• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.201-205
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• 1994

The objectives of this research are to determine the seasonal and varietal differences of total digestible nutrients(TDN) and in vitro dry matter digestibility(1VDMD) of tall fescue grown in Takwalyon areas, based on the data of preceding paper(Lee et al. 1994b). The results are may be summarized as follows : 1. The values of total digestible nutrients(TDN) and in vitro dry matter digestibility(1VDMD) in 1st cutting were lower than the values of 2nd and 3rd cutting, and it was due to different stages of growth and seasonal difference of climatic conditions in this areas. 2. The relative yield(RY) had negative significantly correlation with in vitm dry matter digestibility(1VDMD) of 1st cutting. 3. Total digestible nutrients(TDN) indicated high positive significant correlation with in vitro dry matter digestility (IVDMD) in all cuttings. 4. The variety of Johnstone showed a high values of total digestible nutrients(TDN) and in vitm dry matter digestibility(1VDMD) of 2nd and 3rd cutting, but Fuego was lower than the other varieties.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2022

Objective: The objective was to test additivity of digestible energy and nutrient concentrations in the hatchery byproduct mixture fed to nursery pigs. Methods: In the previous studies, energy, phosphorus, calcium, and amino acid digestibility of infertile eggs, unhatched eggs, culled chicks, and a mixture of 3 hatchery byproduct ingredients was determined in nursery pigs (initial body weight = 9.4 to 14.2 kg). An additivity test was conducted using these determined values. Results: No difference was observed between determined and predicted metabolizable energy values in the mixture (3,998 and 3,990 kcal/kg as-is basis, respectively). Measured standardized total tract digestible phosphorus in the mixture was less than the predicted value (4.5 vs 5.3 g/kg as-is basis, respectively; p<0.05). Measured standardized total tract digestible calcium in the mixture was greater compared with the predicted value (40.0 vs 31.7 g/kg as-is basis, respectively; p<0.05). Measured standardized ileal digestible tryptophan in the mixture was greater than the predicted value (3.7 vs 3.1 g/kg as-is basis, respectively; p<0.05) whereas other amino acid values were additive. Conclusion: Energy and most of amino acid concentrations in hatchery byproducts are additive in the mixture fed to nursery pigs.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.333-342
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• 2021

This study attempted to compare total digestible nutrients (TDN) calculated as Rohweder, NRC, and Waldo and Peiqiang methods and TDN measured as digestibility of in vivo appearance. Rohweder method showed that the TDN of rice straw and timothy were 54.32% and 57.79%, respectively. In NRC method, the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and TDN of rice straw were 50.76% and 53.15%, respectively. When NRC method was applied in Timothy, the digestibility of NDF and TDN were 51.53% and 55.22%, respectively. Waldo and Peiqiang method calculated the results through the rumen in situ test. NDF digestibility of rice straw and timothy was 44.61% and 51.82%, which was different from the results of NRC method. In addition, TDN was predicted to be 48.85% for rice straw and 55.41% for timothy. In the in vivo apparent digestibility experiment, the digestibility of NDF and TDN in rice straw was 41.10% and 44.79%, respectively. In timothy, the digestibility of NDF and TDN were measured as 51.29% and 58.18%, respectively. As a result of a series of studies, rice straw was found in Rohweder and NRC methods showed higher TDN than other methods. In this study, there was a difference in rice straw by measurement method, but there was no difference in timothy. Therefore, when evaluating the value of feed in order to provide roughage to ruminant, calculation methods must be modified and supplemented. In addition, TDN should be considered to apply several evaluation methods instead of one method.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.461-468
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• 2023

Supplying an appropriate amount of feed is an economical and environmentally friendly by increasing the nutrient digestibility of livestock and reducing nutrients released from overfeeding. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the nutrient digestibility according to dietary feeding levels of Hanwoo steers. Three treatments in feeding trial were used feeding amount based on the maintenance energy level of the Korean feeding standard for Hanwoo (2022): 100% (control, CON), 140% (treatment 1, TRT1), and 190% (treatment 2, TRT2). The experiment was designed in replicate 3×3 balanced Latin square designs using six Hanwoo steers. In this study, energy value was predicted according to treatment groups. In addition, nutrient digestibility and energy value were measured through a feeding trial to Hanwoo steers. All energy values, including total digestible nutrients and digestible energy, were predicted to decrease linearly with increasing feeding levels. TRT2 showed lower digestibility than CON for dry matter, crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients in the feeding trial (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between CON and TRT1. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestibility of feed are set based on the maintenance energy. However nutrient digestibility and TDN decreased when feeding level increased by more than 190% compared to maintenance energy in this study. Therefore, it is necessary to correct the TDN by considering the feeding level when mixing the feed.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.831-842
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• 2021

