• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 1992

Korean red ginseng and water extract residue of red ginseng roots were treated with dry heat and incorporated in PDA medium to examine the effect of the materials on induced tolerance against mercury chloride and mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Ginseng residue was not effective in the inducement of tolerance to mercury chloride regardless of dry heat treatment. However, the heat treatment of ginseng and ginseng residues stimulated the mycelial growth of the fungus. The materials responsible for the detoxification appeared to be water-soluble. The stimulation of the fungal mycelial growth on the media by the heat treatment was highest in the water extract of ginseng. Due to the heat treatment, the mycelial growth was also slightly increased in n-hexane and methanol extracts of ginseng, compared with the ginseng fractions without dry heat treatment.

• 약학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.129-132
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• 1982

A GC/MS method was developed to analyze phenolic acid extract from tobacco leaf. Extracted acids were converted to their methyl esters by refluxing with 3M hydrogen chloride in methanol, and the esters were reacted with his (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide plus 10% trimethylchlorosilane to silylate the phenolic groups. Derivatives of standard salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, gentisic, p-coumaric, syringic, ferulic, and sinapic acids prepared by this procedure were analyzed by GC/MS on $20m{\times}0.2mm$ column of SE-54 glass capillary. GC/MS analysis of the extract from tobacco leaf revealed the presence of salicylic, p-hydtoxybenzoic, vanillic, gentisic, protocatechuic, p-coumaric, syringic, gallic, ferulic, caffeic, sinapic, and quinic acids, respectively. The quantitative analysis of these phenolic acids were achieved by using multiple ion selection technique.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.88-93
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• 1983

Studies were carried out to elucidate the protein stabilizing effect of ginseng. Malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) was used as a protein and the rate constant of the enzyme inactivation was determined under the heat denaturation condition. There was an optimum pH for the enzyme stability, the rate constant of the enzyme inactivation was minimum at BH 8.8. The rate constant was increased at lower and higher pH regions than the optimum pH. The inactivation reaction followed the Arrehnius law and the activation energy was measured as 36.8kcal/mole. The reaction rate was not affected by the enzyme concentration and thus it was assumed to be unimolecular first order reaction. The water extract of red ginseng decreased the rate constant of Malate dehydrogenate under heat inactivation condition to stabilize the enzyme activity. Purified ginseng saponin also stabilized the enzyme against heat inactivation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.260-264
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• 1993

인삼을 조미제품의 첨가성분으로 이용할 때 그 NaCl 농도에서 인삼성분의 안정성을 규명하기 위하여, 미삼과 홍삼정을 NaCl 농도별로 처리하여 pH, 색상 및 ginsenosides 함량을 조사한 결과, 미삼의 경우 NaCl 농도가 증가 할수록 pH는 높아졌으나 홍삼정 시험구에서는 유의적인 변화가 없었다. 색상은 NaCl 농도가 증가 될수록 감소하였다. n-BuOH extract 수율은 5% NaCl 농도에서 감소하였고 그 이상의 농도에서는 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 증감 범위는 홍삼정이 컸다. Ginsenosides 함량은 diol계 saponin인 ginsenoside-Re, $-Rb_1$, $-Rb_2$, -Rc, -Rd 및 triol계 saponin인 ginsenoside-Re 모두 5% NaCl 농도에서 감소하였고 그 이상의 농도에서 증가하는 경향이었으며, 특히 ginsenoside-Re가 가장 민감한 증감의 변화를 보였다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.133-140
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• 1988

The effect of ethanol extracts of Gilkyung(Platicodi Radix, Platicodongrandiflorum A, DC), Onji(Polygalae Radix, Polygala tennuifolia Willdenow) and Deoduk(Codonopsis lanceolate Radix, Codonopsis lanceolata) on expectorant activity of rat trachea was investigated. Following treatment of 50% ethanol extract of these medicinal plants (25 mg/rat), the content of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and histamine in tissue was significantly increased. The secretions of acid glycoproteins and the artificially injected phenol red were also increased. However, there was no significant difference except Onji From the histological study through periodic acid Schiff and alcian blue stain, the thickness of inner membrane of acinar glands and the stained glycoproteins on surface of epithelium and on the glands were observed in all the rats trachea treated with extract of medicinal plants. In vitro, the viscosity of mucin solution was slightly decreased with an addition of the extracts. Onji showed the most effective expectorant activity among them at the identical conditions. The mechanism of expectorant activity of these medicinal plants seems to be due to stimulation of secretion and changes of rheological properties of mucus.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.261-266
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• 1995

