• The Journal of Engineering Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1997

In this paper, we examine design trends in the development of distributed real-time system. Many real-time systems developed over the last ten years share common characteristics including use of communications, imprecise computations, the object-oriented paradigm, multiprocessor node hardware, dynamic time-driven scheduling and the inclusion of fault tolerance mechanisms. By examining the major design decisions made in previous systems, the best attributes of these systems can be coalesced together to form the "ideal" real-time system. This paper examines such a system and the advantages and disadvantages of the design decisions involved.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4501-4504
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• 2012

In recent decades, decreasing trends in esophageal cancer mortality have been observed across China. We here describe esophageal cancer mortality trends in Linzhou city, a high-incidence region of esophageal cancer in China, during 1988-2010 and make a esophageal cancer mortality projection in the period 2011-2020 using a Bayesian approach. Age standardized mortality rates were estimated by direct standardization to the World population structure in 1985. A Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) analysis was carried out in order to investigate the effect of the age, period and birth cohort on esophageal cancer mortality in Linzhou during 1988-2010 and to estimate future trends for the period 2011-2020. Age-adjusted rates for men and women decreased from 1988 to 2005 and changed little thereafter. Risk increased from 30 years of age until the very elderly. Period effects showed little variation in risk throughout 1988-2010. In contrast, a cohort effect showed risk decreased greatly in later cohorts. Forecasting, based on BAPC modeling, resulted in a increasing burden of mortality and a decreasing age standardized mortality rate of esophageal cancer in Linzhou city. The decrease of esophageal cancer mortality risk since the 1930 cohort could be attributable to the improvements of socialeconomic environment and lifestyle. The standardized mortality rates of esophageal cancer should decrease continually. The effect of aging on the population could explain the increase in esophageal mortality projected for 2020.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.13-36
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to understand how the employee satisfaction effect to their turnover trends through the survey on the employee satisfaction and the turnover trend in the pastry and bakery department on the objection of the employee of the bakers of the luxurious hotels in Seoul area. The study was selected to study the luxurious hotels located in Seoul area and make the objection of the employee in the pastry and bakery kitchen. As the contents of the assumption of the study, the independent variable was ' the pastry and bakery employee's organizational factor ', and the dependant variables were ' job satisfaction of the pastry and bakery employee ', ' turnover trends of the pastry and bakery employee ' and implicates the comparison and the mutual relationship between variables to shows the confirmation of them. As the measurement tools, it adopted the reliability analysis, the technical statistics analysis, the frequency analysis, cross-section analysis and on the verification of the assumption, it was used linear regression analysis. The result of the study showed that the satisfaction degree toward the work schedule showed to be as the personal elements while the systematic organizational establishment and the management policy, the work capacity and the job placement, the cooperation with other parts and the operation of the work time showed to be as the organizational elements. The job satisfaction elements showed as the satisfaction on the system and the rule of the job, the satisfaction on the right and belonging, the satisfaction on the achievement and the communication. As regarded to the job turnover, the turnover intention concerned the opportunity, disappointment of assignment, general complaint, and work condition. Those were shown to be elements of the job satisfaction and the turnover of the employee. And also, that were necessary to manage the job satisfaction and the turnover of the employee concerning these factors.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 2018

The aim of this study is investigate the research trends by analyzing the researches related to Korean and international genetics in oncology nursing. We conducted a text network analysis focusing on the key words presented in the abstracts of papers published in journals related to genetics in oncology nursing. Nurse, Cancer, Genetic, Patient, Knowledge, Care, and Genetic Test were identified as keywords and centralized keywords. As a result of studying research trends over time, researches including keywords such as information, care, and knowledge have increased since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003. Key words classified through the meta paradigm of nursing were health, nursing, human, environment order. This study is meaningful in that it can be used to identify trends in tumor genetic nursing research and to set the direction of development of nursing intervention for hereditary cancer patients.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 2010

