• 한국어병학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2005

본 실험에서 잉어를 대상으로 CPF, NRF 및 OXA등의 약제를 어체당 20 mg/kg 현탁액을 경구투여 후에 1-96 시간 경시적으로 약물의 동태를 조사 하였다. 각 약제별 최고장기농도도달시간은 간장 (8 h), 혈액 (12 h), 신장(12 h) 및 근육 (24 h) 이었다. 각 약제별 최대농도는 CPF (13.8-19.6 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$), NRF (11.8-15.9 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$), 및 OXA (10.8-13.9 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$)순으로 나타났다. 약제농도는 최고치의 도달 이후 빠르게 소실되다가 48-96 h는 완만한 감소를 보였으며, 이때 장기별 약제농도는 근육 (3.3-6.3 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$)> 간장 (2.5-5.5 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$)> 신장 (2.3-4.2 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$) > 혈장 (2.1-3.0 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$)순으로 나타났다. 한편, OXA의 경우 다른 약제에 비해서 약물의 정체기가 나타났다. 즉 혈중은 12-36 h;, 고농도저류대 (24 hr; 10.9-8.8 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$), 근육은 36-96 h에 중간농도대 (60 hr; 8.5-5.8 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$) 및 간장은 12-96 h에 저농도대 (84 hr; 6.8-3.3 ${\mu}g$/$m\ell$)등이 형성되었다.약제의 혈중농도에 대한 각 장기농도비 (간장;L, 신장;K, 및 근육;M / 혈액;B)는 시간대에 따라 차이를 보였다. CPF는 즉 L>K>M (0.65-1.2/0.82-0.93/1.0-1.7)순으로 시간대별로 차이가 없었다. NRF는 시간대별로 1-8 h 및 12-24 h L>K>M (0.65-1.3/0.86-1.0)순이었으나, 36 h 이후 L>M>K (0.89-1.26)순이었다. OXA의 있어서는 1-8 h에는 L>K>M (0.95-2.1), 12-36에는 M>K>L (0.51-1.0) 및 48-96 h에는 M>L>K (1.0-2.3)으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1303-1310
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• 2009

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary zinc level on growth performance and immune function in normal (Experiment 1) and immunologically challenged (Experiment 2) weanling pigs. Treatments consisted of the following: i) a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 36.75 mg/kg total Zn, ii) basal diet+60 mg/kg added Zn as $ZnSO_{4}$, iii) basal diet+120 mg/kg added Zn as $ZnSO_{4}$. Each diet was fed to six pens of four pigs per pen (Exp. 1) or six pens of three pigs per pen (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, the dietary zinc level had no effect on average daily growth (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), or feed conversion ratio (FCR). Concentrations of tissue and serum zinc were not affected. Peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation (PBLP) was not affected by dietary treatments. Supplementation of 120 mg/kg Zn decreased (p<0.05) the antibody response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) on d 7 compared with pigs fed the basal diet, but not on d 14. In Exp. 2, LPS challenge had no effect on ADG, ADFI and FCR in the entire trial (from d 0 to 21). LPS challenge significantly decreased ADG and ADFI (p<0.01) from d 7 to 14, but FCR was not affected. LPS challenge increased PBLP (p<0.05) and serum concentration of interleukin-1 (IL-1) (p<0.01), whereas the antibody response to BSA and serum concentration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) were not affected. Supplementation of Zn did not affect ADFI and FCR from d 7 to 14, but there was a trend for ADG to be enhanced with Zn supplementation (p<0.10). Supplementation of Zn tended to increase PBLP (p<0.10). Dietary treatment had no effect on the antibody response to BSA or concentrations of serum IL-1 and IL-2. Results indicate that the level of Zn recommended by NRC (1998) for weanling pigs was sufficient for optimal growth performance and immune responses. Zn requirements may be higher for pigs experiencing an acute phase response than for healthy pigs.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제43권12호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2006

