• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.81 no.6
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• pp.737-750
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• 2022

Timber-Concrete Composite construction system consists of combining timber beam or deck and concrete with different connectors. Different fastener types are used in Timber-Concrete Composite systems. In this paper, the effects of two types of fasteners on structural behavior are compared. First, the notches were opened on timber beam, and combined with reinforced concrete slab by fasteners. This system is called as Notched Connection System. Then, timber beam and reinforced concrete slab were combined by new type designed fasteners in another model. This system is called as Notched-Slab Approach. Two laboratory models were constructed and bending tests were performed to examine the fasteners' effectiveness. Bending test results have shown that heavy damage to concrete slab occurs in Notched Connection System applications and the system becomes unusable. However, in Notched-Slab Approach applications, the damage concentrated on the fastener in the metal notch created in the slab, and no damage occurred in the concrete slab. In addition, non-destructive experimental measurements were conducted to determine the dynamic characteristics. To validate the experimental results, initial finite element models of both systems were constituted in ANSYS software using orthotropic material properties, and numerical dynamic characteristics were calculated. Finite element models of Timber-Concrete Composite systems are updated to minimize the differences by manual model updating procedure using some uncertain parameters such as material properties and boundary conditions.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2020

This paper reflects on the structural design of Haut; a 21-storey high-end residential development in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Construction started in 2019 and is in progress at the time of writing. Upon completion in 2021, Haut will be the first residential building in the Netherlands to achieve a 'BREEAM-outstanding' classification. The building will reach a height of 73 m, making it the highest timber structure in the Netherlands. It contains some 14.500 ㎡ of predominantly residential functions. It features a hybrid concrete-timber stability system and concrete-timber floor panels. This paper describes the concepts behind the structural design for Haut and will touch upon the main challenges that have arisen from the specific combination of characteristics of the project. The paper describes the design of the stability system and -floor system, the analysis of differential movements between concrete and timber structures and wind vibrations. The paper aims to show how the design team has met these specific challenges by implementing a holistic design approach and integrating market knowledge at an early stage of the design.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.173-189
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• 2005

The paper presents a finite element model for studying timber-concrete composite beams under long-term loading. Both deformability of connection system and rheological behaviour of concrete, timber and connection are fully considered. The creep of component materials and the influence of moisture content on the creep of timber and connection, the so-called "mechano-sorptive" effect, are evaluated by means of accurate linear models. The solution is obtained by applying an effective step-by-step procedure in time, which does not require storing the whole stress history in some points in order to account for the creep behaviour. Hence the proposed method is suitable for analyses of composite beams subjected to complex loading and thermo-hygrometric histories. The possibility to accurately predict the long-term response is then shown by comparing numerical and experimental results for different tests.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.293-308
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• 2015

Interaction between the external thin-walled steel tube and the internal concrete core significantly increases the bending resistance of composite beams and beam-columns in comparison with the steel or concrete members. There is presented a developed method for design of hollow and solid concrete-filled steel tubular beams based on test data, which gives better agreement with test results than EC4 because its limitation to take an increase in strength of concrete caused by confinement contradicts the recommendation of 6.7.2(4) that full composite action up to failure may be assumed between steel and concrete components of the member. Good agreement between the results of carried out experimental, numerical and theoretical investigations allows recommending the proposed method to use in design practice.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.541-547
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• 2011

Korean building industry was developed by concrete and steel construction. However, concrete and steel have some problems which low carbon storage capability and difficulty of recycling. According to many studies, timber has high carbon storage capability, high recycling capability and sustainable supporting capability. Focus on this factors of timber, make new wall structure as Green Timber Wall panels and check the shear performance to use wall system in housing construction such as light-weight timber construction and nondearing wall on other construction. In the results, B-4-B and B-4-S show similar modulus of shear stiffness on the table. GH-4-GH has slip shape failure mode between Green Timber Wall boards. GH-4-GV has most stable characteristic curve than other specimens.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 2020

