• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.250-260
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• 2019

This study assessed clove germination, shoot growth, photosynthesis and bulb development of southern-type garlic (Allium sativum L.) in a temperature gradient tunnel (TGT), to examine the impacts of increases in temperature on the growth of garlic and find a way to minimize them. The temperatures in the middle and outlet of the TGT were 3.2℃ and 5.8℃ higher, respectively, than the ambient temperature at the tunnel inlet. The germination of garlic cloves was late at temperatures of ambient+3℃ (in the middle of the TGT) and ambient+6℃ (at the outlet) than at ambient temperature (at the inlet). However, bolting and the timing of maximum leaf number per plant were faster at ambient+3℃ or +6℃ than at ambient temperature. Shoot growth was generally greater at ambient temperature. Bulb growth did not significantly differ according to cultivation temperatures, but fresh and dry weights were slightly higher at ambient temperature and ambient+3℃ in the late growth stage. The photosynthesis rate (A), stomatal conductance (g_s), and transpiration rate (E) were higher at ambient+3℃ than at ambient temperature. Furthermore, at ambient+3℃, the net photosynthetic rate (A_max) was high, while the dark respiration rate (R_d) was low. At ambient temperature and ambient+3℃, bulb development was healthier, resulting in better productivity and more commercial bulbs, while at ambient+6℃, the bulbs were small and secondary cloves developed, resulting in low commercial value. Therefore, at elevated temperatures caused by global warming, it is necessary to meet the low-temperature requirements before clove sowing, or to delay the sowing time, to improve germination rate and increase yield. The harvest should also be advanced to escape high-temperature stress in the bulb development stage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.147-157
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• 1973

I. The effect of excessive soil moisture(at the time of germination) on germination of barley and crop damage of herbicides was investigated. Machete(Butachlor) and TOK(Nitrofen) were treated, respectively, at the rate of 150g ai/10a on each pot whose different soil moisture content was controlled by suppling 30, 40, 50 and 60ml of water per 100gr of air-dried soil, respectively. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Excessive soil moisture beyond field moisture capacity caused great inhibition, from 20 to 100%, of the germination of barley even at untreated pots(check pots). Also, further development of root and growth of barley were greatly inhibited even though the seeds germinated. 2. The same tendency in inhibition of germination and growth as at untreated pots was observed at treated pots, too. As a whole, however, the damage were heavier at treated pots. II. Wanju naked spring barley was seeded on four different soils and covered with soil to a depth of 1 em, and then Machete, TOK, Saturn and HE-314 were treated at the rate of 180, 150 and 200, 150, and 250g ai/10a, respectively, and the effect of soil texture on crop damage of the herbicides was investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Machete(emulsion and granule, at 180g ai/10a) The degree of crop damage was quite different from one soil texture to another: while almost no crop damage was observed on a clay loam soil regardless of the type of formulation, the damage became heavier as the soil texture became sandier as sandy clay loam, volcanic ash loam and sandy loam, and great inhibition of growth was observed on sandy loam soil. In general heavier damage was caused by the application of emulsion than by granular formulation. 2. TOK(Wettable powder, at 150, 250g ai/l0a) Almost the same tendency as in the application of Machete was observed, and the damage became heavier as the application rate increased. 3. Saturn(at l50g ai/l0a) No great difference in crop damage among soil textures was observed. 4. HE-3l4(at 250g ai/l0a) Almost no difference in crop damage among soil textures was observed at this rate of 250g ai/l0a. III. To study a difference of crop damage on soil covering depth(4 levels), 9 herbicides(TOK, MO, HE-3l4, Machete, Saturn, Simetryne, Simazine, Gesaran, Lorox) were treated on the pots with two different soils, and the effect of soil covering depth on crop damage of the herbicides was investigated. The results obtained in this experiment are summarized as follows: Light Clay Soil 1. The growth of barley in relation to depth of soil covering at check pots followed the order vigorous to weak; lcm>1.5cm>0.5cm>0cm. And in case of 0 and 0.5cm covering the growth of barley was very poor. 2. The damage at 0 and 0.5cm covering at treated pots was very severe, but Saturn, Machete, MO and TOK at 100 to l50g ai/l0a, respectively and He-3l4 at 250 to 375g ai/l0a were relatively safe to barley at the depths of lcm and above. 3. Simazine, Lorox and Simetryne caused slight damage even at 1.5cm covering. Sandy Loam Soil The growth of barley in relation to depth of soil covering at untreated pots followed the order, from vigorous to weak; 1.5cm 0.5cm 3cm 5cm. While MO was safe to barley at 1.5cm covering, for other chemicals more than 3cm covering was require for safe use. Machete and Saturn at 100g ai/l0a, and HE-3l4 at 250g ai/l0a was relatively safe at more than 3cm covering. Simazine, Lorox, Simetryne and Gesaran were unsafe on sandy soil regardless of covering depth.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2011