Accurate measurements of feed energy values have a positive effect on the control of feed intake for animals, the formation of prices, and on economic profits. However, few studies have attempted to measure the energy values of domestic roughages and to validate an energy value prediction model. The purpose of this study is to build a database through measurements of the nutrient digestibility and digestible energy results of roughages used in Korea and to evaluate the domestic applicability of the National Research Council (NRC) estimation model. Oat hay, annual ryegrass, tall fescue, barnyard millet, and concentrates for beef cattle were used in the test. As a result of an in vivo digestibility trial, the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of oat hay, annual ryegrass, tall fescue, and barnyard millet were found to be 68.73, 55.02, 55.71, and 52.89%, respectively. As a result of comparing the estimated values using the NRC equation with the in vivo results, there was a difference of 3.55 to 6.84%P in the TDN. Inferred from this result, it is considered that TDN calculations using the NRC equation can be reasonable for the test feeds used in this study. These results can be utilized when revising the Korean Standard Tables of Feed Composition, which provides a comprehensive overview of Korean feed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.204-210
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• 2016

This study examined the effect of supplementing exogenous cellulase on nutrient and energy utilization. Twelve desexed Boer crossbred goats were used in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with 23-d periods. Dietary treatments were basal diet (control, no cellulase), basal diet plus 2 g unitary cellulase/kg of total mixed ration dry matter (DM), and basal diet plus 2 g compound cellulase/kg of total mixed ration DM. Three stages of feeding trials were used corresponding to the three treatments, each comprised 23 d, with the first 14 d as the preliminary period and the following 9 d as formal trial period for metabolism trial. Total collection of feces and urine were conducted from the 4th d of the formal trial, and gas exchange measures were determined in indirect respiratory chambers in the last 3 d of the formal trial. Results showed that cellulase addition had no effect (p>0.05) on nutrient digestibility. Dietary supplementation of cellulase did not affect (p>0.05) N intake and retention in goats. Gross energy (GE) intake, fecal energy and urinary energy excretion, heat production were not affected (p>0.05) by the cellulase supplementation. Total methane emission (g/d), $CH_4$ emission as a proportion of live weight or feed intake (DM, organic matter [OM], digestible DM or digestible OM), or $CH_4$ energy output ($CH_4$-E) as a proportion of energy intake (GE, digestible energy, or metabolizable energy), were similar (p>0.05) among treatments. There was a significant (p<0.001) relationship between $CH_4$ and live weight (y = 0.645x+0.2, $R^2$ = 0.54), $CH_4$ and DM intake (y = 16.7x+1.4, $R^2$ = 0.51), $CH_4$ and OM intake (y = 18.8x+1.3, $R^2$ = 0.51) and $CH_4$-E and GE intake. Results from this study revealed that dietary supplementation of cellulase may have no effect on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, energy metabolism, and methane emission in goat.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.388-401
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the total digestible nutrients (TDN) level of commercial concentrates on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat composition of late fattening Hanwoo steers. A total of 28 steers were randomly assigned to one of four dietary groups; T1 (73.30% TDN), T2 (74.50% TDN), T3 (76.40% TDN), and T4 (77.10% TDN). Average daily gain (ADG) was slightly but not significantly higher in the T2 than in the other treatments. Dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in the T2 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Carcass back fat thickness was thicker in the T4 and marbling score was higher in the T2 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The TDN level of concentrates had no effect on the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle. The finding of this study indicate that less than 74% or greater than 75% TDN in the commercial concentrate did not contribute to improve ADG, FCR, marbling score; therefore, in the present study, the recommendable TDN level in the commercial concentrate for late fattening period was 74% to 75% in terms of growth performance and marbling score of Hanwoo steer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.522-527
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• 2002

