• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.93-110
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of emotional regulation strategies of 3-year-old infants in frustrating situations and the correlation between infants' emotional strategies and their mothers' responsive strategies. In the current study, 33 dyads of infant-mother were observed in the laboratory. Stansbury and Sigman's (2000) experimental instrument was revised and complemented according to Korean culture, and it was categorized into 5 measures for infants' use of emotional regulation strategies in frustrating situations and their mothers' responsive strategies: comforting, instrumental, cognitive reappraisal, distraction, and others. As a result, infants' emotional regulation strategies and their mothers' responsive strategies were categorized as 5 such strategies. The findings of this study showed that 3-year-old infants used complex strategies including cognitive reappraisal. They used instrumental strategy most during a 'clean up' frustrating situation and distraction strategy during a 'candy given then denied' situation. There was significant correlation between infants' emotional regulation strategies and their mothers' responsive strategies.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.229-249
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• 2013

This study aims to analyze the effects of infants' attachment to their mother and child care teacher on their adaptation to child care. Data were collected in a purposive sample involving 100 infants and toddlers at age one and two, their mothers, and 36 teachers were analyzed with two-way ANOVA. The results showed that the effects of infants' attachment to their mother and teacher varied by subfactors of adaptation. 'Social Relationships' and 'Positive Emotion' were significantly different only among infants who established insecure attachment with their mother. Second, the level of 'Social Relationships' and 'Positive Emotion' were significantly high when teacher-infant attachment was secure among infants who established insecure attachment with their mother. Third, there were significant effects of mother-infant attachment on 'Aggressive Behavior' as infants who established insecure attachment with their mother showed a significantly higher level of 'Aggressive Behavior' than infants having secure attachment with their mother.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.577-588
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was intended to integrate the evidence of home care service intervention for mothers and children in vulnerable groups through an integrative literature review. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE (PubMED), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, DBpia databases. The quality of the articles was assessed by one doctoral researcher and verified by one professor of community health nursing who had participated in the systematic review of literature. A framework was developed to identify the intervention patterns in the selected papers and categorize various elements. The extracted intervention elements were grouped into potential themes, which were verified by assessors on whether they clearly reflected the interventions in the papers. Results: Among 878 searched papers, we selected 16 papers after excluding literature that does not satisfy the selection criteria and quality evaluation. The intervention elements of 16 selected papers were categorized into six themes. The extracted intervention elements were divided into the themes of Patient-specific/Situation-specific care planning and intervention, Emphasis on self care competency, Intense home visit by developmental milestone, Reinforcing and modeling mother-child attachment, Communication and interaction across the intervention, Linkage with community resource and multidisciplinary approach. Conclusion: As a result of the analysis of proper interventions of home care services for mothers and children in vulnerable groups, it was found that it is necessary to consider indispensable intervention elements that can standardize the quality of home care services, and conduct studies on developing intervention programs based on the elements.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to explore the various aspects of the fatigue in the mothers of infants and toddlers in descriptive study. Three hundred eighty mothers who visited the public primary health care center in subrural area were enrolled from October, 2001 to June, 2002. Data were collected using a questionnaire titled 'Symptom Table on Fatigue Perception' designed by the Fatigue Research Committee of Japan, consisted of a total 30 items categorized into three subdimensions: the physical, the psychological and the neuro-sensory. SPSS was used for the analysis of data with 0.05 of significance. The results were as follows: 1. The mean average fatigue score of subjects was 1.81(SD:.41): the physical fatigue revealed the highest value with a mean of 1.92(SD:.50), followed by psychological fatigue with a mean score of 1.79(SD:.48), neuro- sensory fatigue with a mean of 1.72(SD:.44). 2. With the respect to the general characteristics of subjects, there were statistically significant differences in the mothers' fatigue perception by with or without a job or not(t=2.213, p=.028), the number of children(t=-2.157, p=.032), the degree of spouse support in domestic households(F=3.315, p=.045), the degree of spouse support in the care of children(F=12.616, p=.000), and the amount of sleeping time(t=.130, p=.000). These results suggest that health care professional need to be aware of the persistent presence of the maternal fatigue related to the child rearing and the factors worsen the degree of the fatigue.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.391-412
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• 2014

