• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.71-82
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• 2016

Objectives: In this study, it was analyzed which marketing activity strategy multinational tobacco companies established against Republic of Korea through their internal documents and it was checked out how the marketing activities mentioned in the documents turned out to be actually. Methods: For that, analyzed the internal documents of tobacco companies after connecting Legacy Tobacco Documents Library(LTDL). Three documents were selected finally out of total searched 1,752 documents except the ones that did not include the theme or not appropriate. Results: Internal documents analysis showed that people smoke because the filter of cigarette shown in the movies looks nice. Tobacco companies carried out the marketing through sponsorship of soccer games, F1 Grand Prix was found in the internal documents. Conclusions: The legal restriction on marketing activities of tobacco companies should be enhanced by removing the articles of allowing advertisement and promotion for tobacco companies in Korean domestic law.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.27 no.1 s.53
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette filter on in vitro cytotoxicity of cigarette mainstream smoke from the cigarette. In this work, we used 3 types of cigarettes included non-filtered 2R4F cigarette, cellulose acetate-filtered 2R4F cigarette, and carbon dual-filtered 2R4F cigarette which was made from original 2R4F by replacing with an acetate filter containing carbon. The cytotoxicity of both the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), which was collected in Cambridge filter pad, and the gas/vapor phase (GVP), which was bubbled through in phosphate-buffered saline in a gas-washing bottle, was determined using a neutral red uptake assay with CHO-K1 cells. With regard to cytotoxicity when calculated on an equal puff basis, the cytotoxicity of CSC from the filtered cigarettes was lower than that of the non filtered cigarette. Also, $EC_{50}$ vlaue of GVP from carbon filter cigarette was 40.9 puff/L, indicating the cytotoxicity to be $20\%$ lower than that of the CA filter cigarette. The cytotoxicity of the GVP was correlated to the several vapor phase components (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and MEK). In conclusion, carbon filter, which significantly reduced the amount of carbonyl compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke, results in significant reductions in the cytotoxicity potential of the smoke.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2008

Several activated carbon in different specific surface area was prepared by steam and chemical activation of coconut shell. Products were characterized by BET ($N_2$) at 77K, and probed to be highly specific surface area of $1580m^2/g$ and pore volume that had increased with activating conditions. And also we have analyzed the adsorption efficiency of vapor phase components in cigarette mainstream smoke in order to evaluate the relationship between thesmoke components and the physicochemical properties of activated carbons. As a result of this study, the delivery of mainstream smoke was directly affected by the specific surface area and the pore size of activated carbon. The activated carbon prepared by steam activation exhibited better adsorption efficiency on the vapor phase components in mainstream smoke compared with activated carbon prepared by $ZnCl_2$, due to the higher micro-pore area of 66%. But the adsorption efficiency of semi-volatile matters such as phenolic components in a main stream smoke by the activated mesoporous carbon prepared by $ZnCl_2$ is more effective. From the these results, we can conclude that specific surface area by the micropore area increased the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon on vapour phase components, but semi-volatiles or particulate matter was affected by the ratio of mesopore area in total specific surface area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to compare the sensitivity of both two NCI-H292 and A549 cell types to acute inflammatory responses induced by cigarette smoke. For this, we treated two kinds of smoke fractions derived from 2R4F reference cigarettes: total particulate matter(TPM) collected onto a Cambridge filter pad and gas/vapor phase(GVP) prepared by bubbling through in buffer solution. When we measured cellular cytotoxicity by neutral red uptake assay after treatment for 24 hours, TPM and GVP induced cytotoxic effect in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 10-$100{\mu}g$/mL and 60-$300 {\mu}g$/mL., respectively, in both cell types without any cellular difference. Additionally, when we examined acute inflammatory responses by analyzing cytokines secreted into culture media including tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), interleukin-8(IL-8), and transforming growth factor-$\alpha$(TGF-$\alpha$) as well as matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1), the treatment with smoke fractions increased those marker proteins in a dose-dependent manner in NCI-H292. Meanwhile, in A549 cells only MMP-1 was observed to be increased in a dose-dependent fashion. Collectively, our data indicate that NCI-H292 cell type is more sensitive to cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory response than A549 cells. This suggests that NCI-H292 could be useful as an in vitro evaluation tool to assess harmful effects of cigarette smoke.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 1990

Streptococcus mutans 10449 was cultured in sucrose-containing BHI broth with ethyl alcohol of different concentration from 1% to 18%, The pH of culture media was from pH 7.00 to pH 5.00. Tobacco smoke and tobacco extract were also used. Ethyl acohol began to inhibit sucrose fermentation by S. mutans at 2% and completely inhibited it between 9% and 18%. The lower the pH of media was, the stronger the inhibition of ethyl alcohol became. 9% Ethyl alcohol completely inhibited sucrose fermentation by S. mutans below pH 5.50, Inhibition by tobacco extract was obvious, but it did not inhibit the growth of S. mutans also. Therefore, the increase of caries activity in drinkers and smokers could be the result of indirect effect of alcohol and tobacco by oral ecology, behavior, or systematic course, rather than the result of direct effect of alcohol and tobacco to plaque bacteria and their metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of physical and chemical properties and the usability of long-term stored leaf tobacco. The physical chemical properties of the flue-cured and burley leaves produced in 1993, processed in 1994 were analysed from Nov. 1996 to Nov. 1999. The pH and moisture content in leaf decreased slowly until 4 years’storage after processing, while those of leaf changed little thereafter. However, total sugar content continuously decreased until 5 years after processing. The filling capacity increased and shatter resistance index decreased in long-term stored leaf. The sensory test, cilia stasis and the chemical components of cigarette smoke had no significant differences between short and long-term stored leaves. When the processed leaves were stored till 5 years after processing, there were no deteriorative effects on quality and usability of leaf tobacco. Therefore, it is considered that the processed leaf may be stored for 5 years or more under the inevitable situation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.E
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• pp.1-17
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• 2000

