This study was conducted to determine the effects of the selection of an appropriate sowing method in on ginseng growth, and the results are as follows. SAS (semi-automatic sower), commonly used by direct seeding farms, provides fast operation speed but results in high labor cost, while (Hooper Seeder Sowing) offers fast operation speed and high germination rate, but leads to increased laborer's fatigue. Daily working area per sower was 6,611 ㎡ for a motor type, and the operation time to sow 3,305 ㎡ was 15 hours for broadcast planting, and 8 hours for SAS. The germination rate of 1-year-old ginseng according to direct seeding was 69.1% for the treatment plot under broadcast planting, followed by 66.4% and 67.3% for manual sower and hoop sower, respectively, and the germination rate of SAS was the lowest at 64.2%. In addition, there were no differences in shoot and root growth of 1-year-old ginseng among the sowing methods. Therefore, the sowing method can be chosen depending on the economic size of ginseng farmers. That broadcast sowing (BS) is appropriate for small scale farmers, while motor-driven seeder sowing (MDS) for direct seeding is more suitable for large scale farmers.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is an annual crop belonging to Poaceae, and is the fifth-largest crop after maize, wheat, rice, and barley. This study was conducted to establish an efficient seed sterilization method to manage fungal or bacterial infections of germinating sorghum seeds. Two varieties of sorghum seeds (BTx623 and SAP317) were treated with benomyl-thiram and thiophanate-methyl triflumizole which are known to be effective disinfectants for sorghum seeds. For SAP317, the highest germination rate was accomplished with 24-hour treatment of both chemicals at a 200× dilution rate. For BTx623, the highest germination rate was observed after 24-hour treatment at a 200×/400× dilution rate for benomyl-thiram and control/200× for thiophanate-methyl triflumizole. Consequently, the optimal treatment for the seed disinfection in sorghum seeds may be at the dilution rate of 200× or 400× for 24 hours.
Artificial acid rain (pH 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) and ground was treated on the seeded pots of 4 species to examine its effects on germination and survival rate, seedling growth and contact angles on needle surface. Artificial acid rain was prepared by diluting sulfuric acid with ground water and ground water (pH 6.5) was used as control. Artificial acid rain was sprayed to seeded pots two or three times per week for growing season, one times per week for winter seasons. About 5mm of artificial acid rain was treated each time from early April, 1991 to early October, 1993. Germination and survival rate, soil acidity, seedling growth and contact angles on the needle surface were measured and compared among the treatments. The results were summarized as follows ; Artificial acid rain might have positive effects on growth-related characteristics of the seedlings in the first and second year of acid rain treatment, and the effects were differed among four species. All growth-related characteristics of the seedlings in third year, however, decreased with decrease of pH values of artificial acid rain. This was considered to the results of acidic accumulation over soil buffer capacity. Needle injury and biomass (defoliation) was correlated with the pH values of artificial acid rain, and this character might be a good criteria for early diagnosis of acid rain injury. The differences of soil acidity were significant among the treatments for all species. Contact angles between needle surface and water droplet decreased with decrease of pH values of artificial acid rain. Measuring and comparing contact angles might be very good criteria for early diagnosis of acid rain injury.
The seed quality testing for Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis), their pre-germination and embryo growing process were investigated and the abnormal embryo groups were discriminated by the use of soft X-ray photograph. The study results were as follows ; 1. The embryo reflection was clearly observed for air dried seeds (moisture content was 6.3%) at 30 sec, stratificated seeds at 60 sec (moisture content 24.0-36.0%) and immature seed (moisture content 41.0-64.0%) at 90sec., then the photographing variation for soft X-ray was the radiographing distance at 42cm focus M, voltage 19.5 K.V.P. and Ampere 8 mA. By the above result, the radiographing time for discriminating the embryo reflection was increased by the increase of moisture content in the seeds. 2. The embryo reflection could be clearly observed from the last ten days of June and the embryo length ratio to endosperm length was growing to 65% at the first ten days of September. By the result obtained the soft X-ray photograph was thought to be effective method for the study of inner morphology of seeds. 3. The clear reflection seeds for embryo and endorsperm were observed to 69.7% and the seeds were practically germinated to 75.2% The difference in number between the discriminated seeds by the soft X-ray photograph and the practically germinated seeds was only 6%. According to this results, the soft X-ray photograph was thought to be a effective methods for the germination diagnosis in the shortest time and with the exactness comparatively. 4. Because of the possibility of clearness for observation of pre-germination process, the soft X-ray photograph could be used for the study on the physiology of seed germination. 5. The frequency of abnormal embryos was observed of total 4.4% and their types and subtypes could be classified into twenty groups. Among these groups, single abnormal embryo type was divided into eight subtypes and observed of 2.0 percent, twin embryo was six subtypes and 1.8 percent, triple embryo was five subtypes and 0.5 percent, and inverse type was 0.12 percent.