The Integrated Center for Early Childhood Education and Care established 595 centers in 2013 that are integrated kindergarten and nursery centers. The Japanese government revised the law for the Center for Early Childhood Education and Care in 2012 and published the standards for equipment, management, and curriculum for early childhood education and care in April 2014. Presently the standards for equipment and management for integrated centers for early childhood education and care is based on a higher level than kindergarten and nursery centers. Therefore, the quality of education and care that the kindergarten and nursery centers are currently providing can be expected to continue. However childhood education and care curriculum is excessively emphasized education. Because infants and toddlers of 0-5years are spending most of the day in integrated centers for early childhood education and care, the contents related to childcare should be strengthened.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.433-445
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• 2015

This study develops normative scores of the Infant/Toddler version of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (IT-HOME) inventory for Korean infants and toddlers. We selected 482 0- to 36-month-old infants and families by a stratified sampling procedure that considered residency, age, and gender of children. The pass rate, discrimination rate, and internal consistency were analyzed for the item analysis. Statistical validity included intercorrelation among the IT-HOME subscales, correlation between IT-HOME scores and environmental status variables, and correlation between IT-HOME and Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development second edition (K-BSID-II) scores. Normative scores were prepared by percentile ranks. The results of this study were as follows: First, 45 items were acceptable for Korean subjects with few exceptions. IT-HOME was developed to screen unfavorable environmental factors during infancy; therefore, items such as 12, 17, 23, 39, 44 need to be retained even though they had low discriminating power. Second, IT-HOME subscales were correlated, and IT-HOME was significantly related to parents' education level, household income level, and infant' developmental levels. Third, percentile scores and the median of each IT-HOME subscales were suggested as normative scores. We discussed the normative scores of the IT-HOME to screen the quality of home environments for children aged 0-36 months in Korea, and provide the intervention basis for the at-risk population.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 2013

Interest in traditional culture has been increasing due to globalization. We need to create fashion items using Korea folk culture like the Hanbok. In this paper, the design development of toddler's pajamas was attempted by using women's Sokgot pants, which were worn by women in Joseon Dynasty period. The study involved a review of literature and an investigation of past relics. Traditional women's Sokgot pants had a 'mu' or 'dang' in the crotch which is called 'the mit' now. The opening of the mit will be used for designing toddler's pajamas. Design suggestions for four styles of toddler's pajamas, which reflect the formative characteristic of women's Sokgot pants, have been created. Research outcomes are as follow: the characteristics of Ran-pants are applied to design 1 and design 2. There have pleats along the waistband of the toddler's pajamas, making the Mu more hidden. Pleats of the waist part are achieved by using an elastic, which also makes the pajamas easier to fit and to wear. The characteristics of Gaedanggo, of which the crotch is opened, are applied to design 3 and design 4. The opened crotch is applied so that toddlers can relieve themselves easily while they are wearing these pajamas. There is also an opening in the centerline of the front Mu in design 4 which gives additional functionality and comfort. This work shows that items of traditional folk dress can be used to make present fashion items.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.409-410
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• 2018

Background: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases and can be affected by environmental factors. It has been reported that exposure to indoor environmental factors can cause infantile asthma during infancy and childhood, but the previous studies are not yet clear. Climate change has recently been shown to increase indoor mold. Exposure to fungi is known to be directly related to the development of aggravation. Methods: This study was conducted from July 20, 2016 to September 30, 2016. The study was conducted on 90 household with children under the age of 7 who attend atopy school. The questionnaire surveyed allergic symptoms, social and demographic characteristics, and environmental characteristics. Environmentally hazardous substances were measured such as temperature, humidity, fine dust, volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, bacteria, fungus, house dust mite, endotoxin. Results: According to the survey results, 9 patients (10%) were treated with asthma, 6 (6.7%) were asthmatic patients during the past 12 months, and 4 patients (4.4%) were asthmatic patients during the past 12 months. There were statistically significant differences in the direct effect of smokers in the family (P=0.0328). High-filter vacuum cleaners collected $0.4222CFU/m^3$ in subjects without asthma, and $0.2222CFU/m^3$ in subjects with asthma. In addition, various results confirmed that asthma exacerbated by mold exposure. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that exposure to fungal by infants and toddlers may play an important role in the development of asthma. In this study, we investigated the relationship between asthma and fungal concentration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.65-80
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• 1970