In this study, the concentrations of particulate organic constituents of environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) were determined using an environmental smog chamber, where ETS is the sole source of target compounds. ETS was generated in a 30 ㎥ environmental chamber by a number of different cigarettes, including the Kentucky 1R4F reference cigarette and eight commercial brands. A total of 12 experimental runs was conducted, and target analytes included a group of ETS markers both in vapor and particulate phase and a class of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbos(PAHs) associated with ETS particles. The mass concentrations of PAH in ETS particles were also determined. The average contents of benzo(a) pyrene and benzo(a) anthracene in ETS particles for the commercial brands were 12.8 and 21.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, respectively, There values are all somewhat higher than those determined previously by other studies. Results form the chamber study are further used to estimate the average and variability of cigarette yields for target compounds associated with ETS. Finally, ratios of RSP to the surrogate standards of UVPM, FPM and solanesol were calculated for each sample. The average conversion factors factors for the eight commercial brands were 7.3, 38, and 41 for UVPM, EPM, and solanesol, respectively. The UVPM and FPM factors are in good agreement with the recently published values. Whereas there might be a substantial difference in the solanesol content among cigarettes produced in different countries, the variability is somewhat greater than those of UVPM and FPM, Unfortunately, comparison of the PAH yield data from this study with literature values was complicated by a lack of consistency in cigarette smoke generating methodology. Validation of the PAH yields was also difficult due to a lack of information on the ETS related PAH in the literature. From and engineering viewpoint , however, these data on the cigarette yields of ETS components may still provide useful information to studies on the mathematical modeling of indoor air quality management regarding tobacco smoke as a source of interest, or to studies on the assessment of human exposure to ETS.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.3659-3665
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• 2015

Background: Waterpipe tobacco smoking has becoming popular especially among young people worldwide. Smokers are attracted by its sweeter, smoother smoke, social ambience and the misconception of reduced harm. The objective of this study was to systematically review the effects of waterpipe tobacco policies and practices in reducing its prevalence. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted electronically using the PubMed, OVID, Science Direct, Proquest and Embase databases. All possible studies from 1980 to 2013 were initially screened based on titles and abstracts. The selected articles were subjected to data extraction and quality rating. Results: Three studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for this review. Almost all of the waterpipe tobacco products and its accessories did not comply with the regulations on health warning labelling practices as stipulated under Article 11 of WHO FCTC. In addition, the grisly new warning labels for cigarettes introduced by Food and Drug Administration did not affect hookah tobacco smoking generally. Indoor air quality in smoking lounges was found to be poor and some hookah lounges were operated without smoke shop certification. Conclusions: Our findings revealed the availability of minimal information on the practices in controlling waterpipe smoking in reducing its prevalence. The lack of comprehensive legislations or practices in controlling waterpipe smoking warrants further research and policy initiatives to curb this burgeoning global epidemic, especially among the vulnerable younger population.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.71-81
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• 2016

Objectives: Tobacco marketing encourages smoking initiation of non-smokers, especially adolescents, and it hinders quit intention of those who smoke or who attempt to quit smoking. Article 13 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control(WHO FCTC) requests a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship(TAPS). Ratified the Convention in 2005, Korea has partially implemented the provisions. However, online marketing regulations are still insufficient. Methods: Based on relevant national and international regulations, this research designed monitoring mechanism for online tobacco marketing and studied 1,404 websites to identify current situation of online sales and advertisement of tobacco in Korea. Results: This study found that online trade of tobacco products are overtly conducted, while tobacco advertising with flavoring and misleading descriptors are also prevalent. Also, online tobacco marketing facilitate adolescents' access to tobacco product and that advertising and promotion activities lead to tobacco purchase without difficulties. Conclusions: Fundamental solution to prevent online tobacco advertisement and promotion is banning online sales of tobacco and conducting a regular monitoring for compliance. Korean government should consider establishing an official surveillance system for online tobacco advertisement, followed by a comprehensive ban on TAPS to fulfill its obligation as a Party to the FCTC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 1995

Effect of circumference, net weight, and moisture content on the physicochemical propesties of cigarette were investigated. At the same net weight of cigarette, the pressure drop(E.P.D) of cigarette was increased as the circumference was decreased. Loseend and firmness were improved by reduction of circumference. In this condition, tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide deliveries were decreased, and the puff count was significantly increased. When the moisture content of the cigarette were decreased, firmness and loseend were increased. Also in this condition nicotine and carbon monoxide tend to be increased. Key words : cigarette design, circumference, net weight.