• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.272-283
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• 2018

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita caused a serious damage to many plants. The phenolic components of the leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius were investigated as potential nematicidal agents for M. incognita. Nine compounds were isolated and characterized as viz., 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose (1), kaempferol-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnoside (Afzelin) (2), quercetin-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnoside (Quercetrin) (3), myricetin (4), myricetin-3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnoside (Myricetrin) (5), methylgallate (6), protocatechuic acid (7), quercetin (8), and gallic acid (9) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Compound 1 showed pronounced nematicidal activity compared to Oxamyl as a positive control. It showed the lowest eggs-hatchability (34%) and the highest mortality in nematode population (21% after 72 hours of treatment) at a concentration of $200{\mu}g/mL$. It exhibited the best suppressed total nematode population, root galling and number of eggmasses in infected tomato plants. The total carbohydrates and proteins were also significantly induced by 1 with reduction in total phenolics and increase in defense-related proteins. Thus, compound 1 could be a promising, more safe and effective natural nematicidal agent for the control of root-knot nematodes.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.219-232
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• 2013

로즈마리의 주요성분으로는 carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid 등의 폴리페놀(polyphenolic)로 구성되어 있다. 식물기원의 페놀혼합물은 항산화 작용과 항균작용을 포함한 유용한 기능과 영양적인 효과에 주목을 끌고 있다. 본 연구는 로즈마리 추출물의 하나인 카르노스산을 화이트소시지 원료에 첨가한 후 실온 저장기간 동안 pH, TBARS, VBN, 전자공여능 및 총균수의 변화를 조사하였다. 카르노스산의 첨가는 무첨가구인 대조구에 비해 낮은 pH, TBARS값, 그리고 VBN값을 보여 주었으며, 높은 항산화 작용과 항균작용을 나타내었다. 이들의 활성은 카르노스산의 농도가 높을수록 증가하였다. 또한 카르노스산의 병원성균에 대한 항균활성을 측정한 결과, 두 병원성균(E. coli KCCM 11234와 S. enteritidis KCCM 12021)에 대하여 강한 항균활성을 보여주었다. 따라서 화이트소시지에 있어서 카르노스산은 천연보존제로서 충분히 이용 가능한 결과를 나타내었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

The dry weight of mother plants' leaves had the highest increase rate in both NS (single-use) and NS+EM (mixed-use) mixed with NS 0.8 (customary use). In seafood amino acid fertilizer (SAF) application, the increase rate was highest in SAF solution at a 300-fold dilution. Mother plants' crown diameter, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length and leaf number showed the greatest growth amount when NS 0.8 (customary use) was mixed to NS (single-use) or NS+EM (mixed-use) solution. The growth was highest in SAF solution diluted 300 folds, but lowest in SAF solution diluted 100 folds. Of all inorganic nutrients, excluding sulfur, total amount of nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium had the highest increase rate in both NS (single-use) and NS+EM (mixed-use) with the treatment of NS 0.8 (customary use). Total nitrogen, in particular, was increased by 3.1% in NS 0.4, 6.0% in NS 0.8, and 4.5% in NS 0.8 with the application of NS+EM at a 500-fold dilution compared to NS alone. Total nitrogen amount showed the highest increase rate in SAF solution diluted 300 folds. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and EC in soils applied with culture solutions (NS, NS+EM) had increasing tendencies after fertilizer application. The results were comparable to those of SAF treatment. The increase rate of each inorganic nutrient composition declined in soils applied with NS+EM solution diluted 500 folds compared to NS alone.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2015

