• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.387-412
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• 2003

Influence of gelatinase on basement membrane (BM) structure was investigated by using a skin equivalent (SE) model. The results showed that (1) gelatinase produced by cells degraded the BM and (2) the addition of matrix metalloproteinase-specific inhibitor to the SE medium accelerated the formation of BM structure, indicating that gelatinase is involved in BM impairment. The activity of gelatinase was also studied in healthy human facial skin tissues. The result of in situ zymography revealed gelatinase activity around the basal layer of the epidermis, where BM integrity was severely compromised. Therefore, this enzyme was suggested to be associated with BM decomposition in human facial skin. To assess the behavior of gelatinase in stratum corneum (SC) non-invasively, an immunological study was performed. Since positive immunostaining of pro-gelatinase B was observed in SC stripped from sun-exposed skin, whereas no positive staining detected in SC of non-irradiated skin, gelatinase in the epidermis could be non-invasively detected by measuring gelatinase in SC. Gelatinase in SC of healthy female volunteers was monitored using a special film that sensitively and conveniently detects gelatinase. Ninetr percent of SC from facial skin (l00 women, 40's-50's) was gelatinase-positive. On the other hand, SC from non-irradiated skin was negative. These results strongly suggest that (1) gelatinase is constantly produced in the facial epidermis of most middle-aged woman during their daily life, and (2) the enzyme might be involved in the aging-related degeneration of both BM and the matrix fibers of the upper layer of the dermis, acting as a very important aging factor. Strong inhibitory activity against gelatinase was found in turmeric extract and identified curcumin as the major ingredient. Topical application of cream containing turmeric extract significantly decreased the number of gelatinase-positive SC clusters in human facial skins. These results indicated that turmeric is an effective ingredient to prevent skin from photo aging by suppressing chlonically upregulated gelatinase activity by UV and to improve skin condition.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.741-762
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• 2003

Ginsenosides, the major active ingredients of ginseng, show a variety of biomedical efficacies such as anti-aging, anti oxidation and anti-inflammatory activities. To understand the effects of compound K (20-O-D-glucopyranosyl-20 (S)-protopanaxadiol), one of the major metabolite of ginsenosides on the skin, we assessed the expression level of ∼ 100 transcripts in compound K-treated HaCaT cells using cDNA microarray analysis. Compound K treatment induced differential expression of 21 genes, which have been reported to be involved in the organization of ECM structure as well as defense responses in human skin cells. One of the most interesting findings is 2-fold increase in hyaluronan synthase2 (HAS2) gene expression by compound K. We found that change in expression of HAS2 gene represents a specific response of HaCaT cells to compound K because hyaluronan synthase 1, 3 was not changed by treatment with compound K. We also demonstrated that the compound K effectively induced hyaluronan synthesis in human skin cells and hairless mouse skin. The human clinical study indicates that topical application of compound K-containing oil-in-water emulsion showed improvement of xerosis, wrinkle and fine lines in the aged skin. We concluded that compound K has anti-aging effects by the induction of HAS2 gene expression and following hyaluronan synthase.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2012

Slim813 is a 2-cyclopentene-1-one oxime derivative with potent anti-inflammatory and anti-photoaging effects. Slim813 inhibited LPS-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ production and attenuated UVB-induced MMP1 expression. Here in an attempt to find an unrevealed efficacy of Slim813, we found that Slim813 stimulates lipolysis in a dose-dependent manner by increasing intracellular cAMP level through the elevation of HSL activity in fully differentiated adipocytes. Moreover, topical application of Slim813 for two weeks in human reduced the thickness of subcutaneous fat in arm and thigh regions, implying it could be effectively used in the reduction of unwanted local fat accumulation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2007

Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenolmethoxyphenyltrizine (BEMT) is one of the most widely used chemical UVA+UVB double absorbers in sunscreen products. But topical application of BEMT is restricted due to its defects in product. The purpose of this study is to adopt the sunscreen product of solid lipid nano-particles containing BEMT (BEMT-SLN). The particle diameters, the encapsulation efficiencies and the crystallization index (C.I.) are about 330nm, 93.3 % and the 4.3 %. As a result, in vitro penetration and release of BEMT were generally higher in O/W emulsion than the SLN formulation. However in vivo study, it was shown that the rate of release could be decreased by 80 % in the SLN formulation. The sun protection factor (SPF) of the SLN formulation increased by 100 % in the in vitro UV protection test. Therefore, SLN formulation potentiated the UV-blocking power of BEMT. This study suggest that SLN can be used for the encapsulation of BEMT.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.156-162
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topically applied recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) for the prevention of radiation-induced dermatitis in cancer patients. Materials and Methods: From December 2010 to April 2012, a total of 1,172 cancer patients who received radiotherapy (RT) of more than 50 Gy were prospectively enrolled and treated with EGF-based cream. An acute skin reaction classified according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 6-point rating scale was the primary end point and we also assessed the occurrence of edema, dry skin, or pruritus. Results: The percentage of radiation dermatitis with maximum grade 0 and grade 1 was 19% and 58% at the time of 50 Gy, and it became 29% and 47% after completion of planned RT. This increment was observed only in breast cancer patients (from 18%/62% to 32%/49%). Adverse events related to the EGF-based cream developed in 49 patients (4%) with mild erythema the most common. Skin toxicity grade >2 was observed in 5% of the patients. Edema, dry skin, and pruritus grade ${\geq}3$ developed in 9%, 9%, and 1% of the patients, respectively. Conclusion: Prophylactic use of an EGF-based cream is effective in preventing radiation dermatitis with tolerable toxicity. Further studies comparing EGF cream with other topical agents may be necessary.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.16-16
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• 2011

Melanogenesis is a well-known physiological response of human skin that may occur because of exposure to ultraviolet light, for genetic reasons, or due to other causes. In our effectors to find new skin lightening agents, acanthoic acid (AA) was investigated for its ability to inhibit melanogenesis. The effects of AA isolated from A.koreanumun the expression of $\alpha$-MSH-induced melanogenic factors (tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein (TRP)-1, TRP-2 and MITF (microphthalmla-associated transcriptional factor)) were investigated in murine B16F10 melanoma cells. The results indicate that AA was an effective inhibitor of melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. To elucidate the mechanism of the effect of AA on melanogenesis, we performed Western blotting for melanogenic proteins. AA inhibited melanogenic factors (tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2) expressions. In this study, we also confirmed that AA decreased the protein level of MITF proteins, which would lead to a decrease of tyrosinase and related genes in B16F10 melanoma cells. In order to apply AA to the human skin, the cytotoxic effects of the AA were determined by MTT assays using human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Based on these results, we suggest that AA be considered possible anti-melanogenic agent and might be effective against hyperpigmentation disorders for the topical application.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.145-156
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• 2003