Age-related change in the frequency of spontaneous sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosornal aberrations were investigated in bone marrow cells of accelerated senescence-resistant mice (SAM R1) and senescence accelerated ones (SAM P1). And the effect of chronic treatment of ginseng extract (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) on these chromosomal abnormalities was tested in SAM P1. SCE frequency in the cells was progressively increased with age in both mice, but it was consistently higher in SAM P1 than in SAM R1 at all corresponding age. Chromosomal aberrations were, however, not significantly changed with age except that it was slightly increased in only aged SAM P1. Interestingly, the rate of these genetic instabilities in SAM P1 was remarkably retarded by long-term administration of ginseng water extract (0.05% in drinking water). These results suggest that frequency of spontaneous SCE in bone marrow cells increase in parallel with senescence of the mice, and SAM P1 is in the condition of being more exposed than SAM R1 to DNA damaging factors. These also indicate that long-term treatment of ginseng may reduce the genetic damage.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.139-143
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• 1998

The occurrence and physico-chemical properties of flat leaves found in 1997 curing trial related to the prevention of occurrence of flat leaves at bulk curing of flue-cured tobacco were investigated and compared with those of normal leaves. Cured leaves of NC82 were separated into 4 classes of none, slight, fair and severe symptoms of flat leaf by the percentage of flattened parts to whole leaf area. The flat leaves were mostly found among the leaves of lower stalk position, and it was estimated that growth rate of lower leaves also influenced on the occurrence of flat leaves. In chromatic aberration of cured leaf, flat leaves showed remarkably lower b and L values than in those of normals but there was no difference in a value. On the other hand, in chemical analyses of flat leaf samples, nicotine, total sugar, ether extract and total nitrogen contents were decreased with the degree of flat symptoms. In physical properties, filling capacity of cured leaves was decreased with the degree of flat symptoms comparing with those of normal leaves, while shatter index was showed a reverse tendency, and then within the same leaf, flat parts were decreased in total sugar, ether extract and filling capacity compared with those of normal ones, but remarkably increased in shatter index, and there was no difference in nicotine and total nitrogen contents.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.133-134
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• 1983

Some metallic ions such as copper, manganese, iron, zinc and cadmium in ginseng extract, originated from white ginseng, were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The extracts were prepared with water, 35% ethanol, 50% ethanol or 75% ethanol solution followed by filtration or centrifugation. Greater amounts of metallic ions were found in the solution filtrated by filter paper (Toyo No. 5A) or by filter cloth than in that of centrifugation. The residual amount of metallic ions in the extract decreased with increasing concentration of ethanol. The percentages of each metallic ion in ginseng extracts on the basis of original amount of metallic ions were as follows: Cu, 10.4-31.9%, Fe,5.1-19.0%, Mn,3.0-12.2% Zn,7.4-12.0%, Cd,5.9-11.8%.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 1982

Studies were carried out to clarify the effect of ginsenoside-Rbl -Rbr and acid hydrolyzatps of ginsenoside-Rbl, -Rb2 (HRbl, HRbf) on lipolysis and lipogenesis induced by epinephrine, glucagon, ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and insulin in rat adipose tissilr. HRbl , HRb2 slightly inhibited lipolysis induced by epinephine. glucagon and TSH. ACTH-induced lipolysis in fat tissue slices was significantly inhibited by ginsenoside -Rbl, -Rb2, HRbl and HRb2, particulary HRb2. None of ginsenoside-Rbl, -Rb2, HRbl and HRb2 accelerated insulin-stimulated lipogenesis in fat calls. Among ginseng products, extract powder (freeze dried), extract powder (spray dried), red ginseng powder inhibited ACTH-induced lipolysis in adipose tissue slices, but red ginseng extract not affect them.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.45-52
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• 1982

Staibilization effect of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on .betha.-D-Galactosidase inactivation was proved by kinetic studies of thermal inactivation of the enzyme. The water extract Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer showed stabilization activity at minimal concentration of 10ppm. The methanolic extract was purified to obtain ginseng saponins, and two groups of the ginsenosides, i. e. protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol were isolated. They also showed a protective effect against the thermal and chemical inactivation of the enzyme; p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and hydroxylamine known as protein modifier greatly inactivated the enzyme but inactivation was significantly balocked by the ginseng component MG$^{2+}$, known as a cofactor, stabilized the enzyme and the poor stabilization effect by it was potentiated by ginseng components.s.