Germination conditions were evaluated to obtain barley containing a high content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and quality characteristics of saccharified materials manufactured using germinated barley were investigated. Water absorption content of barley increased but pH of the steeping solution decreased with increasing steeping time at all steeping temperatures. The changes in water absorption content and pH were highest at a steeping temperature of $25^{\circ}C$. The highest GABA content was obtained at a steeping condition of $25^{\circ}C$ for 20 h. The highest GABA content was obtained for a germination condition of $5^{\circ}C$ for 36 h after steeping, resulting in an increase of 7.4 times more GABA contents than that in raw material. The pH of saccarified materials decreased but titratable acidity, amino type nitrogen content, and ammonia type nitrogen content increased during the saccharification period. GABA content of saccarified materials increased with increasing saccharification period, resulting in the highest GABA content from saccarified materials containing germinated barley.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.283-288
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• 2006

Characteristics of the rootstock formation and flower bud differentiation according to sowing time for production of the high quality rootstock in Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) was investigated. The flower bud initiation was on the 17th of July after sowing in April, the 2nd of July after sowing in May, the 30th of July after sowing in June and the 1st of October after sowing in July. But they didn't differentiate after sowing in August and September. The days required from germination to flower bud initiation and accumulated temperature depended on the weather. If the outside air temperature was high, the days required were less, If the outside air temperature was low, the days required were greater, the accumulated temperature was similar to the days required in this experement, too. The rootstock sown from April to July wasn't good enough to be use because the flower bud differentiation was generated before harvestable weight. the weight of rootstock was sown in September wasn't heavy enough in weight because the outside air temperature was too low for it to grow well. The plant grows slow and steady through out winter. The rootstock sown in August was havestable 200g in 90 days after sowing before the flower bud differentiated. The best sowing time for the production of high quality rootstock of Chico in the climate of Korea is researched to be August.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2012

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of polymer, calcium, perlite and chitosan on the growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., PR) and to provide a basic information needed for their practical application when establishing garden, parks, athletic field and golf courses with these materials. A total of 24 treatment combinations were applied in the study. Treatments were made of water-swelling polymer (WSP), calcium, perlite and chitosan mixed in soil organic amendment (SOA). Germination rate, turfgrass coverage, turfgrass density and top growth were evaluated in PR under greenhouse conditions. Significant differences were observed for these growth characteristics among the treatments. Turfgrass density and plant height, evaluated on a weekly basis, varied with time after seeding. A proper mixing rate of WSP was considered to be lower 3% for the growth of PR with an exception of being below 6% for turfgrass density. Germination rate and early survival capacity were greatly influenced by calcium and chitosan among the elements of calcium, perlite, and chitosan. But there was little effect by perlite. Calcium and chitosan were most effective one for turfgrass density and coverage, respectively. Top leaf-growth was influenced by all three elements, but the greatest effect was highly linked with calcium. Chitosan was very effective in early germination and vertical leaf growth, as compared with the others. Future studies are required for measuring the effect of WSP, calcium, perlite and chitosan on the turf growth characteristics in root zone mixtures of sand+SOA before a practical field use.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2009