An innovative high-rise timber-concrete hybrid structure was proposed in previous research, which is composed of the concrete frame-tube structure and the prefabricated timber modules as main structure and substructures, respectively. Considering that the timber substructures are built on the concrete floors at a different height, the floor response spectrum is more effective in estimating the seismic response of substructures. In this paper, the floor response spectra of the hybrid structure with different structural parameters were calculated using dynamic time-history analysis. Firstly, one simplified model that can well predict the seismic response of the hybrid structure was proposed and validated. Then the construction site, the mass ratio and the frequency ratio of the main-sub structure, and the damping ratio of the substructures were discussed. The results demonstrate that the peaks of the floor response spectra usually occur near the vibration periods of the whole structure, among which the first two peaks stand out; In most cases, the acceleration amplification effect on substructures tends to be more evident when the construction site is farther from the fault rupture; On the other hand, the acceleration response of substructures can be effectively reduced with an appropriate increase in the mass ratio of the main-sub structure and the damping ratio of the substructures; However, the frequency ratio of the main-sub structure has no discernible effect on the floor response spectra. This study investigates the characteristics of the floor response spectrum of the novel timber-concrete structure, which supports the future applications of such hybrid structure in high-rise buildings.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2023

The use of Engineered Wood Systems (EWS), especially mass-timber, as a structural alternative or complement to steel and concrete is gaining interest and acceptance across different sectors of architecture, engineering, and construction, including in high-rise buildings. Focussing on the Australian context, this study examines the levels of adoption and barriers to using timber as a primary structural material in multi-storey buildings. Data collected from semi-structured interviews with stakeholders at the forefront of adoption in structural design, construction, and property development indicates that timber in multi-storey projects in Australia still faces industry-wide challenges. Designers' awareness and attitudes towards timber adoption are generally positive and suitable for flagship projects, including tall buildings, but for enduring and widespread impact, long-term investment in education within and outside the range of stakeholders already committed to promoting timber adoption is needed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.537-565
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• 2016

Australian railway networks possess a large amount of aging timber components and need to replace them in excess of 280 thousands $m^3$ per year. The relatively high turnover of timber sleepers (crossties in a plain track), bearers (skeleton ties in a turnout), and transoms (bridge cross beams) is responsible for producing greenhouse gas emissions 6 times greater than an equivalent reinforced concrete counterparts. This paper presents an innovative solution for the replacement of aging timber transoms installed on existing railway bridges along with the incorporation of a continuous walkway platform, which is proven to provide environmental, safety and financial benefits. Recent developments for alternative composite materials to replace timber components in railway infrastructure construction and maintenance demonstrate some compatibility issues with track stiffness as well as structural and geometrical track systems. Structural concrete are generally used for new railway bridges where the comparatively thicker and heavier fixed slab track systems can be accommodated. This study firstly demonstrates a novel and resilient alterative by incorporating steel-concrete composite slab theory and combines the capabilities of being precast and modulated, in order to reduce the depth, weight and required installation time relative to conventional concrete direct-fixation track slab systems. Clear benefits of the new steel-concrete composites are the maintainability and constructability, especially for existing railway bridges (or brown fields). Critical considerations in the design and finite element modelling for performance benchmarking of composite structures and their failure modes are highlighted in this paper, altogether with risks, compatibilities and compliances.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2013

In this study, a dwelling type of Korea and Japan was compared, and consumption rate of domestic timber and its usage was also investigated. In Korea, dwelling type of apartment which constructed by iron and steel-concrete is main shared, but a detached house which is shared at 60% of dwelling type of Japan is mainly constructed by timber. And the rate of the consumption of domestic wood in Japan is 73%. In Japan, there is an effort to substitute imported wood to domestic timber through the promotion of using of domestic timber. Whereas the needs on using of domestic timber gradually emerged. So, the legal about sustainable use of wood is approved by the National Assembly on May 2012. There is not active movement in the aspect of using of domestic timber yet. These causes to the geographical and environmental characteristics, but industry, policy, and the difference of recognize on domestic timber utilization is thought to do greater influence. Hence, it is recommended to make a portfolio of both balanced domestic timber usage and the change of awareness of people by referring to the example of Japan.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2019

This paper assesses the structural performance (force-slip response, slip modulus, and failure modes) of a CLT-concrete composite by conducting fifteen push-out test specimens. In addition, non-linear 3D finite element analysis was also developed to simulate the load-slip behavior of the CLT-concrete specimens under shear load. All 15 test specimens simulating the effect of concrete thickness, connection angle and penetration depth with four different shear connector types were built and tested to evaluate the flexural performance. Experimental results show that the maximum shear capacity for the composite action is obtained when the fixing angle is $90^{\circ}$ and the penetration depth of 95mm for SC normal screw was used to achieve ductile failure compared to other shear connectors.