• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
• /
• pp.31-39
• /
• 1998

We have investigated the antinociceptive efficacy of ginseng saponins in mice using l% formalin, which induce two phases of pain (acute and tonic pains) and is known to induce a clinically related pain. Ginseng total saponins (GTS) relieved both phases of pain with EDso of 162 mghg for acute and 92 mg/kg for tonic pain, respectively. Both protopanaxadiol (PD) and protopanaxatriol (PT) saponins did not attenuated acute phase of pain but relieved tonic phase of pain with EDso of 45 mg/kg for PD saponins and 105 mghg for PT saponins, respectively. Moreover, ginsenoside Rc, Rd, and Re among representative ginsenosides such as Rbl, Rc, Rd, Re and Rgl relieved slightly but significantly acute phase of pain and strongly attenuated tonic phase of pain but Rf relieved only tonic phase of pain. However, PD and PT saponins, and the individual ginsenosides tested except GTS did not greatly attenuate thermal noxious pain (tail-flick test). These results suggest that single ginsenoside or mixture of various ginsenosides mainly induce differential antinociception in mice.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.429-435
• /
• 2011

Korean red ginseng has been studied various biological activities such as immune, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, and anticancer activities but antiviral mechanism needs further studies. In this study, we aimed to examine the antiviral effects of Korea red ginseng extract and ginsenosides on norovirus surrogate, including murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV). We evaluated the pre-, co-, and post-treatment effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG), ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$. To measure the antiviral effect and cytotoxicity of KRG extract, and ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$, we treated Crandell-Reese Feline Kidney for FCV or RAW264.7 cells for MNV with concentrations of 0, 5, 6.7, 10, 20 ug/mL total saponin. There was cytotoxic effect in the highest concentration 20 ug/mL of KRG extract so this concentration was excluded in this study. The FCV titer was significantly reduced to 0.23-0.83 $log_{10}$ 50% tissue culture infectious dose ($TCID_{50}$)/mL in groups pre-treated with red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. The titer of MNV was significantly reduced to 0.37-1.48 $log_{10}$ $TCID_{50}$/mL in groups pre-treated with red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. However, there was no observed antiviral effect in groups co-treated or post-treated with KRG and its constituents. Our data suggest that KRG extract has an antiviral effect against norovirus surrogates. The antiviral mechanisms of KRG and ginsenosides should be addressed in future studies.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.38-43
• /
• 1999

진세노사이드(ginseng total saponin)는 인삼의 주요 약리학적 성분이다. 본 연구는 척수강내로 투여된 진세노사이드가 캡사이신에 의하여 유도된 통증을 억제하는가를 연구하였다. 진세노사이드의 척수강내 전투여는 캡사이신에 의하여 유도되는 통증을 투여 용량에 의존적으로 억제하였다. 통증 억제 효과를 나타내는 $ED_{50}$은 43 ${mu}g/mouse$ 이었다. 흥분성 아미노산들도 척수 수준에서 통증전달에 포함되기 때문에 본 연구에서는 또한 진세노사이드가 흥분성 아미노산에 의하여 유도되는 아픈 행동(nociceptive behaviors)을 억제하는 가를 연구하였다. 진세노사이드와 NMDA를 같이 투여할 경우 NMDA를 단독 투여할 때 나타나는 아픈 행동을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 진세노사이드가 NMDA에 의하여 나타나는 아픈 행동을 억제하는 $ED_{50}$은 37 ${mu}g/mouse$ 이었다. 그러나 진세노사이드는 kainate투여에 의하여 나타나는 아픈 행동을 억제하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과들은 진세노사이드에 의한 항통증 효능중의 하나는 척수 수준에서 통증 전달 물질에 의하여 유도되는 통증 전달 정보의 선택적 억제에 의하여 이루어진다는 것을 보여준다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.148-156
• /
• 2018

