• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.262-266
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• 2000

기관지염, 폐염, 기침, 감기, 학질, 땀내기약 및 보약등으로 사용되었으며, 최근에 혈당강하 효과도 밝혀진 둥글레를 이용하여 발효주를 제조함으로써 술의 효과와 약리효과를 동시에 얻을수 있는 건강발효주를 제조하여 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 둥글레 엑스첨가 발효주는 대조구와 전체적으로 비슷한 발효특성을 보였다. 총산은 둥글레 첨가구가 대조구보다 약간 높았으며, pH는 모든 처리구에서 발효 2일만에 급격히 떨어져 발효 4일 이후로는 4.0내외로 변화가 없었다. 총당은 발효 1일에 가장 많이 생성되었으며, 발효초기 총당은 발효 1일에 가장 많이 생성되었으며, 발효초기 총당은 대조구가 적고 둥글레 엑스 첨가량이 많을수록 총당 함량은 많았다. 알콜함량은 발효초기에는 대조구가 둥글레 엑스첨가구보다 높았으며, 발효 6일 이후로는 모든 처리구에서 15.5%로 큰 차이가 없었다. 총산, pH, 품온, 총당 및 알콜함량은 발효 1~3일 사이에 급격한 변화를 하는 것으로 보아 술을 담금후 1~3일에 발효가 가장 왕성하게 일어났다. 관능평가 결과 둥글레 엑스를 첨가한 발효주가 대조구보다 우수하다는 유의성은 없었지만 품질의 저하나 변질이 발행하지 않았으며, 기호성 향상을 위한 연구가 더 진행된다면 둥글레의 약리효능을 이용한 둥글레 발효주는 품질의 고급화를이룰수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.323-327
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• 2011

8개월령, 수컷 진도개가 오른쪽 후지 파행으로 의뢰되었다. 이 개는 방사선 검사를 통하여 오른쪽 대퇴골의 단순 골절로 진단되었다. 대퇴골절의 수술적 교정 이후, 술 후 진통제로 합성 아편계 유사 약물인 트라마돌이 정맥 내 주사로 투여되었다. 트라마돌의 투여 직후 발작이 시작되었다. 집중적인 환자 관리에도 불구하고 투여 약 17시간 후 이 개는 폐사하였다. 폐사를 하게 된 원인과 관련하여 트라마돌의 투여에 의한 발작이 연관되어 있을 것으로 추측할 수 있었다. 부검을 실시한 결과 조직병리학적 분석에 따라 본 환자는 괴사성 수막뇌염(NME)으로 진단되었다. 괴사성 수막뇌염을 가진 개에서 트라마돌의 투여가 폐사를 일으킨 발작의 유발과 관련되어 있을 것으로 생각되었다. 본 증례를 통해 트라마돌이 통증 관리에 있어 안전하고 효과적인 약물로 알려져 있으나 뇌염, 뇌수두증, 뇌병증 등의 신경계질환이 있는 환자에서는 주의 깊게 사용되어야 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.474-485
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• 2013

Pharmacological studies and clinical practices have indicated that Radix Astragali, a dried root of Astragalus membranaceus possesses a lot of biological activities, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, tonic, diuretic, antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunological activities. These biological activities approved by the modern pharmacological studies are mainly due to the constituents of Astragalus membranaceus including polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, amino acids, and trace elements. In resent, the main constituents in the root part showing a lot of biological activities has been isolated also from the aboveground parts such as leaves and sprouts in our laboratory. However, the safety evaluation for the aboveground parts of Astragalus membranaceus should be checked before expanding their application as one of food. In the study, a 90-day rat oral gavage study has been conducted with the extracts from Astragalus membranaceus-above-ground parts at doses of 1000, 3000, and 5000mg/kg/day. The following endpoints were evaluated: clinical observations, body weight, gross and microscopic pathology, clinical chemistry, and hematology. Based on the analysis of these endpoints, it was estimated that NOEL (no observed effect level) for male rats and NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) for female rats are 5000mg/kg/day of the water-extracts from Astragalus membranaceus-aboveground parts.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2000