Heavy oil production is receiving significant attention because of increased demands for thermal power generation systems of the diesel engine and boilers. However, asphaltene, which is a heavy oil components (6-8 wt%), reduces the heat efficiency of the fuels owing to its agglomerated sludge of asphaltene during the burning process. Therefore, for hassle-free operation, we should develop asphaltene dispersants to suppress the formation of the sludge. We prepare variable salt-type polymeric dispersants using poly(isobutenyl succinic anhydride) and poly(amine) through both condensation esterification and acid-base neutralization reactions, which we subsequently evaluate for dispersing performance, using Turbiscan measurement. Total acid number (TAN) and total base number (TBN) of 75Lec-25SynDis.2 composed of lecithin and the prepared polymeric salt having the ratio of 3 : 1 are 18.9 and 33.7 mg KOH/g, respectively, which are comparable to those of the commercial dispersants (15.8 and 26.5 mg KOH/g). We determine the initial turbidity observed for 15 min of the polymeric dispersant was determined with transmittance (%), which can be calculated to separability number (SN). The SN value of 75Lec-25SynDis.2 is close to zero, which is superior to that of commercial dispersants and lecithin (0.015 and 0.017).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.224-229
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• 1981

한약재(韓藥材)로서 널리 이용(利用)되고 있는 자소(紫蘇)(Perilla frutescens Britton var. crispa Decaisne)를 지역별(地域別)(광주(廣州), 대구(大郎), 제주(濟州))로 배양(培養) 하여 얻은 종실(種實)의 일반성분(一般性分), 무기성분(無機成分) 및 지방(脂肪)의 여러가지 특성(特性)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 자소종실(紫蘇種實)의 일반성분(一般成分)은 단백질함량(蛋白質含量)이 15%정도로서 산지별(産地別) 차이가 거의 없었으나 조지방(粗脂肪)은 28(제주(濟州))${\sim}$34%(대구(大邱)), 탄소화물(炭水化物)은 40(대구(犬邱))${\sim}$44%(제주(濟州))로서 산지별(産地別)로 상당한 차이(差異)가 있었다. 2. 무기성분(無機成分)의 함량(含量)은 $K(426{\sim}446mg%)$, $SiO_2(197{\sim}229m%)$, $Ca(124{\sim}136mg%)$가 비교적 많고 P, Mg, Zn, Mn, Fe 등(等)은 $30{\sim}56mg%$로서 서로 비슷한 함량(含量)을 나타내었다. 무기성분(無機成分)중 Fe 및 Mn의 함량(含量) 산지별(産地別)로 다소 차이가 있었으나 다른 무기성분(無機成分)은 산지별(産地別)로 별차이가 없었다. 3. 자소유지(紫蘇油脂)의 염화가는 $194{\sim}199$, 요오드가(價)는 $196{\sim}200$, 산가(酸價)는 $4{\sim}5$로서 산지별(産地別)로는 거의 차이(差異)가 없었으나 다른 식물유(植物油)에 비하여 요오드가(價)가 현저하게 높았다. 4. 자소유지(紫蘇油脂의) 조성(組成)으로서 triglyreride가 전체(全體)의 $92{\sim}95%$, 불염화물이 $1.7{\sim}1.9%$, phospholi-pid가 $1.2{\sim}1.3%$, free fatty acid가 $0.7{\sim}0.9%$, free sterol이 $1.1{\sim}1.4$이며 sterol이 주구성분(主構成分)으로 되여 있는 불염화물의 함량(含量) 및 phospholipid의 함량비(含量比)가 다른 식물유지(植物油脂)에 비하여 상당치 높았다. 5. 전체지방조성(全體脂肪組成)으로서 불포화지방산함량(不飽和脂肪酸含量)이 현저히 많으며 그중에서도 linolenic acid가 전체(全體)의 50% 이상을 차지하고 있다 각지방(各脂肪) fraction별(別) 지방산조성(脂肪酸組成)은 phospholipid의 구성지방산(構成脂肪酸)이 triglyceride 구성지방산(構成脂肪酸)에 비(比)하여 포화지방산(飽和脂肪酸)인 palmitate의 함량(含星)이 현저히 높았고 sterylglycoside 구성지방산(構成脂肪酸)이 sterylester 구성지방산(構成脂肪酸)에 비(比)하여 불포화지방산함유비율(不飽和脂肪酸含有比率)이 매우 높았다. 산지별(産地別) 지방산조성(脂肪酸組成) 차이(差異)를 보면 total fatty acid 조성(組成)에는 큰차이가 없었으나 phospholipid 구성지방산조성(構成脂肪酸組成)에는 큰 차이가 있어 광주산(廣州産)의 경우 palmitate의 함량비(含量比)가 24%인데 비하여 대구산(大邱産)은 11.8%로서 2배(倍)이상의 차이(差異)를 보여 주었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.324-330
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• 1994