Uhm, Mi Jeong;Kim, Chi Seon;Kim, Eun Ji;Jung, Hyun Soo;Kim, Jeong Man
Journal of Bio-Environment Control
/
v.27
no.3
/
pp.245-252
/
2018
Yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) is a subtropical plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, and is a tuberous vegetable used as various food material with a crisp and juicy taste. This study was conducted to seek optimum sowing time of yam bean in Korea. For this, we surveyed germination properties by the different temperatures and compared the accumulation temperature (AT) and dry matter production (DMP) on growth stages of yam bean by the different sowing times. Two types of varieties cultivated mainly in Korea, Thailand local variety (TLV) and Cheongunmanma cultivar (CGMM), was used. The germination rate of yam bean was 86.0~94.0% at above 18∘C, and germination days was longer at lower temperature. The times for flowering and tuber formation of CGMM were later than those of TLV, and the AT required for flowering, tuber formation and hypertrophy of CGMM were higher than those of TLV by 293∘C, 280∘C and 108∘C, respectively. Also, DMP of shoot and tuber in CGMM were greater than those in TLV. In sowing at April 25, tuber formation was slower than sowing after that time, and harvest index (HI) was relatively low due to delayed formation and hypertrophy of tuber. In sowing after June 9, DMP of shoot was relatively greater in early growth, but tuber was not sufficient to enlarge due to lack of growth days by cold and frost in late October. In sowing May 10 and 25, DMP of tuber and HI were the highest, because the change of day length and temperature gave an advantage to vegetable growth and tuber development. All above suggest that it was suitable to sow seeds on May for increment of tuber productivity in Korea.
Half-sib seeds and one-year-old seedlings of Ginkgo biloba were treated with various simulated acid rains (pH 2.0, pH 3.0, pH 4.0 and pH 5.0) to examine the effects of acid rain on seed germination and seedling growth. The seeds were sown in a pot (4500cm3) containing one of three different soils (nursery soil, mixed soil and sandy soil) and the seedlings were grown in the same pots as the seeds. Simulated acid rain was made by diluting sulfuric and nitric acid solution (H2SO4: HNO3 = 3:1, V/V) with tap water and tap water (pH6.4), and treated by 5mm each time for three minutes during the growing seasons (April to October 1985 and April to August 1986). Acid rain treatments were done three times per week to potted seeds and seedlings by spraying the solutions. The seed germination, seedling growth and physiological characteristics of potted seedlings were compared among three soil types as well as among the various pH levels. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. Seed germination of Ginkgo biloba decreased significantly at pH 2.0 level in the field test, and also at the levels of both pH 2.0 and pH 3.0 in the laboratory test, compared to that at control. 2. For two-year-old seedlings, total, top and root dry weights per seedling were significantly different among the three soil types and among the levels of pH, and shoot growth was different only among the levels of pH. 3. For one-year-old seedlings, height and total and stem-branch dry weights per seedling were significantly different among the levels of pH.
