• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.107-117
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• 1998

The cultivation for development of Ascaris suum from the second-stage larvae($L_2$) embryonated egg and the third-stage of rat-derived larvae($L_3$) recovered from lung of rats were performed to use the screening test of anthelmintics in vitro. The preparations of larvae for cultivation were that the artificially-hatched $L_2$ incubated the embryonated eggs of Ascaris suum in 0.1% formalin solution at $25^{\circ}C$ for 28 days and the rat-derived larvae($L_3$) recovered from the lung of rat infected with the embryonated eggs of Ascaris suum on 7 days after infection(DAI). The cultivation for development of Ascaris suum from the embryonated eggs($L_2$) and the rat-derived larvae($L_3$) for 14 days in RPMI medium 1640(with 5% bovine calf serum) were as follows : 1. The sizes of the liberated larvae($L_2$) which were artificially hatched from embryonated eggs with glass beads(diameter 5mm) were $190{\sim}250{\mu}m$ on 1 days in culture(DIC). The second-stage larvae were molted into third-stage larvae(early $L_3$; $250{\sim}300{\mu}m$) and the features of these larvae were first observed such as cephalic cuticle, esophageal lumen and anus etc. on 5 DIC and the sizes of late third-stage larvae were $250{\sim}450{\mu}m$ on 10 DIC. The sizes of early fourth-stage larvae($L_4$) were $500{\sim}700{\mu}m$ and the features of these larvae were more pronounced in internal organs on 15 DIC. 2. The sizes of third-stage larvae($L_3$) recovered from the lung of rats were $1,340{\sim}1,370{\mu}m$ and the feartures of cephalic cuticle, esophageal lumen, intestine, rectum, anus were visualized by inverted microscope on 1 DIC. The fourth-stage larva($L_4$) completed by third ecdysis were recognizable and sizes of early fourth-stage larvae were developed as $1,400{\sim}2,200{\mu}m$ on 5 DIC. The sizes of middle fourth-stage of larva were $1,900{\sim}2,300{\mu}m$ and the thickened epithelial rectum was observed on 10 DIC. The rectum and anus of late fourth-stage larva($L_4$ $2,500{\sim}3,200{\mu}m$) had developed completely in RPMI medium 1640 on 15 DIC.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.161-168
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• 1996

중국산 수입 미꾸리로부터 획득한 악구충 유충의 형태학적 특징을 관찰하고 종 동정하고자 하였다. Early third-stage larva($EL_3$)는 중국산 미꾸리의 내장에서 분리 수집하였고 advanced third-stage larva($AdL_3$)는 $EL_3$를 마우스에 실험감염시킨 후 4주에 회수하였다 미꾸리 및 마우 스로부터 획득한 충체들을 10% formalin으로 고정하였고 alcohol-glycerin 용액을 거쳐 glycerinfelly로 봉입한 후 관찰 및 계측하였다. 총 9 493마리의 중국산 미꾸리를 조사하였던 바 총 369마리의 $EL_3$가 검출되었다. $EL_3$는 평균 0.624{\;}{\times}{\;}0.101 mm 크기이었고 체표면에 약 190 줄의 가로주름(transverse striation)이 나 있었으며 각 주름에는 미세한 가시(cuticularspine)들 이 일정한 간격으로 배열되어 있었다. 충체의 전단에는 1쌍의 구순이 돌출되어 있었고 그 뒤로 근 육성의 인두(평균 0.229 mal)와 갈색의 장이 이어졌으며 후단 근처의 복측에 항문이 개구하였다 특징적인 head bulb(평균 0.034{\;}{\times}{\;}0.071 mm)에는 소구(hooklets)가 평균 36 7개, 39.5개, 41.6개 및 44.3개씩 4줄 배열되어 있었고 head bulb 바로 뒤에는 2쌍의 cervical sac(평균 0.133 mm)이 인두를 따라 길이로 배열되어 있었다. AdLB는 평균 $2.660{\;}{\times}{\;}0.346{\;}mm$ 크기이었고 충체 전단의 구순 특징적인 head bulb(평균 $0.097{\;}{\times}{\;}0.193{\;}mm$), 근육성의 인두(평균 0.755 mm), 2쌍의 cewicalsac(평균 0.355 mm). 갈색의 장 등을 가지고 있었다 대부분의 충체 head bulb에는 소구가 평균 39.0개, 41 9개, 43.9개 및 45.6개씩 4줄 배열되어 있었으나 몇 몇 충체에서는 5번째 줄에 3~7개의 소구가 배열되어 있었다. 이상의 형태학적 특징 및 계측치를 토대로 하여 중국산 수입 미꾸리와 실험감염 마우스로부터 획득한 악구충을 돼지악구충 (Gnathostoma hispidum)의 제3기 유충으로 동정하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.589-594
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• 1998

