급여 방법과의 경제성을 비교검토코자 실시하였다. 생후 약 6개월령(평균체중 153kg 내외)의 거세 한우 60두를 공시하였으며, 사양시험은 생후 6개월령부터 28개월령까지 약 22개월간 실시하였다. 시험설계는 배합사료와 볏짚 분리급여구(Control), 습식 섬유질배합사료 급여구(TMRⅠ), 맥강 20%(TMRⅡ) 및 40%(TMRⅢ) 함유 건식 섬유질배합사료 급여구 등 4처리로 하여 각 처리당 15두씩 완전 임의배치하였다. 일당증체량은 맥강 20%를 첨가한 건식 섬유질배합사료구가 0.70kg으로 모든 처리구에서 가장 높았으나 처리간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 전기간 kg 증체당 사료요구량은 대조구가 11.63kg 이었고, 섬유질배합사료 급여구인 TMRⅠ, TMRⅡ 및 TMRⅢ구는 각각 9.29, 10.46 및 10.71kg 이었다. 도체율과 거래정육율은 모든 처리구가 각각 59% 및 63% 내외로 처리간 유의적인 차이가 없었으며(p> 0.05), 배최장근 단면적, 등지방 두께, 육색 및 지방색 역시 처리간 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 근내지방도는 TMRⅠ구가 5.0으로 분리급여구의 3.4보다 유의적으로 높았고(p<0.05), 육질 1등급 이상 출현율은 TMRⅠ구와 TMRⅡ구에서 높게 나타났다. 경제성 분석 결과 분리급여구에 비해 TMRⅡ구가 사료비는 25% 정도 절감되었고, 소득은 19% 정도 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 보아 거세한우 비육시 섬유질배합사료 급여가 비육우의 생산성 및 도체특성 개선과 생산비 절감에 효과가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.651-658
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• 2009

Four multiparous lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae were fed diets varying in the amount and source of rumen-degradable carbohydrates (starch vs. sucrose) to examine their effects on rumen fermentation, nitrogen metabolism and lactation performance. A $4{\times}4$ Latin square with four diets and four periods of 28 days each was employed. Corn starch and sucrose were added to diets and corn starch was replaced with sucrose at 0 (0 S), 2.5 (2.5 S), 5.0 (5.0 S) 7.5% (7.5 S) of diet dry matter in a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 60% concentrate and 40% forage (DM basis). Replacing corn starch with sucrose did not affect (p>0.05) ruminal pH which averaged 6.41, but the ruminal pH for 7.5 S decreased more rapidly at 2 h after morning feeding compared with other treatments. Sucrose reduced ($p{\leq}0.05$) ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentration (13.90 vs. 17.09 mg/dl) but did not affect peptide-N concentration. There was no dietary effect on total volatile fatty acids (110.53 mmol/L) or the acetate to propionate ratio (2.72). No differences (p>0.05) in molar proportion of most of the individual VFA were found among diets, except for the molar proportion of butyrate that was increased ($p{\leq}0.05$) with the inclusion of sucrose. Total branched chain volatile fatty acids tended to increase ($p{\geq}0.051$) for the control treatment (0 S) compared with the 7.5 S treatment. Dry matter intake, body weight changes and digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF were not affected by treatments. Sucrose inclusion in the total mixed ration did not affect milk yield, but increased milk fat and total solid percentage ($p{\leq}0.05$). Sucrose tended ($p{\geq}0.063$) to increase milk protein percentage (3.28 vs. 3.05) and reduced ($p{\leq}0.05$) milk urea nitrogen concentration (12.75 vs. 15.48 mg/dl), suggesting a more efficient utilization of the rapidly available nitrogen components in the diet and hence improving nitrogen metabolism in the rumen.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.677-684
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• 2013

혼합냉매를 사용하여 천연가스를 액화하는 혼합냉매공정(Mixed refrigerant cycle, MRC)은 공정이 간단하고 장치비가 적게 들며 운전 또한 용이하여 널리 채택되고 있는 공정이다. MRC에서 중요한 기술 중 하나는 혼합냉매를 선택하고 최적의 혼합비를 결정하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 일반적인 MRC에서 혼합냉매와 혼합냉매의 혼합비가 공정의 성능에 미치는 효과를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 통계적 기법 중 실험계획법의 하나인 혼합물 설계와 반응 표면법을 이용하여 전체 공정의 에너지 소비가 최소가 되게 하는 최적의 냉매를 선택하고 그 혼합비를 결정하였다. 여러 냉매와 혼합비에 따른 MRC 공정의 모사는 Aspen HYSYS를 사용하였으며 혼합물설계와 반응 표면법은 Minitab을 사용하였다. 연구결과 냉매로는 methane ($C_1$), ethane ($C_2$), propane ($C_3$)과 nitrogen ($N_2$)가 선택되었으며 에너지 소비를 최소화하는 혼합비(몰 비) 또한 구할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2004