본 설계에서는 무선 랜 등 최첨단 무선 통신 및 고급영상 처리 시스템과 같이 고해상도와 높은 신호처리속도, 저전력 및 소면적을 동시에 요구하는 고성능 집적시스템 응용을 위해 기존의 보정기법을 사용하지 않는 14b 70MS/s 0.13um CMOS A/D 변환기(Analog-to-Digital Converts- ADC)를 제안한다. 제안하는 がU는 중요한 커패시터 열에 인접신호에 덜 민감한 3차원 완전 대칭 구조의 레이아웃 기법으로 소자 부정합에 의한 영향을 최소화하였고, 3단 파이프라인 구조로 고해상도와 높은 신호처리속도와 함께 전력 소모 및 면적을 최적화하였다. 입력 단 SHA 회로에는 Nyquist 입력에서도 14비트 이상의 정확도로 신호를 샘플링하기 위해 게이트-부트스트래핑 (gate-bootstrapping) 회로를 적용함과 동시에 트랜스컨덕턴스 비율을 적절히 조정한 2단 증폭기를 사용하여 14비트에 필요한 높은 DC전압 이득을 얻음과 동시에 충분한 위상 여유를 갖도록 하였으며, 최종 단 6b flash ADC에는 6비트 정확도 구현을 위해 2단 오픈-루프 오프셋 샘플링 기법을 적용하였으며, 기준 전류 및 전압 발생기는 온-칩으로 집적하여 잡음을 최소화하면서 필요시 선택적으로 다른 크기의 기준 전압 값을 외부에서 인가할 수 있도록 하였다. 제안하는 시제품 ADC는 0.13um CMOS 공정으로 요구되는 2.5V 전원 전압 인가를 위해 최소 채널길이는 0.35um를 사용하여 제작되었으며, 측정된 DNL 및 INL은 14비트 해상도에서 각각 0.65LSB, 1.80LSB의 수준을 보이며, 70MS/s의 샘플링 속도에서 최대 SNDR 및 SFDR은 각각 66dB, 81dB를 보여준다. 시제품 ADC의 칩 면적은 $3.3mm^2$이며 전력 소모는 2.5V 전원 전압에서 235mW이다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2007

2006년 국내 각 지역으로부터 수집된 재래종 옥수수 유전자원을 관행방법에 의해 파종하고 주 요특성별로 분포도를 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 수집된 유전자원에 대한 발아율은 대부분 80~100%이상의 분포를 보였으나, 일부 수집계통에 는 30% 미만의 극히 저조한 발아율을 보였다. 2. 수집자원에 대한 초기생육을 살펴보면 극히 생육이 저조한 것이 40% 정도를 보였고, 극히 우수한 자원은 3%미만으로 나타났다. 3. 간장은 대부분이 150~199cm범위에 55%가 분포하고 있었으나, 100cm이하가 5%, 250cm 이상이 8%로 나타나 수집종간에 큰 차이를 보였다. 4. 주당 분얼수는 1개 미만이 40%의 분포를 보였으나, 일부 수집종에서 2 내지 3개의 분얼수를 보이는 계통이 확인되었다. 5. 개화소요일수는 61~64일의 범위에서 40%, 57~60일의 범위에서 30%의 분포를 보였으며, 특히 일부 수집종의 경우 55일 이하의 극조생종도 10% 정도의 분포를 보였다. 6. 이삭길이는 대부분 11~15cm범위에 60%가 포함되어 있으나, 일부계통에서 5cm미만이 2%, 16~20cm의 이삭길이도 10%가 분포하였다.

• 공업화학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 2015

이산화탄소 포집 및 활용(CCU)은 화석연료 시 배출되는 온실가스인 $CO_2$ 저감과 이용을 위해 잠재력을 가지고 있는 기술이다. 이산화탄소를 분해하기 위해 3상 글라이딩 아크 플라즈마-촉매 반응기를 설계 및 제작하였다. 이산화탄소 저감 특성 실험은 단일 이산화탄소 가스 공급 유량 변화와 이산화탄소와 메탄 혼합 주입에 따른 주입 전력 변화, 촉매 그리고 수증기 공급 변화에 대해 연구를 수행하였다. 단일 이산화탄소 공급 유량이 12 L/min에서 분해율이 7.9%, 에너지 분해 효율은 $0.0013L/min{\cdot}W$로 나타났다. 이산화탄소 분해됨에 따라 일산화탄소와 산소가 생성된다. 메탄과 이산화탄소 혼합가스를 주입 시 $CH_4/CO_2$ 비 1.29, 주입 전력 0.76 kW에서 이산화탄소 분해율과 메탄 전환율이 각각 37.8, 56.6%를 보였다. $NiO/Al_2O_3$ 촉매 설치 시, 플라스마 단독 공정에 비해 이산화탄소 분해율 및 메탄 전환율이 11.5, 9.9% 증가한다. 수증기 공급으로 인한 이산화탄소 분해 효과에는 큰 영향을 주지 못한다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.991-998
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• 2010