영유아 시기의 영양여하는 그 시기에 있어서 뿐만 아니라 일생을 통한 정신적 육체적 성장발육 및 질병에 대한 저항력, 이환율과 사망율, 그리고 국민 평균여명에 까지도 영향을 미치는 것으로서 그 중요성은 잘 알려져 있는 사실이다. 저자들은 우리나라에 있어서 이유기를 전후한 식품 섭취양상을 엿보기 위하여 전국을 도시, 읍, 평야, 산간 및 섬 지역으로 나누어 만 3세 미만의 어린이 304명을 대상으로 봄과 가을 2회에 걸쳐 조사를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 7개월까지는 모두가 모유를 먹고 있었으며 1예는 우유를 먹고 있었다. 8개월 이후 17개월까지는 약 10%에서, 18개월에서 23개월 사이에는 약 50%가 이유를 끝냈으며 30개월과 35개월 사이에는 84%가 이유를 완료하고 있었다. 2. 모유를 18개월 까지는 하루 4회이상, 그리고 그 후 30개월까지도 2회 이상씩 계속 먹이다가 그 후 갑자기 그치고 있었다. 3. 적절한 유동식이나 보조식등의 이유식이 없이 일반 성인음식을 그대로 먹이고 있었으며 동물성 단백질이나 지방질 섭취는 적었고 식물성 단백질음식도 묽은 국물 형태도 섭취하고 있었다. 4. 채소류와 멸치등은 쉽게 구할 수 있음에도 불구하고 충분히 보급받지 못하고 있었다. 5. 체중 및 신장의 신체계측에 의한 발육상태는 6개월 내지 12개월 경부터 뒤지기 시작하여 그후 계속발육지연을 보여주고 있었다. 6. 심한 단백 ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$ 영양실조증 환자가 1예 있었으며 다른 1예는 영양소모증 환자였다. 7. 상완위 측정결과는 3개월 이하의 남아를 제외하고는 모두가 충분한 크기에 달하지는 못했다. 8. 영양결핍양상을 신장에서는 지수 1이 5.9%, 체중에서는 지수 1이 8.9%, 2가 1.3%, 4가 1.0%로서 체중 전체로는 11.2%였고, 상박위에 있어서는 지수 2,3,4 가 도합 8.9%였다. 9. 1-3세의 유아 사망률은 12.3%였고 이유기 설사발병율이 19.7%였다. 이상의 결과로 우리나라 영육아들에 있어서 적절한 시기에 적절한 방법으로 이유를 실시하므로써 이 시기의 질병발생율 및 사망율의 저하를 가져올 수 있고 나아가서는 신체발육양상을 호전시킬 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.143-177
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• 2020

This paper investigates how the provision of full child care subsidy to infants and toddlers differently affected female labor supply and fertility rate depending on the level of supply of child care centers in the place of residence. Our results on labor supply show that the higher the supply rate of childcare centers in residential areas, the higher the probability of career maintenance for multi-child mothers who are more likely to be admitted to a childcare facility. The results on the fertility rate show that the first child's fertility rate has increased since the support of childcare expenses in areas with higher rates of childcare centers. In the places where the supply rate of publicly-funded childcare centers is high, the second child's fertility rate has also increased significantly since the support of childcare expenses. This suggests that the quality of child care is an essential factor in determining the birth rate. Our results suggest that the effects of child care support on women's labor supply and fertility rate may differ depending on the priority of entering child care centers according to birth order and the degree of quantitative and qualitative supply of child care centers in the place of residence.