Eighteen water buffalo calves of Nili-Ravi breed (about 15 months age and of $147{\pm}12$ kg average body weight and mixed sex) were used with six animals on each treatment. All the animals were fed long wheat straw for ad libitum intake as the basal ration. Animals in group-I were supplemented with ad libitum amount of urea molasses block having cotton seed meal (CSMB) while the animals in group-II were supplemented with ad libitum urea molasses block containing sunflower seed meal (SFMB) and group III animals were supplemented with a fixed amount of commercial concentrate feed (CCF). The experiment lasted for a period of 80 days (April to June). Results revealed a significantly decreased total feed intake (wheat straw+supplements) in group-III ($1,666{\pm}52$ g/h/d) as compared to group I ($2,299{\pm}194$ g/h/d) and group-II ($2,193{\pm}230$ g/h/d). Average daily supplement intakes were $891{\pm}87$; $666{\pm}104$ and $593{\pm}0$ grams per head in group I, II and III, respectively. Supplement intakes among groups were different (p<0.05). Average daily body weight gains (g/h) were $214{\pm}25$, $174{\pm}23 $and $183{\pm}24$ for group I, II and III, respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found to be $10.74{\pm}1.12$, $12.60{\pm}0.88$ and $9.90{\pm}1.33$ grams for group No. I, II and III, respectively. The economic net benefit of live weight gain of calves were 7.63, 6.11 and 7.33 rupees/h/d for group No. I, II and III, respectively. Thus SFM can replace CSM and urea molasses blocks can replace commercial concentrates as supplement to basal ration of wheat straw.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2017

본 연구는 반추동물 사료로서 한국에서 생산된 부존사료자원 15종의 화학적 조성, 소화율 그리고 에너지 가를 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 반추위 그리고 십이지장 캐뉼라가 장착된 거세한우 3두(평균체중 $520{\pm}20.20kg$)를 개별 계류식우사에 공시한 후 14일의 순치기간과 3일간의 시험기간을 두었다. 실험 방법으로는 화학조성 분석법, in situ 나일론백과 모바일백 방법을 이용하였다. 사료 내 화학적 조성을 분석한 결과, 엿밥, 깻묵, 장유박 및 두유박의 조단백질 함량은 30% 이상이었다. In situ 나일론백을 이용한 사료의 분해 특성을 분석한 결과, 비트펄프, 맥주박, 커피박, 엿밥, 수수겨, 임자박, 라면박 및 두유박의 반추위 미분해 단백질 함량은 50% 이상이었다. In situ 모바일백을 이용한 사료 내 가소화 영양소총량(TDN)의 분석은 비트펄프, 맥주박, 막걸리박, 수수겨, 깻묵, 라면박, 미강, 장유박, 비지, 두유박 및 밀기울이 50% 이상인 것으로 관찰되었다. 요약하자면, 상기 부존사료자원은 배합사료 또는 조사료를 대체할 수 있는 훌륭한 사료자원으로서의 높은 잠재적 가치를 가지고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서 얻은 부존사료자원의 화학적 조성, 소화율 및 에너지 가를 반추동물 섬유질배합사료 제조를 위한 기초 자료로 활용하고 이를 통해 사료효율 향상, 사료비용 절감 및 환경오염 감소에 기여하고자 한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.841-853
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• 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with calcium oxide (CaO) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) as substitutional ingredient of total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro fermentation, in situ disappearance and growth performance of Holstein steers. Cannulated Holstein (600 ± 47 kg) was used for both the in vitro and in situ experiments. The treatments used were TMR only (CON), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products fresh matter (FM) basis (TC), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis (TCC), and TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis + 3.22% AHP FM basis (TCCA). For in vivo experiment, thirty-four Holstein steers (273 ± 45 kg) were subjected to a 150-day feeding trial, divided into two groups: CON and TC. In the in vitro experiment, pH of TCCA was greatest (p < 0.05) among other treatments at all incubation times. Ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different for each treatment. However, butyrate was greater (p < 0.05) in TCC and CON than in both TC and TCCA. During in situ experiment, the dry matter (DM) disappearance was greatest (p < 0.05) in TCCA among other treatments. Also, disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were observed greatest (p > 0.05) in TCCA treatment. In the in vivo experiment, average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between CON and TC. In blood profile analysis, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total protein concentration were not significantly different between treatments. But, creatinine concentration was greater (p < 0.05) in TC than in CON. Overall results suggest that Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with CaO and AHP can be used as substitutional ingredient in TMR for Holstein steers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권5호