We analyzed global positioning system (GPS)-derived precipitable water vapor (PWV) trends of the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute 5 stations (Seoul, Daejeon, Mokpo, Milyang, Sokcho) where Korea Meteorological Administration meteorological data can be obtained at the same place. In the least squares analysis, the GPS PWV time series showed consistent positive trends (0.11 mm/year) over South Korea from 2000 to 2009. The annual increase of GPS PWV was comparable with the 0.17 mm/year and 0.02 mm/year from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Earth Observing Laboratory and Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder, respectively. For seasonal analysis, the increasing tendency was found by 0.05 mm/year, 0.16 mm/year, 0.04 mm/year in spring (March-May), summer (June-August) and winter (December-February), respectively. However, a negative trend (-0.14 mm/year) was seen in autumn (September-November). We examined the relationship between GPS PWV and temperature which is the one of the climatic elements. Two elements trends increased during the same period and the correlation coefficient was about 0.8. Also, we found the temperature rise has increased more GPS PWV and observed a stronger positive trend in summer than in winter. This is characterized by hot humid summer and cold dry winter of Korea climate and depending on the amount of water vapor the air contains at a certain temperature. In addition, it is assumed that GPS PWV positive trend is caused by increasing amount of saturated water vapor due to temperature rise in the Korean Peninsula. In the future, we plan to verify GPS PWV effectiveness as a tool to monitor changes in precipitable water through cause analysis of seasonal trends and indepth/long-term comparative analysis between GPS PWV and other climatic elements.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2018

Purpose - One of the biggest problems in the e-learning distribution process is the lack of quality content and learners' discredit in e-learning content. In order to respond to the various demands of the corporate education field appropriately, it is necessary to search for directions of new e-learning models that are out of traditional e-learning contents. The purpose of this study is to identify recent trend issues related to corporate e-learning and to suggest directions for development. Research design, data, and methodology - Based on the literature review, trend issues that should be considered important in corporate e-learning were derived. Online survey was conducted to evaluate the importance-feasibility of each issue to 13 experts on e-learning and corporate education. The contents of the questionnaire are as follows: 1) recognition of importance and feasibility of trend issues to be considered important in the future corporate education field; 2) factors to be considered in developing future e-learning contents. Results - Six trends derived from a comprehensive literature review. The most important e-learning trends for corporate education field were 'mobile learning', 'micro learning', 'blended learning', 'social learning', 'adaptive learning', 'engaged learning'. As a result of evaluating the importance and feasibility of each issue, experts point out that 'mobile learning' and 'micro learning' should be actively considered for introduction and utilization at present. In addition, 'social learning' and 'blended learning' need to be actively considered in the near future. On the other hand, experts recognized that 'adaptive learning' and 'engaged learning' need to be prepared from a long-term perspective. Conclusions - There are two main reasons for this result. First, in corporate e-learning, it is important to 1) be able to update on time, 2) the connection with the workplace is important. Second, it requires realistic verification of the expected performance of the learning model. To be considered part of the future are as follows: First, the value and effectiveness of the new e-learning type should be studied. Seconds, e-learning contents should be developed through adopting SAM or Agile methodology. Through this process, we would be able to enhance the quality in e-learning content.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.839-843
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• 2016

Background: Prostate cancer is second most common cancer in men overall in the world, whereas it is the third most common cancer in men and the sixth most common cancer in Iran. Few studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of prostate cancer in Iran. Since ethnicity of Iranian men is different from Asian people and given the epidemiologic and demographic transition taking place in Iran, this study aimed to investigate trends of incidence and morphology of prostate cancer during 2003 - 2008 in the country. Materials and Methods: Data were collected retrospectively reviewing all new prostate cancer patients in the Cancer Registry Center of the Health Deputy for Iran during a 6-year period. Also carcinoma, NOS and adenocarcinoma, NOS morphology were surveyed. Trends analysis of incidence and morphology was by joinpoint regression. Results: During the six years a total of 16,071 cases of prostate cancer were recorded in Iran. Most were adenocarcinomas at 95.2 percent. Trend analysis of incidence (ASR) There was a significant increase incidence, with annual percentage change (APC) of 17.3% and for morphology change percentage trends there was a significant decrease in adenocarcinoma with an APC of -1.24%. Conclusions: Prostate cancer is a disease of older men and the incidence is increasing in Iran. The most common morphology is adenocarcinoma this appears to be decreasing over time. Due to the changing lifestyles and the aging of the population, epidemiological studies and planning assessment of the etiology of prostate cancer and its early detection are essential.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2495-2502
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• 2012