소금만으로 짠맛을 낸 김치를 대조군으로 하고 염도가 동일하도록 소금과 새우젓 또는 멸치액젓을 각각 두 수준으로 첨가하여 배추 김치를 제조하여 $20^{\circ}C$에서 발효하는 동안 일어나는 변화를 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 발효기간이 길어짐에 따라 모든 김치군의 pH는 감소하고 총산함량은 증가하다가 후기에는 그 정도가 완화되었다. 특히 발효 초기에 새우젓군의 pH 감소가 현저하였다. 환원당 함량은 전 발효기간을 통해 대조군이 가장 높았으며, 고젓가군, 저젓갈군의 순서로 감소되었고, 발효기간이 길어짐에 따라 모든 김치군에서 현저한 감소를 보였다. 발효기간이 연장됨에 따라 malic acid와 succinic acid는 서서히 감소하였으며, lactic acid와 acetic acid는 증가하였다. 전 발효기간을 통하여 lactic acid는 젓갈군이 대조군보다, 고젓갈군이 저젓갈군보다 그리고 새우젓군이 멸치젓군보다 측정치가 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 총균수와 Leuconostoc속 미생물 수는 발효가 계속될수록 증가하다가 4일 이후에는 감소하였으며, Lactobacillus plantarum의 수는 계속적으로 증가하였다. 관능적 특성 중 탄산미, 짠맛, 신맛, 군덕내는 발효기간이 길어짐에 따라 모든 김치군이 점점 더 강하고 경도와 아삭아삭한 정도는 점점 더 약하게 평가되었으며, 젓갈군의 신맛이 대조군에 비해 전반적으로 약간 강한 경향이 있었다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.586-592
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• 2017

Sinomenium acutum has been long used in the preparations of traditional medicine in Japan, China and Korea for the treatment of various disorders including rheumatism, fever, pulmonary diseases and mood disorders. Recently, it was reported that Sinomenium acutum, has sedative and anxiolytic effects mediated by GABA-ergic systems. These experiments were performed to investigate whether sinomenine (SIN), an alkaloid derived from Sinomenium acutum enhances pentobarbital-induced sleep via ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic systems, and modulates sleep architecture in mice. Oral administration of SIN (40 mg/kg) markedly reduced spontaneous locomotor activity, similar to diazepam (a benzodiazepine agonist) in mice. SIN shortened sleep latency, and increased total sleep time in a dose-dependent manner when co-administrated with pentobarbital (42 mg/kg, i.p.). SIN also increased the number of sleeping mice and total sleep time by concomitant administration with the sub-hypnotic dosage of pentobarbital (28 mg/kg, i.p.). SIN reduced the number of sleep-wake cycles, and increased total sleep time and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In addition, SIN also increased chloride influx in the primary cultured hypothalamic neuronal cells. Furthermore, protein overexpression of glutamic acid decarboxylase ($GAD_{65/67}$) and $GABA_A$ receptor subunits by western blot were found, being activated by SIN. In conclusion, SIN augments pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through $GABA_A$-ergic systems, and increased NREM sleep. It could be a candidate for the treatment of insomnia.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2012