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• pp.951-970
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• 2023

This study utilized Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) - based total mixed ration (TMR) as feedstuff and evaluated its effects on rumen fermentation, growth performance, blood parameters, and bacterial community in growing Hanwoo heifers. Twenty-seven Hanwoo heifers (body weight [BW], 225.11 ± 10.57 kg) were randomly allocated to three experimental diets. Heifers were fed 1 of 3 treatments as follows: TMR with oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay (CON), TMR with 19% of IRGS (L-IRGS), and TMR with 36% of IRGS (H-IRGS). Feeding high levels of IRGS (H-IRGS) and CON TMR to heifers resulted in a greater molar proportion of propionate in the rumen. The impact of different TMR diets on the BW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio of Hanwoo heifers during the growing period did not differ (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the blood metabolites, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, and total cholesterol of the heifers were not affected by the different TMR diets (p > 0.05). In terms of rumen bacterial community composition, 264 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed across the three TMR diets with 240, 239, and 220 OTUs in CON, L-IRGS, and H-IRGS, respectively. IRGS-based diets increased the relative abundances of genera belonging to phylum Bacteroidetes but decreased the abundances of genus belonging to phylum Firmicutes compared with the control. Data showed that Bacteroidetes was the most dominant phylum, while Prevotella ruminicola was the dominant species across the three TMR groups. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus bromii in the rumen increased in heifers fed with high inclusion of IRGS in the TMR (H-IRGS TMR). The relative abundance of R. bromii in the rumen significantly increased when heifers were fed H-IRGS TMR while P. ruminicola increased in both L-IRGS and H-IRGS TMR groups. Results from the current study demonstrate that the inclusion of IRGS in the TMR is comparable with the TMR containing high-quality forage (CON). Thus, a high level of IRGS can be used as a replacement forage ingredient in TMR feeding and had a beneficial effect of possibly modulating the rumen bacterial community toward mainly propionate-producing microorganisms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.973-980
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate nutritional value and in situ degradability of fruit-vegetable byproducts and their feeding effects on performance of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: Nutritional value and in situ degradability of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and fruit-vegetable byproducts were assessed. In vivo feeding trial was also performed for 12 weeks. Thirty-six growing steers were randomly allocated into three groups according to body weight (BW) and age in 12 pens (4 replications/treatment) and assigned to one of the three dietary treatments: control (byproduct 0%), FV-B (fruit-vegetable byproduct 20%), and CA-B (cabbage peel 15% plus Chinese cabbage peel 15%, total byproduct 30%). Results: The crude protein contents of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and fruit-vegetable byproducts were 18.69%, 20.20%, and 10.07%, respectively. Concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were higher in cabbage (22.31%) and Chinese cabbage (28.83%) than fruit-vegetable (13.94%). Higher concentrations of non-fiber carbohydrate were observed for fruit-vegetable (66.72%) than cabbage (44.93%) and Chinese cabbage byproducts (24.69%). The effective degradability (ED) of both dry matter (DM) and NDF for fruit-vegetable byproduct (DM, 84.69%; NDF, 85.62%) was higher (p<0.05) than cabbage (DM, 68.47%; NDF, 55.97%) and Chinese cabbage byproducts (DM, 68.09%; NDF, 54.22%). The DM intake was not different among treatments because the amount of feed was kept constant according to the BW of growing steers to prevent overweight during the growing period. The average daily gain during the whole experimental period was not different among treatments (1.26, 1.25, and 1.34 kg/d for control, FV-B, and CA-B). The ED of both DM and NDF degradability of the total mixed ration (TMR) diets were very similar among treatments. Feed conversion ratio during the whole period showed no significant difference among treatments. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that fruit-vegetable and cabbage byproducts up to 20% and 30% (as fed basis), respectively can be included in TMR diets for growing beef cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of molasses and propionic acid on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silages prepared with whole-plant corn in Tibet. TMR (354 g/kg DM) was ensiled with four different treatments: no additive (control), molasses (M), propionic acid (P), and molasses+propionic acid (PM), in laboratory silos (250 mL) and fermented for 45 d. Silos were opened and silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test for 12 days, in which chemical and microbiological parameters of TMR silages were measured to determined the aerobic deterioration. After 45 d of ensiling, the four TMR silages were of good quality with low pH value and ammonia/total N (AN), and high lactic acid (LA) content and V-scores. M silage showed the highest (p<0.05) LA content and higher dry matter (DM) recovery than the control and P silages. P silage had lower (p<0.05) LA content than the control silage. During aerobic exposure, lactic acid contents decreased gradually in the control and M silages, while that of P and PM silages increased, and the peak values were observed after 9 d. M silage had similar yeast counts with the control silage (> $10^5$ cfu/g FM), however, it appeared to be more stable as indicated by a delayed pH value increase. P and PM silages showed fewer yeasts (< $10^5$ cfu/g FM) (p<0.05) and were more stable than the control and M silages during aerobic exposure. It was concluded that M application increased LA content and improved aerobic stability of TMR silage prepared with whole-plant corn in Tibet. P application inhibited lactic acid production during ensiling, and apparently preserved available sugars which stimulated large increases in lactic acid during aerobic exposure stage, which resulted in greater aerobic stability of TMR silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1405-1409
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was to determine proper physical traits in the diet for goats by investigating the effects of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) content on dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, and chewing activity in black goats fed with total mixed ration (TMR). Methods: Six growing wethers of Korean native black goats (Capra hircus coreanae) aged 8 months and weighing between 26.9 kg and 27.1 kg ($27.03{\pm}5.05kg$) were used in this experiment. Three diets of varying peNDF content were obtained by original TMR (T1), 12,000 rpm grinding (T2), and 15,500 rpm grinding (T3) of the same TMR diet. The $peNDF_{1.18}$ content of the experimental diets was 23.85%, 21.71%, and 16.22% for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Results: Average daily gain (ADG) was higher in T2 group compared to those of the control and T3 groups, but ADG and DMI were not affected by the dietary particle size and peNDF content. Also, there was no difference between apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter, crude fiber, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. Although there was no significant difference, rumination and total chewing time were associated with decreased peNDF content. Conclusion: The feeding of peNDF-based TMR showed no impact on apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. Further studies are required with a wider range of dietary peNDF level and particle size to better identify the effect of dietary peNDF and particle size on chewing activity and performance in goats.