본 논문은 인삼의 한의학적 응용과 현재 각국별 인삼의 복용기준 및 그 동안 수행된 임상실험을 중심으로 인삼의 응용과 복용량에 대한 문헌적 고찰을 하였다. 인삼분말 기준 복용량은 특별히 처방에 기술되어 있지 않은 한 1회 3~4 g정도 복용하는 것이 보편적 복용량으로 간주되며, 인삼제품도 이에 상당하는 인삼량으로 복용하면 될 것으로 사료된다. 다만 서구권의 경우는 인삼을 의약품으로 분류하여 복용량을 하루 1-2정도로 규정하고 있고 임상실험에서 사용된 인삼투여용량은 대부분 1g 이하로 되어 있다 서구에서의 인삼복용량 설정은 그 동안 인삼의 안전성(부작용과 역작용 등)과 관련된 사례보고 등에 근거하여 그 복용기준을 설정한 것으로 이해된다. 그러나 동서양간 인삼복용량의 차이점에 대해서는 동양인과 서구인들 간의 식생활 차이 또는 인종적 차이에 기인한 인삼의 복용 반응의 차이인지에 대해서 추후 검토되어야 할 사항이다. 아울러 인삼의 투여용량별 효과의 차별성이 있는지, 금후 인삼의 적정 투여용량 설정과 관련하여 인체실험을 통한 활성성분의 체내동태(Pharmacokinetics)와 자생체내 이용효율(Bioavailability)에 대한 연구가 이루어져야할 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.92-103
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• 2011

Ginseng has been used as a general tonic agent to invigorate human body. In the present study, we isolated novel glycolipoproteins from ginseng that activate $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^-$ channel (CaCC) in Xenopus oocytes and transiently increase intracellular free $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) in mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. We named the active ingredients as gintonin. Gintonin exists in at least six different forms. The native molecular weight of gintonin is about 67 kDa but its apparent molecular weight is about 13 kDa, indicating that gintonin might be a pentamer. Gintonin is rich in hydrophobic amino acids. Its main carbohydrates are glucose and glucosamine. Its lipid components are linoleic, palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids. Gintonin actions were blocked by U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor, 2-aminoethxydiphenyl borate, an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor antagonist, or bis (o-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N0,N0-tetracetic acid acetoxymethyl ester, a membrane permeable $Ca^{2+}$ chelator. In the present study, we for the first time isolated novel gintonin and showed the signaling pathways on gintonin-mediated CaCC activations and transient increase of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. Since $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ as a second messenger plays a pivotal role in the regulation of diverse $Ca^{2+}$-dependent intracellular signal pathways, gintonin-mediated regulations of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ might contribute to biological actions of ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.66-93
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• 1979

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, which has been known for more than EWO years. occupies a Particular prince in folk medicine as so called tonic remedy. The pharmacolgical investigations of ginseng, based on the scientific concepts and methodology, have been performed by many researchers through the past 50∼60 years at different parts of the world. The pharmacological action of Panax ginseng compiled from the numerous reports can be summarized as follows: 1. On central nervous system, the effect of Panax ginseng is timulatory in smaller doses and somewhat depressive in larger doses. From the psychopharmacological aspect, ginseng seems to increase the mental efficiency of man. 2. Ginseng has the effect tending to Protect organism from various physical and chemical stresses. 3. The growth and basal metabolic rates of experimental animals are stimulated by ginseng. Ginseng also prolongs the survival time of animals under adverse influences. 4. Increasing the physical and mental efficiency, ginseng postpones the onset of fatigue and increases the working capacities. 5. In the case of the intravenous administration of ginseng, a transitory and slight hypotensive effect is observed. These hypotensive effects seems to include that of a direct action and actions related to the release of histamine and/or serotonin by ginseng. 6. It is Presumed that ginseng lowers the elevated bleed ingar and cholesterol level. 7. Ginseng tends to increase the gastrointestinal motizity and tone 8. It is presumed that ginseng Promotes the iron metabolism and activates the hematopoietic factors. 9. Ginseng tends to stimulate the biosynthesis of nucleic acid and release of histamine and serotonin. 10. The toxicity end adverse reactions of ginseng appear to be nothing that warrants apprehension. 11. Anticancer erects of ginseng seem to be due to indirect action rather than direct action on cancer cell, by improving the host condition 12. Recent clinical trials of ginseng harts obtained sent good results, but Present trial is still limited in its range, so it is necessary to broaden the scope of trial covering many kinds of organs and diseases. From the above, although it appears that substantial advancements have been achieved in the studies on the Pharmacological actions of Panax ginseng there are many discrepancies noticed in the reported data. Furthermore the precise mechanisms of actions of ginseng are sometimes obscure, even unknown in other actions as the students stand now. The main reasons for this are considered to be that even though saponin has been identified at one of the active substances of ginseng, other components have not fully been identified and that the experimental approaches of the investigations varied with different researchers. Thus a thorough analysis of the chemical components and newer standardized concepts and metohds appear to be the pre-requisites for further study of the pharmacolgical effects and mechaisms of Panax ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.52-60
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• 1993

