• 대한한의진단학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.146-156
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• 2007

1. The effect of variations in inspiration and expiration times on heart rate variability was studied in 78 healthy subjects (mean age $24.35{\pm}1.92$ years; 47 male) between regulated respiration group and normal respiration group as the control group. 2. The control group followed normal respiration pattern, whereas the regulated group followed three types of respiration pattern. The first pattern was long respiration(E/I ratio 1.6:1), the second pattern was short inspiration followed by long expiration (SILE), and the last pattern was long inspiration followed by short expiration(LISE). The average expiration/inspiration time ratios of SILE and LISE were 1.0 and 3.4, respectively. The respiration rate in the regulated group was approximately 10 cycles/min. 3. Respiration rate and tidal volume are respiratory variables known to modulate RSA. The results of the present study indicate that RSA can also be modulated by a third respiratory variable, the expiration/inspiratory time ratio. In this study, LF, HF, RSA, VLF is increased the most in LISE group compared to the other groups. HF and RSA increased significantly in the long respiration rate and SILE groups. However LF and VLF, which reflects the sympathetic tones, did not increase as much as the LISE group.

• 국토계획
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to propose a transit accessibility analysis method based on temporal variability of travel time. In this study, transit accessibility was defined in three levels (in transit route, spot and region unit) to present findings from different spatial scopes. Recently, Jeju special self-governing province reorganized bus system of the island. To compare transit accessibility before and after transit policy implementation, the reorganized bus system of Jeju special self-governing province was selected as a case study. This study used General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data format as storage public transit information, and calculated travel time using ArcGIS GTFS networks analysis tools. In the analysis of individual transit route level, we found the 3 types of accessibility changes which is increments, no significant changes and reductions and these results come from transit route change (number of transfer, distance change) rather than changes of vehicle interval. We found increases of inflow and outflow speed in most target spots and overall transit accessibility has been substantially improved in Jeju island. This study implies that accounting for temporal variability of travel time in accessibility analysis can result in more useful and sophisticated accessibility information in decision-making processes.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2003

The concentration of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg) was measured concurrently with relevant environmental parameters from Yang-Jae monitoring station in Seoul during Sept. 1997 to June 2002. Although data collection was disrupted for certain periods, the grand mean concentration of Hg for this five year period was found at 5.32 $\pm$ 3.53 ng m$^{-3}$ (N = 27,170). Because of short resolution of data acquisition, we were able to examine the temporal variability of Hg at varying time scale. The diurnal variability of Hg, when investigated for each of those five years, indicated consistently the dominance of nighttime over daytime. If examined at seasonal scale, Hg level was systematically higher during winter/spring than summer/fall period. The results of this short-term variability were best explained by the combined effects of such factors as meteorological conditions (formation of inversion layer and seasonal changes) and anthropogenic source processes. However, examination of long-term variation Pattern was much more complicated to explain. Thus, extension of our study is needed to diagnose the future direction in long-term trend of Hg behavior.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.136-140
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• 2000

It is desirable to predict springback quantitatively and accurately for the tool and process design in sheet stamping operations, however, it is blown very difficult. The result of springback analysis by the finite element method is sensitively influenced by numerical factors such as blank element size, number of integration point, punch velocity, contact algorithm etc. In the present work, a parametric study by Taguchi method is performed in order to evaluate the influence of numerical factors on springback Quantitatively and to obtain the combination of numerical factors which yields the best approximation to experimental data. Since springback is determined by the residual stress after forming process, it is important to evaluate stress distribution accurately. The oscillation in the time history curve of stress obtained by explicit FEM says that the stress solution at termination time is in very unstable state. Therefore, a variability study is also carried out in this study in order to assess the stability of implicit springback analysis starting from the stress solution by explicit forming simulation. The 2D draw bending process, one of the NUMISHEET '93 benchmark problems, is adopted as an application model.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2005

컴포넌트 조합을 통한 소프트웨어 개발은 Time-To-Market을 위한 시대적인 흐름이며 소프트웨어의 짧은 생명주기(Lifecycle) 를 극복할 수 있는 방안이다. 그러므로 효과적으로 컴포넌트를 통합하기 위한 기법들이 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 체계적이고 실용적인 기법들의 연구가 미흡하였다. 컴포넌트 통합을 위한 핵심 중에 하나는 통합을 위한 스펙을 어떻게 정의하느냐와 그 통합 스펙을 운영하기 위한 컴포넌트 아키텍쳐를 어떻게 구성하느냐 이다. 본 논문은 특화가 가능한 복합 컴포넌트를 개발하기 위해 컴포넌트 아키텍쳐를 기반으로 컴포넌트간의 조합을 위한 가변성 설계 기법을 제안하며 가변성 중에 컴포넌트간의 메시지의 흐름인 워크플로우(Workflow)에 대한 가변성 설계 기법을 제안한다. 본 기법은 컴포넌트 아키텍쳐 기반의 연결 계약(Connection Contract)을 설계하는 것이 핵심이다. 연결 계약은 컴포넌트의 제공 인터페이스(Provided Interface)를 사용하여 설계하며 이 연결 계약에 의해 동적으로 컴포넌트를 조합하고 특화(Customiztion)할 수 있는 기법을 제공한다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.605-608
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• 2011