Kim, Woo-Kap;Park, Hong-Duok;Kim, Eun-Soo;Han, Sung-Sik
Applied Microscopy
/
v.9
no.1
/
pp.57-69
/
1979
The ultrastructural changes of embryo and endosperm cells were observed during the green fruit with embryo about 250μ long to germination. 1. In the embryo cells of green fruit with embryo about 250μ long, mitochondrial cristae and plastid are undifferentiated and dictyosome are occasionally observed. There are electron-opaque globoids in the vacuole and a lot of spherosomes in the outer layer of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Endosperm is filled with spherosomes and electron-opaque protein bodies surrounded by spherosomes, and due to these, other organelle are not observed. 2. In the embryo cells of seeds with red seed coat, mitochondrial cristae are well developed, electron-opaque globoids increased, and vacuoles are enlarged. In the endosperm, however, spherosomes increased, protein bodies are enlarged, and electron-opaque globoidal crystals are dispersed within them. 3. In the procambium and epicotyl cells of dehiscent seed, Golgi vacuoles and vesicles are well developed, and mitochondrial cristae are also well differentiated. Spherosomes are numerously present and radicle cells, peripheral cells of hypocotyl, and vacuoles of cotyledon are well differentiated. Endosperm is filled with spherosomes containing electron-opaque granules and protein bodies are surrounded by a single membrane. There are acid phosphatase around globoids and spherosomes. 4. At the time of seeding, spherosomes markedly increased in the outer layer of cotyledon and protein bodies are also observed. Cell organelles are differentiated and plastids containing starch are also present. 5. In the outer 2∼3 layers of cotyledons, radicle cells, and peripheral cells of hypocotyl during post-seeding to germination, spherosomes and plastids with starch increased, and mitochondria and microbodies are also found around the nucleus of embryo cells. With approaching, the germination stage, in the endosperm contacting with embryo, vacuoles are well differentiated but spherosomes decreased. There increased electron-opaque materials within vacuoles. In other endosperm, with the decrease of spherosome, mitochondria increased and electro n-opaque globular bodies are formed and gradually increased. The outer layer of protein bodies are reduced while electron-transparent portions are enlarged and fused together to occupy the outer layer where small particles are formed. 6. In the endosperm of germination stage, spherosomes decreased while protein bodies, are fused together to form 2 or 3 within a cell.
This study was conducted to transfer the potato virus Y-necrosis strain resistance from Nicotiana africana to Nicotiana tabacum (cv. NC82) N. africana was crossed with NC82, GErmination of the cotyledon stage, at which time most of the seedling died. However, surviving seedlings continued to grow normally. Chromosomes of the these interspecific self-sterile F1 hybrids were doubled by tissue culture. Amphidiploid of F1 hybrid was self-fertile. Starting with amphidipliod, a wystematic backcross (BC) program was set up with NC82 as recurrent parent. In the BC5C2 generation, the resistant plant was selected. This resistant line, KF8833-1, had 48 chromosome and secreting glandular trichomes. It flowered 2days later than NC82, and stalk height, leaves per plant, leaf length and leaf width were similar to those of NC82.
Pressure inactivation behavior of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores was investigated in deionized water. The spores of B. amyloliquefaciens were subjected to 105∘C and 700 MPa. The magnitude of the decrease in viability after pressure treatment was similar to that after pressure treatment followed by heat shock. The increase of dipicolinic acid (DPA) release was correlated with the spore inactivation, and the hydrophobicity did not significantly change during the pressure-assisted thermal processing (PATP). Lag phase duration increased with increasing pressure process time. The mechanisms of spore germination and inactivation during the PATP were related to a complex physiological process.
Herbicides have been used to control weeds for decades. If detoxification upon exposure to herbicides requires considerable amounts of energy, it could affect the pattern of resource allocation to growth and reproduction of crops. We examined the effects of three levels of a herbicide (Control, Low, and High) on germination, growth and reproductive characters of Glycine max treated twice, i.e., before and after seed germination. Since flowering time of G. max was separated into two groups, flowering time was also considered as a variable in this study. The rate of seed germination tended to be higher at the low level of herbicide compared to other levels. Chlorosis and shape variation of leaves were apparent after the second herbicide treatment, but completely disappeared after six weeks of treatment. The herbicide effects on growth characters were somewhat different between early and late flowering plants, but plants treated with both low and high levels of herbicide reduced their growth compared to those in the control group regardless of flowering time. Plants at the high level of herbicide exhibited the highest growth rate later in the season, suggesting that plants compensated to some extent for reduced growth. However, growth reduction among plants at the high level of herbicide was persistent until the end of growing season. Among plants flowered late in the season, plants in the control level bore a higher number of nodules per plant than those in other levels; such a pattern did not exist among plants flowered early in the season. Plants treated with low and high levels of herbicide produced a lower number of flowers than those in the control. Thus, the herbicide examined affected not only the growth and reproductive characters of non-target crops but also the development and growth of root nodules.
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