The experiment was conducted for a period of 56 days with twelve Bangladeshi bull calves of average body weight of $127.20{\pm}11.34$ kg. The calves were divided into 3 groups having 4 animals in each. The animals were fed urea-treated rice straw designated as A) 4% urea-treated rice straw, B) 4% urea+4% soybean-treated rice straw and C) 4% urea+6% soybean-treated rice straw. In addition, all the animals were supplied 2 kg green grass, 350 g Til-oil-cake and 100 g common salt per 100 kg body weight of animals. Straw was treated with 4% urea solution and soybean meal at 4 and 6% were added to treated straw and kept for 48 h in double layer polythene bags under anaerobic condition. Urea treatment improved crude protein (CP) content of rice straw from 2.68 to 8.70% and it was further increased by 10.74 and 12.12% with the addition of 4 and 6% soybean meal. Dry matter (DM) intake (kg) was higher (p<0.05) in C (4.2) followed by B (4.1) and A (4.0). Crude protein intake was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group B and C than group A. Total live weight gains were 20.2, 24.8 and 25.6 kg for calves of group A, B and C respectively (p<0.01). The addition of soybean meal to treated rice straw did not affect the coefficients of digestibility of DM, OM, EE and NFE. However, CP and CF digestibility were significantly higher in group B and C (p<0.05). The values for digestible crude protein (DCP), digestible ether extract (DEE), digestible nitrogen free extract (DNFE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet C and B in comparison to diet A, but there were no significant difference in digestible organic matter (DOM) and digestible crude fibre (DCF) value among the groups. It may be concluded that 4% urea treated rice straw can be fed to growing bull calves with 2 kg green grass and a small quantity of concentrate without any adverse effect on feed intake and growth. Moreover, soybean meal at 4 and 6% can be added to urea treated rice straw at the time of treatment for rapid hydrolyzing of urea, which resulted an improvement in nutrient digestibility and better utilization of rice straw for growth of growing bull calves.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.99-99
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• 2022

This study was carried out to select the excellent silage maize varieties customized for paddy cultivation that is vulnerable to lodging and waterlogging in the central and region. Ten varieties (Kwangpyeongok, P3394, etc.) were sown with 3 replicates in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do. It was sown twice in April and June of each year in 2020-2021 and harvested during the yellow ripe stage suitable for silage. The number of days to flowering stage in lowland condition increased up to 11 days compared to that in upland condition. In April seedling, varieties that showed a relatively small decrease in biomass production and total digestible nutrients (TDN) under lowland condition compared to upland condition were Gangdaok and Kwangpyeongok in 2020, and Dacheongok, Gangdaok and Kwangpyeongok in 2021. Kwangpyeongok, Gangdaok, and Sinhwangok showed relatively higher biomass production and TDN than the other varieties under lowland compared to upland in both 2020 and 2021. Our results suggest that Kwangpyeongok and Gangdaok are suitable silage maize varieties for lowland cultivation in the central region of Korea.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.607-616
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• 2003

본 실험은 육계분과 제과부산물로 제조된 TMR(TDN 69%)에 입자도가 각기 다른 여분의 육계분과 볏짚(diet DM의 10% 수준)을 혼합하여 기존의 배합사료와 볏짚 급여 체계(대조구)를 100% 대체하였을 때 면양에 의한 행동 양상, 영양소 섭취량, 체내 소화율, 가소화 영양소 섭취량, 반추위 성상, 혈액 성상 및 체내 질소 출납에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 대조구와 비교해서 TMR 급여구들은 일일 섭취시간, 반추시간, 총 저작시간이 감소하였고(P<0.05), 음수시간은 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 사료 DM 섭취량이 비슷한 상황에서 가소화(digestible) DM, OM, fiber 및 총 영양소 섭취량은 낮았으며(P<0.05), EE를 제외한 영양소 소화율 또한 낮았으나(P<0.05), 반추위 발효 성상(pH, VFA 생성량 및 비율, acetate/ propionate 비율, 탄수화물 발효 효율, 반추위 NH3-N)과 혈중 urea-N 농도는 별 차이 없이 정상적이었으며, 특히 사료 단백질의 체내 활용성(소화율 및 축적율)은 양호한 것으로 나타났다. TMR에 입자도가 작은 육계분을 입자도가 큰 볏짚으로 diet DM의 10% 수준을 대체하였을 때, 일일 섭취시간, 반추시간, 총 저작시간은 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 음수시간은 정상에 가깝게 감소하였고(P<0.05), 그 외의 상기한 parameter에는 전혀 영향을 미치지 않았다. 결과적으로 육계분과 제과부산물로서 적정사료 에너지 수준을 고려하여 제조된 TMR은 반추동물의 기존 배합사료-볏짚 급여 체계를 대체할 수 있는 잠재적 가능성을 시사하였으며, 특히 TMR 급여 시 소량의(건물 10% 수준) 볏짚 공급은 면양의 행동 양상을 보다 양호하게 만들었다.