Background: Hot steaming is known to be effective in improving the biological activities of plant extracts by breaking down useful compounds to low molecular weight ones. Methods and Results: This study aimed to develop an optimal extraction and steam processing method for enhancing the low molecular ginsenoside contents of the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. The total ginsenoside was optimally extracted when 70% EtOH was used at $50^{\circ}C$, whereas low molecule ginsenoside such as Rg2, Rh1, Rh4 and Rk1 could be extracted using 70% EtOH at $70^{\circ}C$. The adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng is known to contain four major ginsenosides, i.e., Rb2, Rb1, Rg1 and Rd, however new ginsenosides Rg6, Rh4, Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 were new abundantly obtaind after steam processing method was applied. The contents of total ginsenosides were the highest when thermal steam processing was conducted at $120^{\circ}C$ for 120 min. Unlike ginsenosides such as Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rh1, which decreased after steam processing, Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 increased after thermal processing. Steam processing significanltly reduced the content of Rb1, increased that of Rg6 by about ten times than that in the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. Conclusions: Our study showed that the optimal extraction and steam processing method increased the content of total ginsenosides and allowed the extraction of minor ginsenosides from major ones.

• 식물조직배양학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.485-489
• /
• 2000

생장이 우수한 인삼모상근 세포주 (KGHR-1, KGHR-5, KGHR-8) 및 6년생 인삼근의 부위별로 ginsenoside 양상 및 생성특성을 조사하였다. 인삼모상근 및 6년생 인상근에서 ginsenoslde-Rb$_1$, Rb$_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg$_1$, Rg$_2$을 확인하였으며, 인삼모상근 세포주간 및 인삼근 부위별로 ginsenoside의 함량은 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 8종류의 ginsenoside함량이 가장 높은 인삼모상근은 KGHR-1 세포주로 17.42 mg/g dry wt와 함량을 나타내었다. 모상근세포주 KGHR-1은 ginsenoside-Rd, Rg$_1$을, KGHR-5는 ginsenoside-Rb$_1$, Rg$_1$을, 그리고 KGHR-8은 ginsenoside-Rd, Re을 상대적으로 많이 생성하는 특징을 지니고 있으며, ginsenoside-Rf의 생성은 매우 낮았다. 6년생 인삼근의 부위별 ginsenoside의 함량은 주근, 지근, 세근순으로 많았으며, 주근에서 ginsenoside-Rc의 생성은 ginsenoside의 50.99%로써 모상근 세포주의 4.90~6.89%보다 매우 높았다. 6년생 인삼근의 총 ginsenoside에 대한 ginsenoside-Rg$_1$의 비율은 3.43~14.18% 수준으로 주근, 지근, 세근순으로 급격히 감소하였으며, 모상관의 17.14~24.43%와 비교할 때 매우 낮은 수준을 나타내었다. 따라서 인삼모상근 배양을 통하여 특정 ginsenosides생산이 가능하리라 생각된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.487-495
• /
• 2017

Background: Although flowers of Panax ginseng Meyer (FPG), Panax quinquefolius L. (FPQ), and Panax notoginseng Burk. (FPN) have been historically used as both medicine and food, each is used differently in practice. Methods: To investigate the connection between components and enhancing immunity activity of FPG, FPQ, and FPN, a method based on a rapid LC coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight MS and immunomodulatory activity study evaluated by a carbon clearance test were combined. Results: According to quantitative results, the ratio of the total content of protopanaxatiol-type ginsenosides to protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides in FPN was 0, but ranged from 1.10 to 1.32 and from 0.23 to 0.35 in FPG and FPQ, respectively. The ratio of the total content of neutral ginsenosides to the corresponding malonyl-ginsenosides in FPN ($5.52{\pm}1.33%$) was higher than FPG ($3.2{\pm}0.64%$) and FPQ ($2.39{\pm}0.57%$). The colorimetric analysis showed the content of total ginsenosides in FPQ, FPG, and FPN to be $13.75{\pm}0.60%$, $17.45{\pm}0.42%$, and $12.45{\pm}1.77%$, respectively. The carbon clearance assay indicated that the phagocytic activity of FPG and FPQ was higher than that of FPN. A clear discrimination among FPG, FPQ, and FPN was observed in the principal component analysis score plots. Seven compounds were confirmed to contribute strongly by loading plots, which may be the cause of differences in efficacy. Conclusion: This study provides basic information about the chemical and bioactive comparison of FPG, FPQ, and FPN, indicating that protopanaxtriol-type ginsenosides and malonyl-ginsenosides may play a key role in their enhancing immunity properties.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.848-853
• /
• 2007