In this study, OSA (the obstructive sleep apnea) periods were detected in patients with OSA during sleep because of the treatment was different according to the frequency and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea. ANS (autonomic nervous activity) was changed by obstructive sleep apnea periods so we intended to detect the periods to care the obstructive sleep apnea patients. RR intervals, SDNN (standard deviation of normal to normal) and RMSSD (root mean square standard deviation) were calculated in time domain analysis and LF (low frequency), HF (high frequency), NHF (normalized high frequency), NLF (normalized low frequency) were calculated in frequency domain analysis of HRV (heart rate variability) with obstructive sleep apnea patients. In this paper, SDNN (standard deviation of normal to normal) of time domain analysis were decreased in the obstructive sleep apnea periods. And NLF and LF/HF ratio were increased and NHF (normalized high frequency) was decreased in the frequency domain analysis. The parameters can be used to treat obstructive sleep apnea patients by detecting the obstructive sleep apnea periods such as CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure).

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 뇌파의 스펙트럼 분석에 의해 추출되는 마취심도 지표인 SEF(spectral edge freqency), MF(median frequency)의 가변성 감소를 위하여 뇌파의 비선형성에 근거하여 바이스펙트럼 분석기법을 도입하고자 한다. 수술환경에서 뇌파의 계측과 분석은 다양한 외부 아티팩트 요소를 감안하여야 한다. 바이스펙트럼 분석은 비선형적 신호의 특성을 추출하는 분석법으로 외부 유입 아티팩트의 유무를 확인 할 수 있어 뇌파에 인입되어 분석에 영향을 끼치는 아티팩트를 효과적으로 제거하는데 기여한다. 이러한 과정을 통해 SEF, MF와 같은 마취심도 파라미터의 실시간 가변성을 감소시킬 수 있었다. 이러한 가변성 감소는 수술현장에서 실시간 활용 가능한 임상 지표서 SEF, MF의 유용성을 제고시켜 줄 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2016

Generally, the shipbuilding industry has finite resources and limited workspace. Due to finite resources, limited workspace and state of block preparation, erection process in shipbuilding industry is frequently delayed than erection process scheduling which is planned at long-term plan stage. In this study, considering variability of block reserve ratio, the degree of delay in real erection process is measured and compared to scheduling which is planned at long-term plan stage in shipbuilding industry including finite capacity and variative lead time. Also, the erection process scheduling which has minimum lead time can be checked through simulation. The results of this study could be improved the accuracy of erection process scheduling by checking the main event compliance ratio by block reserve ratio and calculating the optimum erection pitch for the main event compliance.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.953-977
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• 2016

Modern performance-based design methods require ways to determine the factual behavior of structures subjected to earthquakes. Drift ratio demands are important measures of structural and/or nonstructural damage of the structures in performance-based design. In this study, global drift ratio and interstory drift ratio demands, obtained by nonlinear time history analysis of three generic RC frames using code-compatible ground motion record sets, are statistically evaluated. Several ground motion record sets compatible with elastic design spectra defined for the local soil classes in Turkish Earthquake Code are used for the analyses. Variation of the drift ratio demands obtained from ground motion records in the sets and difference between the mean of drift ratio demands calculated for ground motion sets are evaluated. The results of the study indicate that i) variation of maximum drift ratio demands in the sets were high; ii) different drift ratio demands are calculated using different ground motion record sets although they are compatible with the same design spectra; iii) the effect of variability due to random causes on the total variability of drift ratio demands is much larger than the effect of variability due to differences between the mean of ground motion record sets; iv) global and interstory drift ratio demands obtained for different ground motion record sets can be accepted as simply random samples of the same population at %95 confidence level. The results are valid for all the generic frames and local soil classes considered in this study.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.1307-1313
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• 2019

Recent analysis results with realistic assumptions provide the variability of operator allowable time for the initiation of aggressive cooldown under small break loss of coolant accident or steam generator tube rupture with total failure of high pressure safety injection. We investigated how plant risk may vary depending on the variability of operators' failure probability of timely initiation of aggressive cooldown. Using a probabilistic safety assessment model of a nuclear power plant, we showed that plant risks had a linear relation with the failure probability of aggressive cooldown and could be reduced by up to 10% as aggressive cooldown is more reliably performed. For individual accident management, we found that core damage potential could be gradually reduced by up to 40.49% and 63.84% after a small break loss of coolant accident or a steam generator tube rupture, respectively. Based on the importance of timely initiation of aggressive cooldown by main control room operators within the success criteria, implications for improvement of emergency operating procedures are discussed. We recommend conducting further detailed analyses of aggressive cooldown, commensurate with its importance in reducing risks in nuclear power plants.