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a disease with distinct ethnic and geographic distribution. The incidence of NPC in Chinese residing in Asia has declined over the last few decades, but NPC mortality trends in the entire Chinese population over time have not been systematically evaluated. In this study, we examined NPC mortality at the national level in China between 1973-2005. Mortality rates were derived from the databases of national retrospective surveys on cancer mortality conducted in the periods of 1973-1975, 1990-1992, and 2004-2005, respectively. NPC was classified according to the International classification of diseases. Age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated by direct standardization according to the world standard population. Trends in rates were evaluated by age, gender, geographic areas, and socioeconomic status. From 1973 to 2005, there was a general trend of decrease in NPC mortality in China, with higher rates in the south on a downward trend in the north. The age-standardized NPC mortality rates were 2.60 per 100,000 in 1973-1975, 1.94 per 100,000 in 1990-1992, and 1.30 per 100,000 in 2004-2005, respectively. The trend was similar in both men and women, in both urban and rural areas, but the declining rates in females were more remarkable than in males. The mortality rates were higher for the age groups above 50 years than those less than 50 years of age, both showing downward trend over 30-year period. In summary, the overall NPC mortality has consistently decreased in China over the past three decades, particularly in women and in old adults.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.281-286
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy of women worldwide. In Iraq, breast cancer ranks first among cancers diagnosed in women but no studies have been conducted on incidence trends. The present study of breast cancer in the country during 2000-2009 was therefore performed. Materials and Metbods: The registered data for breast cancer cases were collected from the Iraqi Cancer Registry/Ministry of Health. The significance of incidence rate trends during 2000-2009 was tested using Poisson regression. Age-standardized rates (ASR), and age-specific rates per 100,000 population were calculated. ResultS" A total of 23,792 incident breast cancer cases were registered among females aged ${\geq}15$ years, represented 33.8% of all cancers in females registered during 2000-2009. It ranked first in all the years. The median age at diagnosis was 49 and the mean age was 52 years. The incidence rate of all female breast cancer in Iraq (all ages) increased from 26.6 per 100,000 in 2000 to 31.5 per 100,000 in 2009 (APC=1.14%, p<.0001). The incidence in age groups (40-49), (50-59) and (70+) increased in earlier years and has recently (2005-2009) become stable. The incidence in age group (60-69) did not decline since 2003, while the incidence rates in the age group (15-39) started to decline in 2004. Conclusions' With the Iraqi Cancer Registry data during the period 2000-2009, the incidence of all female breast cancer in Iraq (all ages) has risen. We found rapid increase in the age specific incidence rate among age group 60-69. However, breast cancer among Iraqi women still affects younger age groups than their counterparts in developed countries. Further epidemiological research is needed to examine possible causes and prevention measures.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.385-390
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• 2014

Background: Lung cancer is the most frequent malignancy of men worldwide. In Ninawa in Iraq, lung cancer ranks first among cancers diagnosed in men. Since no prior studies have been conducted on incidence trends in our population the present investigation of rates during 2000-2010 was therefore performed. Materials and Methods: Registy data for lung cancer cases were collected from the Directorate of Health in Ninawa-Mosul Continuing Medical Education Center. We restricted our analyses to men categorized according to the age groups of 0- 39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and 70+ years. The significance of incidence rate trends during 2000-2010 was tested using Poisson regression. Age-standardized rates (ASR), and age-specific rates per 100,000 population were calculated. Results: A total of 1,206 incident lung cancer were registered among males, accounting for 15.5% of all male cancers registered during 2000-2010. It ranked first throughout the period. Median age at diagnosis was 69 (mean $66.8{\pm}11.0$) years. The incidence rate of all male lung cancers in Ninawa (all ages) decreased from 26.4 per 100,000 in 2000 to 12.7 in 2010 (APC=-6.55%, p<.0001). The incidences in age groups 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and 70+ decreased in earlier years and recently appeared (2007-2010) stable. The incidence in age group (0-39) remained stable between 2000-2010. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)was the most common type of lung cancer, while adenocarcinoma was relatively rare. Conclusions: With the data from Directorate of Health in Ninawa during the period 2000-2010, lung cancer is the most common cancer but generally declining. Among all age groups, the recent incidence of lung cancer remained stable. The SCC predominance suggests change in tobacco habits as an important factor in the trends observed.