• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.23 no.3 s.60
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• pp.166-171
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• 1984

The present studies were conducted to investigate the relative toxicity of several insecticides to the rice insect pests and the predatious spider, Pirate subpiraticus. In laboratory test by topical application, BPMC and MIPC for the plant and leafhoppers were toxic to Nilaparvata lugens, but less toxic to Pirata subpiraticus. Other carbamate insecticides such as carbaryl, carbofuran, and MTMC showed highly toxic effect on P. subpiraticus as well as N. lugens. No organophosphates showed selective toxicity to P. subpiraticus. Thiocyclam, effective to Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferens, had highly good selective toxicity to P. subpiraticus. In case of insecticides for Nephotettix cincticeps, BPMC only had a little selective toxicity between N. cincticeps and P. subpiraticus. Organophosphate insecticides which had been reported to induce chemical resistance to N. cincticeps showed high $LD_{50}$ value to N. cincticeps. In pot trials, dust formulation was more toxic to P. subpiraticus than emulsifiable concentrate. It was more toxic to P. subpiraticus to increase number. of insecticide application.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.394-401
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• 2008

In order to access the suppressive effects of piroxicam (PX) and hydrolyzed products of Scutellariae Radix (PSH) on arthritis, we investigated whether PSH gel could suppress the progression of collagen-induced arthritis. PX, one of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been used in the systemic and topical treatment in a variety of inflammatory conditions. Scutellariae Radix, one of the herbal medicines, was used for the purpose of anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterials. For the purpose of transdermal absorption of the hydrogel preparations, two classes of hydrogels (PX, PSH) were formulated with carbomer 940, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-8-glyceryl caprylate/caprate and triethanolamine. In carrageenan-induced edema in rat hind paws, inhibition of foot swelling was more increased in PSH than PX hydrogel. Rheumatoid factors including serum IgG, IgM and collagen specific antibody were present much lower in PSH gel treated mice than control. Histological examination revealed that PSH hydrogel inhibited infiltration of inflammatory cells into affected paw joint, compared with control. The PSH hydrogel would be a suitable preparation to increase transdermal treatment for anti-inflammatory effects on collagen-induced arthritis.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.385-388
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• 2004

Recently, along with the remarkable increase in interest in natural products, the application of phytoestrogens in anti-aging products has become very important. In the focus, we developed Pueraria mirifica (PM), in this in vivo study on skin elasticity and wrinkles, and investigated the anti-aging properties. Thirty healthy women volunteers, between the ages of 30 and 60, applied the cream formula with $4\% Pueraria mirifica or placebo, on the face area twice a day for 16 weeks. The evaluation was made by silicon replica analysis, Cutometer SEM 575 and Comeometer followed by statistical treatment using the student's t-test. Results of skin elasticity measurement showed that topical application on the skin increased the total surface of skin elasticity in comparison with placebo group (p<0.05). However, PM cream does not have prominent effect on the depth of wrinkles and skin moisturization. This in vivo study demonstrates that, PM exhibits a significant effect on skin elasticity therefore, is of great interest in anti-aging and firmness skin care products.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.415-418
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• 2004

Arbutin is a glycosylated hydroquinone found at high concentration in certain plants capable of surviving extreme and sustained dehydration. It has been reported to have an inhibitory effect of melanogenesis and to be hydrolyzed easily to yield glucose and hydroquinone by ${\beta}-glucosidase.$ While hydroquinone also has an anti-melanogenic effect, however, is carefully used as a topical whitening agent because of side effects. The present study was undertaken to examine the inhibitory effect of an whitening agent containing arbutin and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ on UV radiation induced pigmentation in human skin. Experimental subjects were UVB-irradiated on the back. UVB-irradiated areas were assigned to three groups: arbutin and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ treated group, vehicle control, and no-application control. Arbutin and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ treatment inhibited pigmentation by 50.17 percent, compared with the controls (N : 10: P<0.05). These results suggest that the whitening agent containing arbutin and ${\beta}-glucosidase$may be used as an agent to inhibit melanin formation induced by UV radiation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2016

Purpose: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic pain condition involving the oral and perioral regions, often characterized by a burning sensation and pain in elderly patients. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of pharmacological agents for the treatment of BMS patients through a retrospective chart review. Methods: We enrolled 61 BMS subjects (57 females, 4 males; $66.4{\pm}10.9$ years of age) from among consecutive patients treated pharmacologically from January 2014 to June 2015 at Chonnam National University Dental Hospital. Patients with secondary BMS associated with local factors were excluded. The treatment period, number of pharmacological agents tried, and effectiveness of the drugs administered to each subject were analyzed. Results: The mean treatment period for the management of BMS was 2.5 months. More than three agents were tried to control BMS symptoms in 17 subjects (27.9%); two agents were used in 10 subjects (16.4%), and a single agent in 24 subjects (39.3%). Clonazepam was prescribed most frequently and was effective at relieving symptoms in 30 of 39 subjects (76.9%). Paroxetine was moderately effective, relieving symptoms in 7 of 17 subjects (41.2%). Some of the subjects benefited from tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, and lipoic acid. A topical local anesthetic used to supplement other systemic agents had ameliorating effects in four of six subjects. Conclusions: Within the study limitations, clonazepam was the most effective drug and antidepressants were efficacious in some subjects for relieving the symptoms of BMS. These pharmacological agents could be considered as first-line drugs for the management of BMS.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.134-142
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• 2015