Objective : This study is to investigate the effect of electro-acupuncture ST36 on altered transmission of afferent somatosensory information caused by amyloid-${\beta}$(A-${\beta}$) that caused Alzheimer's disease. Methods : The effects of topical application of A-${\beta}$, A-${\beta}$ with ST36, aggregated A-${\beta}$(aA-${\beta}$), aA-${\beta}$ with ST36 and ST36 on the afferent sensory transmission to the neurons in the primary somatosensory(SI) cortex was observed in anesthetized rats. Quantitative determination of the effects of A-${\beta}$, A-${\beta}$ with ST36, aA-${\beta}$, aA-${\beta}$ with ST36 and ST36 was made by generating poststimulus time histogram of evoked response of individual cortical neuron by electrical stimulation of the receptive located in peripheral area(forepaw) Results : The results obtained in present study were summerized as follow : 1. Application of physiological concentrative 0.5 nM A-${\beta}$ caused afferent sensory transmission of SI cortex facilitated. 0.5 nM A-${\beta}$ with ST36 exerted much stronger effects than 0.5 nM A-${\beta}$ alone. 2. Application of $10{\mu}M$ A-${\beta}$ caused afferent sensory transmission of SI cortex unchangeable. But $10{\mu}M$ A-${\beta}$ with ST36 is facilitated at 30 min of post-drug period 3. Application of $10{\mu}M$ aA-${\beta}$ caused afferent sensory transmission of SI cortex diminished. $10{\mu}M$ aA-${\beta}$ with ST36 is diminished after 15min of post-drug period but is facilitated after 75min.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.257-268
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique with the effect of the stand and intramuscular injection technique on the severity of discomfort and leasions at the injection site. The subjects of the study were 20 patients with only early tuber culosis excluding another abnormalities (a akin rash, allergy to topical use of alcohol, jaundice, edema, neurosensory abnormality, coagulation defects, obesity and thin). Data collection was done from Feb. 1 to March 15, 1988 by means of Korean Pain Measurement Tool, Visual Analogue Scale, and Objective measures of injection site lesions. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) Hypothesis 1 ; “The severity of subject discomfort is less following administration of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administra tion injection technique.” was not sopported 2) Hypothesis 2 ; “The degress of severity subject discomfort is less following administration of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administra tion of the standard intramuscular injection technique.” was not supported. 3) Hypothesis 3 ; “The severity of injection site lesions is less following administra tion of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administration of the standard intramuscular injection techniques.” was not supported. 4) The terms that were selected included factor II (mild-moderate pain) of Ratio Scale Measuring Pain using Korean Pain Terms. In conclusion ; it was found that there was not a difference from the severity of subject discomfort between two groups, but the degress of severity of subject discomfort about following administration of the Z-t-rack intramuscular injection was tended to be declined. Therefore further studies suggest that the Z-track intramuscular injection technique can decrease the severity of discomfort in persons receiving frequently intramuscular injections. First of all, it is necessery to be developed an effective tool of discomfort measurement for the intramuscular injection in Korean.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.193-196
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• 2013

Artecoll (Artes Medical Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) has recently been developed as a permanent synthetic cosmetic filler. We experienced an inflammatory granuloma resulting from a previous injection of Artecoll at the upper lip, which was regarded as a rare side effect of this filler. A 50-year-old female patient complained of swelling, dull pain, and heat in the right upper nasolabial fold area, which had started one week before her visit to Kyungpook National University Hospital. The patient received topical steroid therapy at a local clinic, which was not effective. At the injection site, a hard nodule was palpated and erythema was observed with mild tenderness. Antibiotic treatment and subsequent incision and drainage did not result in complete cure of the facial swelling, and the facial swelling and pain persisted. Computed tomography showed a lesion approximately 1-cm in size without clear boundaries and relatively increased nodular thickening. Finally, a subdermal lesion was removed via an intraoral vestibular approach. The lesion was diagnosed as inflammatory granuloma by a permanent biopsy. The patient had healed at two months after the filler injection. Although the soft tissue filler is widely used for cosmetic purposes, there is potential for complication, such as the inflammatory granuloma should be considered before treatment.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.339-348
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• 2008

Butea frondosa has been used traditionally as a topical formulation in the treatment of many diseases and disorders. Two compounds [BF-1 (crystalline flavonol quercetin) and BF-2 (tannin) from ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract] were isolated from the bark of Butea frondosa. The stereostructures of the compounds were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. BF-1 and BF-2 were screened in vitro for possible antibacterial property against 112 bacteria comprising 3 genera of Gram-positive and 12 genera of Gram-negative types. It was found that both BF-1 and BF-2 exhibited inhibitory activity against several bacteria. Most of these strains were inhibited by BF-1 at $50-200\;{\mu}g/ml$, while BF-2 ($MIC_{50}$ $400\;{\mu}g/ml$) was much less active. The bacteria could be arranged in the decreasing order of sensitivity towards BF-1 in the following manner: S. aureus, Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Shigella spp., E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. The $MIC_{50}$ of the compound was $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ while the $MIC_{90}$ was $100\;{\mu}g/ml$. The decreasing order of sensitivity towards BF-2 was V. cholerae, Bacillus spp., S. aureus, V. parahaemolyticus, Salmonella spp. and Proteus spp. BF-1 was bactericidal in action. In vivo studies with this extract showed that it could offer statistically significant protection (p < 0.01) to mice challenged with a virulent bacterium. The inhibitory activity of Butea frondosa against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria indicates its usefulness in the treatment of common bacterial infections. The potentiality of BF-1 as an antibacterial agent may be confirmed further by pharmacological studies.