Polychaete community structure and its spatial distribution was investigated in 2008 from inshore and offshore of Lake Shihwa, Korea, in order to evaluate status of the benthic environment according to construction of the dike and the water gate. In the present study, the number of species, density, and diversity of polychaete community in inshore was significantly different from those in offshore. The density of polychaete community in offshore increased with the number of species whereas the diversity in inshore increased with the number of species. Dominant species in offshore were 13 species, higher than 1% of the total polychaete individuals. Heteromastus filiformis, known as the most dominant species before the construction of the dike, was the most dominant species in offshore, which collectively account for 54% of the total polychaete individuals. In inshore, the seven species were dominant, higher than 1% of the total individuals. Lumbrineris longifolia, Polydora sp., Capitella capitata, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, known as pollution tolerant species, contributed to higher than 75% of the total individuals in inshore. Multivariate statistical analyses, non-metric multidimensional scaling, showed apparent difference in polychaete community structure between inshore and offshore, and also difference between inner sites and outer sites of inshore around the water gate. Sediment characteristics (total organic carbon and nitrogen, ignition loss, and acid volatile sulfide) measured in this study also supported to this result. Therefore, this indicates that the offshore provides better benthic environments for polychaete habitation than the inshore, and the inshore around the water gate shows improving benthic environment, compared to the inner inshore.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 1993

The object of this study was to investigate the effects of blanching and lactic acid bacterial inoculation on the quality of kimchi. The pHs of the group added Leuconostoc mesenteroides were rapidly decreased, and then kept almost steady states. However, the pHs of the groups added Bifidobacterium bifidum were gradually decreased. Blanching treatment reduced the number of viable cells. At the beginning of the fermentation, the total organic acid contents of the blanched groups were lower than those of the non-blanched groups, but later on they were higher. With fermentation, the contents of malic, citric and fumaric acid were decreased in the control group, but increased in the cultured groups and all blanched groups. The cutting forces of the blanched groups were higher than those of the non-blanched groups during the whole fermentation period. The inoculation of Leu. mesenteroides was effective on the preservation of ascorbic acid. Blanching and the inoculation of Leu. mesenteroides gave good effect on the sensory acceptability. The acceptability of the groups added Bifidobacterium bifidum was low in initial fermentation period, but increased during the late fermentation period.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.186-192
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• 2004

Purpose: Human tooth proteins are highly heterogeneous, comprising diverse proteins derived from a number of genes. The attempts to identify protein for activity of tooth matrix proteins have been defied by several factors. First, the amount of proteins within teeth is very small relative to many extracellular matrix proteins of other tissues. Second, the bioassay system is tedious and needed for long time. Therefore we tried to find easy techniques, which increase the product rate, and an assay of small proteins, with which amino acid sequence is possible without additional procedures. Materials and Methods: Total protein were extracted from 300 g enamel removed teeth and 600 g teeth with 4 mol/L guanidine HCl and purified by gel chromatography. Aliquot of proteins was implanted into muscle pouches in Sprague-Dawley rats for bioassay. By SDS-PAGE and membrane blotting, molecular weight of each protein was estimated and a partial amino acid sequence was obtained. Each fraction blotted on the membrane was cut out and inserted in rat ectopic model. Results: In dissociative method, total tooth proteins were obtained 1mg/ml from enamel removed teeth and 3.5 mg/ml from teeth. In SDS-PAGE, four clear bands at the sites corresponding to 66, 40, 20 and 18 kD. Especially The 66 kD band was clearly exhibited. Amino acid sequencing from tooth could be possible using PVDF membrane blotting technique. In amino acid sequencing, 66 kD protein was identified as albumin. Conclusion: Compared with conventional method for extraction of teeth protein and bioassay of proteins, the methods in this study were easy, time-saving and more productive technique. The matured tooth proteins omitting additional procedure of mechanical removal of enamel were simply analyzed using blotted PVDF membrane. This method seems to make a contribution as a technique for bioassay and amino acid sequencing of protein.