These experiments were conducted to improve the effect of seed disinfection on rice seed severely infected Bakanae disease by seed soaking into mixed solution of prochloraz EC and fludioxonil FS. We investigated the effects of various concentrations of two fungicides mixed solution on spore germination and mycelial growth of Fusarium fujikuroi. Mycelial growth was inhibited 100% at $10{\mu}g$/ml of prochloraz and 33.3% at $80{\mu}g$/ml of fludioxonil. Spore germination was inhibited 81.4% at $40{\mu}g$/ml of prochloraz. Interestingly, mixed solution of $5{\mu}g$/ml or $10{\mu}g$/ml of each fungicide inhibitied 100% of mycelial growoth and 99.2% of spore germination, respectively. Severely infected rice seeds soaked into mixed solution composed of $125{\mu}l$/ml of prochloraz and $50{\mu}l$/ml of fludioxonil showed 2.1% of disease symptoms compared to 20.4% of prochloraz $125{\mu}l$/ml, but higher concentrations of prochloraz decreased the seedling stand rate. When the seed soaking time was longer and temperature was higher, control effect on Bakanae disease was improved, but seedling stand was lower about 80% over $35^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.65-82
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• 2011

In order to evaluate the weed suppressing effect of Solanum viarum Dunal. In this study species diversity in patch of S. viarum and allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts on S. viarum were investigated. Number of species and species diversity in site close to patch of S. viarum were decreased gradually 1site ($7.7{\pm}2.0,\;1.5{\pm}0.2$), 2site ($5.3{\pm}1.2,\;1.2{\pm}0.2$) and 3site ($4.0{\pm}1.7,\;0.9{\pm}0.1$). And total phenolic compounds of soil in survey area were increased gradually site1 ($0.16{\pm}0.01mg\;g^{-1}$), site2 ($0.17{\pm}0.01mg\;g^{-1}$) and site3 ($0.22{\pm}0.02mg\;g^{-1}$). So the number of species and species diversity (r=-0.692, P<0.05) were negatively correlated with increased total phenolic compounds of soil in the survey area. The relative germination ratio, the mean germination time, the relative elongation ratio, the fresh weight and the dry weight of receptor plants are generally getting decreased while the concentration of the aqueous extracts from S. viarum escalate. But every ratio was various depending on the growing regions, the kind of receptor plants and the treatment of the aqueous extracts. Especially, the radicle by injection of the aqueous extracts concentration of S. viarum was influenced more than the shoot on the same condition. The total phenolic compounds on region of S. viarum was gradually increased in stems (fresh $0.56{\pm}0.02mg\;g^{-1}$, dry $1.58{\pm}0.08mg\;g^{-1}$), roots (fresh $1.77{\pm}0.07mg\;g^{-1}$, dry $2.64{\pm}0.06mg\;g^{-1}$), leaves (fresh $6.01{\pm}0.14mg\;g^{-1}$, dry $7.04{\pm}0.29mg\;g^{-1}$), seeds (fresh $6.21{\pm}0.17mg\;g^{-1}$, dry $9.08{\pm}0.73mg\;g^{-1}$) in order. On the contrary, the negative correlation on germination and growth of receptor plants was shown by total phenolic compounds on the each parts of S. viarum. We think that the aqueous extracts of S. viarum showed allelopathic effects on other plants. Therefore, S. viarum holds the higher competitiveness in plant community in Jeju Island and makes possibility of application as natural herbicide.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1701-1708
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• 2007