Lichen planus is an immune-mediated mucocutaneous disease, affects more frequently middle-aged Caucasian women and makes signs and symptoms in the oral mucosa. Cutaneous lichen planus lesions cause itching but they are self-limiting, oral lichen planus lesions are usually chronic, recalcitrant to treatment and potentially premalignant in some cases. Although, oral lichen planus is non-plaque related disease, they possess particular problems because plaque control is complicated by pain and bleeding and might cause plaque-related disease. The resulting condition comprises accumulations of plaque, which again can influence the progress of oral lichen planus with burning sensation, spontaneous gingival bleeding. Thus, it should be noted that both medication and supportive periodontal treatment are essential for the remission of the lesions. This case report introduces topical corticosteroid therapy and supportive periodontal treatment including intensive oral hygiene procedures to obtain an improvement of subjective symptoms and objective changes and to prevent relapse the lesions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.188-193
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• 2006

We induced the activation of melanocytes in the epidermis of C57BL/6 mice by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation and observed the effect of red ginseng (RG) on the formation, and decrease of UVB-induced epidermal mel-anocytes. C57BL/6 mice were irradiated by UVB $80mJ/cm^2$ (0.5 mW/sec) daily for 7 days, and RG was intraperitoneally or topically applied pre- or post-irradiation. For the estimation of change of epidermal melanocytes, light microscopic observation with dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) stain was performed. Split epidermal sheets prepared from the ear of untreated mice exhibited 11-16 $melanocytes/mm^2$, and one week after UV irradiation, the applied areas show an increased number of strongly DOPA-positive melanocytes with stout dendrites. But intraperitoneal or topical treatment with RG before each irradiation interrupted UVB-induced pigmentation and resulted in a marked reduction in the number of epidermal melanocytes as compared to radiation control skin. The number and size of DOPA-positive epidermal mel-anocytes were also significantly decreased in intraperitoneally injected or topically applicated group after irradiation with RG at 3rd and 6th weeks after irradiation. The present study suggests the RG as inhibitor of UVB-induced pigmentation and depigmenting agent.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.502-508
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• 2005

Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) contains three principal ingredients, asiaticoside (AS), asiatic acid (AA), and madecassic acid (MA). These components are known to be clinically effective on systemic scleroderma, abnormal scar formation, and keloids. However, one problem associated with administration of TECA is its low solubility in aqueous as well as oil medium. In this study, various nonionic surfactants and bile salts as anionic surfactant were tested and screened for solubilizing TECA with a view to developing topical hydrogel type of ointment which is stable physicochemically, and has better pharmacological effects. When TECA was incorporated into various nonionic surfactant systems, labrasol had the most potent capacity for solubilizing TECA. In cases of bile salt systems, Na-deoxycholate (Na-DOC) had foremost solubilizing capacity, even more than labrasol. In differential scanning calorimetric study, the peaks of AA, MA, AS and Na-DOC disappeared at the coprecipitate of $1\%$ TECA and $1\%$ Na-DOC, suggesting the optimum condition of Na-DOC for solubilizing TECA. When the physicochemical stability of hydrogel containing this mixture was assessed, it was stable at room temperature for at least one month. Pharmacologically it significantly decreased the size of wound area at the $9^{th}$ day when applied to the wound area of rat dorsal skin. Taken together, solubility of TECA was dramatically improved by using non ionic and anionic surfactant systems, and Na-DOC was found to be the most effective solubilizer of TECA in formulating a TECA-containing hydrogel typed ointment. Moreover this gel was considered to be applicable to clinical use for wound healing effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.27-49
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to suggest an appropriate index for evaluating preferences of Web contents by examining the h-index and its variants. It focuses on how successfully each index represents relative user preference towards topical subjects. Based on data obtained from a popular IT blog (engadget.com), subject values of the h-index and its variants were calculated using 53 subject categories, article counts and the 'Likes' counts aggregated in each category. These values were compared through critical analysis of the indices and Spearman rank correlation analysis. A PFNet (Pathfinder Network) of subjects weighted by $h_T$ values was drawn and cluster analysis was conducted. Based on the four criteria suggested for the evaluation of Web contents, we concluded that the $h_T$-index is a relatively appropriate tool for the Web contents preference evaluation. The $h_T$-index was applied to visually represent the relative weight (topic preference by user 'Likes' count) for each subject category of the real online contents after suggesting the relative appropriateness of the $h_T$-index. Applying scientometric indicators to Web information could provide new insights into, and potential methods for, Web contents evaluation. In addition, information on the focus of users' attention would help online informants to plan more effective content strategies. The study tries to expand the application area of the h-type indices to non-academic online environments. The research procedure enables examination of the appropriateness of the index and highlights considerations for applying the indicators to Web contents.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2010

The year of 2009~2010 brought a number of concepts and new ideas were evaluated with promising results. However, some studies that challenged many beliefs. In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), recent clinical studies took into consideration of pathophysiologic changes of respiratory system compliance. Meta-analysis of positive end-expiratory pressure trials showed survival benefit of high positive end-expiratory pressure in ARDS. Until now, prone positioning did not show survival benefit in patients with ARDS. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) based management improved survival in patients with severe ARDS. ECMO can be a management option in severe ARDS. Sedation is a standard practice in critically ill patients needing mechanical ventilation. However, Danish group reported less sedation of critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation was associated with an increase in days without ventilation. Although this single center study has some limitations, the overall results are promising. Use of maximal sterile barrier precautions (mask, sterile gown, sterile gloves, and large sterile drapes) with chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing reduced central venous catheter related infection. Selective oropharyngeal decontamination (application of topical antibiotics in the oropharynx) reduced the mortality rate of an intensive care unit (ICU) population. Normoglycemia in Intensive Care Evaluation and Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation (NICE-SUGAR) trial reported intensive glucose control increased mortality among adults in the ICU. Some of the results of above papers are promising. However, some ideas may need for more frequent individual assessment and increase the workload of ICU staffs. Before implementation of new practice in ICU, we should take into consideration of individual hospital situation including human and material resources.