소듐냉각 고속로 내부기기 배치 변경에 의한 초기냉각 성능변화를 검토하기 위하여 중간열교환기의 수직배치가 다른 3개의 원자로를 대상으로 COMMIX-1AR/P 코드를 활용한 다차원 해석을 수행하였다. 원통좌표계의 중심축을 기준으로 원주방향의 1/4 부분만을 모델링하고 정상상태 및 과도상태 분석을 수행하여 IHX 수직배치 변화가 초기 냉각 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였고, DHX를 통한 후기 냉각 모드 개시 시점에 미치는 영향도 분석하였다. 분석 결과 IHX 수직배치 상승은 원자로 풀내부 자연 순환 유량을 증가시켜 초기 냉각과정에서 노심 최고 온도의 급격한 상승을 방지할 수 있으며, 초기냉각 성능을 향상시키기 위한 관성회전차의 가용설계재원의 범위도 확대시킨다. 또한 IHX 수직배치 상승은 후기냉각모드에 큰 영향을 주지 않으면서 초기냉각성능의 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.171-185
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• 2002

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the spine distortion and self-conscious pain in high school students. Method : Using the phase-shifting moire developed by KAIST(Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) we measured the back surface distortion, and using questionnaire investigation, we investigated the self-conscious pain in 30 high school students(17 boy students and 13 girl students). Results : This study show that low back pain was most cases, and next headache, upper back pain, abdominal pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, leg pain, chest pain and gluteal pain. The ratio of each self-conscious pain was 90.0%, 86.7%, 83.3%, 83.3%, 80.0%, 76.7%, 66.7%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 30.0%. In remainder value of left and right shoulder, above of 3.0 were three students., above 2.0 to bellow 3.0 were 10 students, bellow 2.0 were 17 students. In remainder value of left and right gluteal, above of 2.0 was one students, above 1.0 to bellow 2.0 were 18 students, bellow 1.0 were 10 students. In remainder value of cervical vertical line to left and right axillae, above 4.0 was 1 student, above 3.0 to bellow 2.0 were 2 students, above 2.0 to bellow 3.0 were 3 students, above 1.0 to bellow 2.0 were 16 students, bellow 1.0 were 7 students. In remainder value of gluteal vertical line to left and right axillae, above 6.0 was 1 student, above 5.0 to bellow 6.0 were 7 students, above 4.0 to bellow 5.0 were 3 students, above 3.0 to bellow 4.0 were 2 students, above 2.0 to bellow 3.0 were 5 students, above 1.0 to bellow 2.0 were 7 students, bellow 1.0 were 5 students. In remainder value of cervical vertical line to gluteal vertical line, above 40 was 1 student, above 3.0 to bellow 4.0 were 4 students, above 3.0 to bellow 3.0 were 6 students, above 1.0 to bellow 2.0 were 8 students, bellow 1.0 were 11 students. Conclusion : It is suggested that the significant correlation exist between the spinal distortion and self-conscious pain. And we can find many cases as spinal distortion in high school students also. We have to study further more about juvenile postural distortion and it's prevention.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.1172-1179
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• 2020