Seed pelleting is generally conducted in order to save the labor for sowing and thinning by enabling the precision mechanical planting. In the present study, the influence of physical and chemical properties of pelleting solid materials was investigated on carrot seed germination. Among the pelleting solid materials evaluated, dialite, kaolin, and talc showed low bulk density and high porosity. Bentonite and dialite carried high water holding capacities of 184% and 173%, respectively, while calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, and fly ash showed relatively low water holding capacity. The pH of kaolin (6.8) and dialite (7.4) were close to neutral, while limestone (12.8), calcium oxide (13.0), and bentonite (10.0) were highly basic. High electro-conductivity was shown in limestone and calcium oxide. EDS analysis revealed that the main elemental compositions of talc were Si (71.0%) and Mg (29.0%), and those of calcium carbonate were Ca (66.6%), Si (22.9%), and Mg (10.5%). High granulation capacity was observed from talc and the mixture of talc and calcium carbonate. Seeds pelleted with bentonite showed the highest hardness. The dissolving type of the pellet layer after imbibition was split type in talc, limestone, zeolite, and fly ash, melt type in calcium carbonate and calcium oxide, and swell type in bentonite and vermiculite. The shortest dissolving time of pellet layer was observed from calcium carbonate and kaolin. The germination speed $(T_{50})$ was delayed as the size of pelleted seeds increased. The optimum size of pelleting was 19 ratio in carrot.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.31-31
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• 2017

Understanding the mechanism(s) to overcome or prevent seed ageing deterioration during storage is of fundamental interest to seed physiologists. Vitamin E (tocols) is known as a key metabolite to efficiently scavenge lipid peroxy radicals which cause membrane breakdown resulting in seed ageing. However, in rice research this hypothesis has been tested for very few lines only without considering intraspecific variation in genomic structure. Here, we present a correlation study between tocols and seed longevity using a diverse rice panel. Seeds of 20 rice accessions held in the International Rice Genebank at the International Rice Research Institute, representing aus, indica, temperate japonica and tropical japonica subpopulations, were used for tocols analysis (quantification of ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, ${\gamma}$-, ${\delta}$-tocopherol/tocotrienol by ultra performance liquid chromatography) and storage experiments at $45^{\circ}C$ and 10.9% seed moisture content (sample taken for germination testing every 3 days up to 60 days). To examine interactions between DNA sequences and phenotype, the 700k high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism marker data-set was utilized. Both seed longevity (time for viability to fall to 50%; $p_{50}$) and tocols content varied across subpopulations due to heterogeneity in the genetic architecture. Among eight types of tocol homologues, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocotrienol were significantly correlated with $p_{50}$ (negatively and positively, respectively). While temperate japonica varieties were most abundant in ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, indica varieties recorded 1.3 to 1.7-fold higher ${\gamma}$-tocotrienol than those of other subpopulations. It was highlighted that specific ratio of tocol homologues rather than total tocols content plays an important role in the seed longevity mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.21-32
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• 2011

The effects of high polymer on the seedling survival were investigated in three major turfgrasses. Twelve treatments were used in the study with different rates of sand, soil organic amendment (SOA), and water-swelling polymer (WSP). Turfgrass seedling survival rate was evaluated in creeping bentgrass (CB), Kentucky bluegrass (KB), and zoysiagrass (Zoy) grown under greenhouse conditions. Significant differences were observed among the treatments. Seedling survival rates were variable in CB, KB, and Zoy according to mixing rates of SOA and WSP, being maximum 20.2% in differences. At 6 weeks after seeding, the survival rates ranged from 0.6 to 61.9% in CB, 4.2 to 75.3% in KB and 1.7 to 82.1% in Zoy. A pattern of seedling emergence varied with time among treatments influenced by WSP rates. A proper mixing rate of WSP is considered to be 5% for CB and 5 to 10% for KB and Zoy. In general, overall effect of WSP on seedling survival was clearly observed in the mixtures of sand 80% and SOA 20% in CB. The best result, however, was found from the mixture of sand 85% and SOA 15% in both KB and Zoy. When mixing sand with WSP, a proper rate of SOA is considered to be 20% for CB and 15 to 20% for KB, while 10 to 15% for Zoy. A further research is needed to investigate the effects of WSP on the turf quality in mixtures of sand, SOA, and WSP before a field application.