The effects of high-hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the ginsenoside concentration in Korean red ginseng were investigated. HHP-pretreated Korean red ginseng samples were compared to samples produced by a conventional method. Six-year-old Korean fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) samples were vacuum-packaged in polyethylene film and treated at room temperature for 1 min with HHP (200-600 MPa) and steamed at $98^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr. Major ginsenosides of red ginseng were analyzed by HPLC. HHP-pretreated red ginseng showed a 45% higher level of total major ginsenosides than conventionally prepared red ginseng. The levels of 4 protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides increased 34-43% and the levels of 5 protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides increased 45-66%. Scanning electron microscopy and electrical conductivity spectrum analysis showed that HHP pretreatment damaged ginseng plant cells and increased extraction efficiencies of ginsenosides from red ginseng products.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.1019-1024
• /
• 2009

Diabetic neuropathy is characterized by the decrease of cell viability in neuron, which is induced by the hyperglycemia. HT22 cell is the neuron cell line originated from hippocampus. Ginsenosides have been reported to retain anti-diabetic effect. However, the preventive effect of ginsenosides in the condition of diabetic neuropathy was not elucidated. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the protective effect of ginsenoside total saponin (GTS), panoxadiol (PD), and panoxatriol (PT) in the high glucose-induced cell death of HT22 cells, an in vitro cellular model for diabetic neuropathy. In present study, high glucose increased lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity, the lipid peroxide(LPO) formation and induced the decrease of cell viability. These effects were completely prevented by the treatment of GTS, but partially prevented by the treatment of PD and PT. High glucose also increased the expression of Bax and cleaved form of caspase-3 but decreased that of Bcl-2. These effects of high glucose on Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved form of caspase-3 were completely prevented by the treatment of GTS, but partially prevented by the treatment of PD and PT in HT22 cells. In conclusion, ginsenosides prevented high glucose-induced cell death of hippocampal neuron through the inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis in HT 22 cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제18권11호
• /
• pp.1789-1791
• /
• 2008

This study was aimed (i) to develop an effective method for the purification of ginsenosides for industrial use and (ii) to compare the distribution of ginsenosides in cultured wild ginseng roots (adventitious root culture of Panax ginseng) with those of red ginseng (steamed ginseng) and white ginseng (air-dried ginseng). The crude extracts of cultured wild ginseng roots, red ginseng, and white ginseng were obtained by using a 75% ethanol extraction combined with ultrasonication. This was followed sequentially by AB-8 macroporous adsorption chromatography, Amberlite IRA 900 Cl anion-exchange chromatography, and Amberlite XAD16 adsorption chromatography for further purification. The contents of total ginsenosides were increased from 4.1%, 12.1%, and 11.3% in the crude extracts of cultured wild ginseng roots, red ginseng, and white ginseng to 79.4%, 71.7%, and 72.5% in the final products, respectively. HPLC analysis demonstrated that ginsenosides in cultured wild ginseng roots were distributed in a different ratio compared with red ginseng and white ginseng.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.229-234
• /
• 2018

Ginseng products available in different forms and preparations are reported to have varied bioactivities and chemical compositions. In our previous study, four new dammarane-type ginsenosides were isolated from Panax ginseng, which are ginsenoside Rg18 (1), 6-acetyl ginsenoside Rg3 (2), ginsenoside Rs11 (3), and ginsenoside Re7 (4). Accordingly, the goal of this study was to determine the distribution and content of these newly characterized ginsenosides in different ginseng products. The content of compounds 1 - 4 in different ginseng products was determined via HPLC-UV. The samples included ginseng roots from different ginseng species, roots harvested from different localities in Korea, and samples harvested at different cultivation ages and processed under different manufacturing methods. The four ginsenosides were present at varying concentrations in the different ginseng samples examined. The variations in their content could be attributed to species variation, and differences in cultivation conditions and manufacturing methods. The total concentration of compounds 1 - 4 were highest in ginseng obtained from Geumsan ($185{\mu}g/g$), white-6 yr ginseng ($150{\mu}g/g$), and P. quinquefolius ($186{\mu}g/g$). The results of this study provide a basis for the optimization of cultivation conditions and manufacturing methods to maximize the yield of the four new ginsenosides in ginseng.