As a Lagrangian particle method, Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method has great capability to capture interface/surface. In recent years, the multiphase flow simulation using MPS method has become one of the important directions of its developments. In this study, some key methods for multiphase flow have been introduced. The interface tension model in multiphase flow is modified to maintain the smooth of the interface and suitable for the three-phase flow. The mass transfer at immiscible liquid interface entrained by single bubble which could occur in Molten Core-Concrete Interaction (MCCI) has been investigated using this particle method. With the increase of bubble size, the height of entrainment column also increases, but the time of film rupture is slightly different. With the increase of density ratio between the two liquids, the height of entrained column decreases significantly due to the decreasing buoyancy of the denser liquid in the lighter liquid. In addition, the larger the interface tension coefficient is, the more rapidly the entrained denser liquid falls. This study validates that the MPS method has shown great performance for multiphase flow simulation. Besides, the influence of physical parameters on the mass transfer at immiscible interface has also been investigated in this study.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2018

PURPOSE. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate, for the first time, the effects of addition of titania nanotubes ($n-TiO_2$) to poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) on mechanical properties of PMMA denture base. MATERIALS AND METHODS. $TiO_2$ nanotubes were prepared using alkaline hydrothermal process. Obtained nanotubes were assessed using FESEM-EDX, XRD, and FT-IR. For 3 experiments of this study (fracture toughness, three-point bending flexural strength, and Vickers microhardness), 135 specimens were prepared according to ISO 20795-1:2013 (n of each experiment=45). For each experiment, PMMA was mixed with 0% (control), 2.5 wt%, and 5 wt% nanotubes. From each $TiO_2$:PMMA ratio, 15 specimens were fabricated for each experiment. Effects of $n-TiO_2$ addition on 3 mechanical properties were assessed using Pearson, ANOVA, and Tukey tests. RESULTS. SEM images of $n-TiO_2$ exhibited the presence of elongated tubular structures. The XRD pattern of synthesized $n-TiO_2$ represented the anatase crystal phase of $TiO_2$. Moderate to very strong significant positive correlations were observed between the concentration of $n-TiO_2$ and each of the 3 physicomechanical properties of PMMA (Pearson's P value ${\leq}.001$, correlation coefficient ranging between 0.5 and 0.9). Flexural strength and hardness values of specimens modified with both 2.5 and 5 wt% $n-TiO_2$ were significantly higher than those of control ($P{\leq}.001$). Fracture toughness of samples reinforced with 5 wt% $n-TiO_2$ (but not those of 2.5% $n-TiO_2$) was higher than control (P=.002). CONCLUSION. Titania nanotubes were successfully introduced for the first time as a means of enhancing the hardness, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of denture base PMMA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{R}$) supplementation in combination with enzyme complex (composed of enzymes targeted to SBM dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{R}$) to diet with low nutrient levels on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total of 210 crossbred weaned pigs (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc), 6.68$\pm$0.98 kg of initial body weight, were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments, based on weight and age, according to a randomized complete block design. There were three pens per treatment and 14 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were 1) CON (Control diet with no phytase and enzyme complex (EC)), 2) LP+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower available phosphorus (aP) level+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 3) LP+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP level+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex, 4) LPEA+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels (lysine, methionine, threonine and typtophan)+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 5) LPEA+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/ kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex). For the determination of ileal nutrients digestibility, a total of 15 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; 7.52$\pm$1.24 kg; 3 replicates per treatment) were used in the present study. Piglets were weighted and allotted into same dietary treatments as one in growth trial and phase I experimental diets were provided for ileal digestibility study. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among dietary treatments during the whole experimental period (0 to 5 weeks). However, piglets in LP+EC 100 group had a significantly higher gain/feed ratio (G:F) than piglets had in control (p<0.05). Crude protein, energy and phosphorus digestibilities were significantly improved when both of phytase and enzyme complex were supplemented at the revel of 0.1%, respectively to diets with low nutrient level (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) (p<0.05). Piglets in LP+EC 100 and LPEA+EC 100 groups showed significantly higher phosphorus content (%) in bone than that of piglets in control group (p<0.05). Supplementation of both of phytase and enzyme complex at 0.1%, respectively, to diet with low nutrient levels (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) significantly improved total ileal essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid digestibilities compared to control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest that the simultaneous inclusion of phytase and enzyme complex to diets at recommended level is advantageous with respect to improving growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs and may contribute to increased economic return when added to corn-soy based weaned pig diets.