Panax ginseng has been extensively used in the traditional oriental medicine as a restorative, tonic and Prophylactic agent. Recently, several reports regarding to anticancer effects of Panax ginseng has accumulated. These studies emphasized the fact that the anticancer activities might be due to a glycoside group called ginsenoside or pan.u saponin which has a water soluble characteristic. However, the authors and collaborates demonstrated that a highly lipid soluble component in extract of Panax ginseng roots contains a considerable cytotoxic activities against marine leukemic cells (L1210, P388) and human censer cells (HRT-18, HT-29, HCT48). This study was devised to observe the cytotoxic activities of Petroleum-ether extract of Panax giuseng roots (crude GBD and its Partially Purified fraction from silicic acid column chromatography (7 : 3 GX) against sarcoma-180 (5-180) and Walker carcinosar- coma 256 (Walker 256) in vivo, and murine leukemic Lymphocytes (L1210) and human rectal cancer cells (HRT-18) and human colon cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT48) in vitro. Each cell-line was cultured in medium containing serial concentration of the crude GX or 7 : 3 GX in vitro. A highly lipid soluble compound in the extract of Panax ginseng root was cytocidal to murine leukemic cells and human colon and rectal cancer cells in vitro. In the meantime, ginseng saponin derivatives did not have cytotoxic effects at its corresponding concentration. The growth rates of the cancer cells in medium containing ginseng extracts were inhibited gradually to a significant degree roughly in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration. The cytotoxic activity of 7 : 3 GX was about 3 times more potent than that of crude GX, one unit of cytotoxic activity against L1210 cells being equivalent to 2.54 Ug and 058 Ug for the crude GX and 7 : 3 GX, respectively. The Ri value of the active compound on silica- gel thin layer chromatography with petroleum-ether/ethyl ether/acetic acid mixture (90 : 10 : 1, v/v/v) as a developing so lvent was 053. While, the Panaxydol and Panaxynol as active compounds were purified from Petroleum-ether extract of Panax ginseng root by Drs. Ahn and Kim, and author found out that the one unit of cytotoxic activity of the Panaxydol and Panaxynol against L1210 cells being equivalent to 056 Ug and 0.3918 respectively. The survival times of mice inoculated with S-180 cells were extended about 1.5 to 2 times by the 7 : 3 GX treatment compared with their control group. The significantly decreased hemoglobin values of rats after inoculation with Walker 256 were recovered to normal range by oral administration of the crude Gt The synthetic levels of protein, DNA and RNA in human colon and rectal cancer cells were significantly diminished by treatment with the crude GX, which can explain a part of the origin of its anticancer activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.209-218
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• 2011

Ginseng has been used as a general tonic agent to invigorate the human body as an adaptogenic agent. In a previous report, we have shown that ginseng contains a novel glycolipoprotein called gintonin. The main function of gintonin is to transiently enhance intracellular free $Ca^{2+}$ $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ levels in animal cells. The previous method for gintonin isolation included multiple steps using organic solvents. In the present report, we developed a simple method for the preparation of crude gintonin from ginseng root as well as stem and leaf, which produced a higher yield of gintonin than the previous one. The yield of gintonin was 0.20%, 0.29%, and 0.81% from ginseng root, stem, and leaf, respectively. The apparent molecular weight of gintonin isolated from stem and leaf through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was almost same as that from root but the compositions of amino acids, carbohydrates or lipids differed slightly between them. We also examined the effects of crude gintonin from ginseng root, stem, and leaf on endogenous $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^-$ channel (CaCC) activity of Xenopus oocytes through mobilization of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. We found that the order of potency for the activation of CaCC was ginseng root > stem > leaf. The $ED_{50}$ was $1.4{\pm}1.4$, $4.5{\pm}5.9$, and $3.9{\pm}1.1$ mg/mL for root, stem and leaf, respectively. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that in addition to ginseng root, ginseng stem and leaf also contain gintonin. Gintonin can be prepared from a simple method with higher yield of gintonin from ginseng root, stem, and leaf. Finally, these results demonstrate the possibility that ginseng stem and leaf could also be utilized for ginstonin preparation after a simple procedure, rather than being discarded.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.168-177
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng has been widely used as a health-promoting tonic. Gintonin present in ginseng acts as a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand that activates six LPA receptor subtypes. The LPA6 subtype plays a key role in normal hair growth, and mutations in the LPA6 receptor impair normal human hair growth. Currently, human hair loss and alopecia are concerning issues that affect peoples' social and day-to-day lives. Objective: We investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of a gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on mouse hair growth. Methods: Human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) and six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were used. The mice were divided into the four groups: control, 1% minoxidil, 0.75% GEF, and 1.5% GEF. The dorsal hair was removed to synchronize the telogen phase. Each group was treated topically, once a day, for 15 days. We analyzed hair growth activity and histological changes. Results: GEF induced transient [Ca²⁺]_i, which stimulated HFDPC proliferation and caused 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner. GEF-mediated HFDPC proliferation was blocked by the LPA receptor antagonist and Ca²⁺ chelator. HFDPC treatment with GEF stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor release. Topical application of GEF and minoxidil promoted hair growth in a dose-dependent manner. Histological analysis showed that GEF and minoxidil increased the number of hair follicles and hair weight. Conclusion: Topical application of GEF promotes mouse hair growth through HFDPC proliferation. GEF could be one of the main components of ginseng that promote hair growth and could be used to treat human alopecia.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2004

신선초로 불려지는 옥죽은 향미와 약효가 뛰어난 것으로 인식되어 왔으며 많은 한약서이 기록에서도 그 효능을 높이 평가하고 있다. 특히 다른 차와 달리 다양한 미네랄을 풍부하게 함유하고 있는 옥죽차는 한방에서는 각종 허약증상에 자양 및 강장 효과 등에 이용되어 왔다. 또한 도가에서 성인들이나 불가의 스님들이 즐겼으며, 원효 스님이 구증구포한 옥죽차를 마시고 수도했다는 일화도 알려져 있다. 이처럼 옥죽차의 우수한 효능과 전통식품으로서의 가능성에도 불구하고 이에 대한 인식과 상품의 패키지 디자인 수준은 매우 미흡한 것이 현실이다. 실제로 전통차로서의 옥죽차나 구증구포에 대한 연구는 매우 미진한 수준에 머물러 있으며 상품 개발 또한 미흡한 실정에 있다. 이에 따라 변화하는 사회 환경과 국제 시장에 대응하기 위한 우리 전통식품의 활성화는 측면에서 패키지 디자인의 문제점을 점검하고 이에 따른 디자인 개선 방안이 요구되고 있다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구는 우리의 전통차이면서 지역 특산물인 옥죽차의 패키지 디자인 개선의 필요성과 방안에 대하여 고찰하고 있으며, 옥죽차에 대한 이론적 배경을 바탕으로 국내외 제품들의 패키지 실태를 비교, 분석하여 그 문제점과 해결방안을 모색해 보았다. 분석 결과에서는 저가의 둥굴레차를 중심으로 대부분 차별화되지 않는 패키지 구조와 재질, 유사한 그래픽 요소들로 이루어져 있음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 저급의 상품과 패키지에서 벗어나 고급화된 상품의 생산과 이에 적합한 현재적이고 기능적인 패키지 디자인의 적용이 필요하다고 하겠다.