The in vitro screening tests against the in vitro cultivated $L_3$ of Ascaris suum (in vitro $L_3$), which were cultivated from the embryonated egg to third-stage larva on 7 days in culture(DIC) and the in vivo rat's lung-derived $L_3$ of Ascaris suum (in vivo $L_3$), which were recovered from the lungs of rat on 7 days after infection, carried out in order to compare the anthelmintic efficacy of in vitro $L_3$ and that of in vivo $L_3$ in RPMI medium 1640 with 5% bovine calf serum. And also a screening test of efficacy against adult worms of Trichuris suis performed. The efficacies of screening tests were as follows : 1. The screening efficacies of abamectin and ivermectin against the in vitro $L_3$ were all 100% at the 10ppm concentration in RPMI medium 1640 on 5 DIC. 2. The screening efficacies of abamectin and ivermectin against the in vivo $L_3$ were all 100% at the 20ppm on 5 DIC or at 40ppm on 3 DIC. 3. The screening efficacies of abamectin and ivermectin against the adult worms of Trichuris suis were all 100% at 20ppm on 4 DIC. And therefore, the in vitro cultivated $L_3$ of Ascaris suum were used in the screening test as well as the in vivo rat's lung-derived $L_3$ of Ascaris suum. And also the adult worms such as Trichuris suis and filaroids which is small size and difficult to cultivate to vitro, were used in the screening test in vitro.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2011

The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1996

중국산 수입 미꾸리에서 검출한 돼지악구충(Gnnthostoma hispidum)의 early third-stage larva($EL_3$)와 $EL_3$를 마우스에 실험감염시킨 후 4주에 회수한 advanced third-stage larva($AdL_3$)의 표피 미세구조를 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였다 미꾸리 및 마우스로부터 획득한 충체들을 0.1 M cacodylate buffer로 몇 차례 씻고 2.5% glutaraldehyde 용액으로 고정하였으며 탈수. 건조. 표면처리 등의 과정을 거친 후 한국 ISI사의 DS-l30C 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하 였다. 충체의 전단에는 반달 모양의 구순이 구강을 중심으로 좌우에 1쌍 돌출되어 있었으며 각 구 순에는 한 개의 작은 amphid를 중심으로 양쪽에 labial papillae가 한 개씩 존재하였다 Head bulb에 배열되어 있는 모든 소구들은 끝이 날카롭고 후방으로 휘어져 있었으며 갈고리 모양이었다. ELB의 전 체표면에는 가로주름(transverse striation)이 나 있었고 각 주름에는 피극(cuticular spine)들이 일정한 간격으로 배열되어 있었다. 충체의 앞 부위 체표면에는 길이 약 $1.8{\m\textrm{m}}$의 둔단인 피극이. 중간부위와 후반부의 체표면에는 약 0.75Mn 길이의 피극이 배열되어 있었다. AdL3의 앞 부위 체표면에는 길이 약 4.5 pm의 끝이 뽀족한 피극이, 중간 부위에는 약 $1.75{\m\textrm{m}}$ 길이의 피극이 배열되어 있었으며 됫 부위 체표면에는 벨벳형의 체표주름(velvety cuticular folds)과 미세한 피극이 분포하였다. 충체의 정중면 7번과 8번 가로주름 사이에 한 개의 cewicalpapilla가 분포하였고 후방 약 114지점에서 한 개의 bodypapilla가 관찰되었다. 타원형 와 배설공은 17번과 18번 가로주름 사이에서 개구하였다. 이상에서 $EL_3$와 AdL3 간에 성장 발육 에 따른 미세구조의 차이는 인정되나 근본적인 것은 대동소이하다. 그러나 관찰된 특징적인 SEM 소견들이 악구충의 유충 감별에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.201-204
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• 1985

The author reared the bandwinged grasshoppers, Oedaleus infernalis infernalis in the growth cabinet controlled as temperature of 25。C and 30。C under the conditiion of photoperiod 16L:8D, light intensity 510$\pm$240lux, relative humidity 65$\pm$3%. The results are summarized as follows: The female has six instars and male five instars. The larva reared in the temperature of 25。C died at the second larva stage, and the development to the third instar was impossible. The developmental periods of the egg stage of both sexes in the 30。C are 24.06 days. In the larval development periods, the fourth statge (19.73 days) was longer than that of any stage, and the second stage has the shortest period (9.9 days) in female. In male, the developmental period (9.59 days). The total developmental periods of female and male from the egg to the fifth instar were approximately 95.02 and 95.04 days, respectively. The total developmental period of female was as long as the period (15.75 days) of sixth instar which is not in the male. The survivorship curve in the temperature of 30。C shows concave type.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2011

Four cases of gastric or intestinal myiasis are reported. The cases contain 2 males (1 child 10 years old, and 1 adult 40 years old) and 2 females (1 girl 18 years old, and 1 adult 50 years old) from Minia Governorate, Southern Egypt. Three of them, including cases no. 1, 3, and 4, were gastric myiasis, and complained of offensive hematemesis of bright red blood. Minute moving worms, larvae of the fly, were found in the vomitus. On the other hand, case no. 2 had intestinal myiasis, and complained of abdominal distention, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The stool of case 2 was mixed with blood, and minute moving worms were observed in the stool. Endoscopy was performed to explore any pathological changes in the stomach of the patients. The larvae were collected and studied macroscopically, microscopically, and using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify their species. Three different types of larvae were identified. The larvae isolated from case 1 were diagnosed as the second stage larvae of Sarcophaga species, and the larvae isolated from case 2 were the third stage larvae of Sarcophaga species. On the other hand, the larvae isolated from cases 3 and 4 were diagnosed as the third stage larvae of Oestrus species.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.695-699
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• 2020

Present study was performed to know the infection status of Gnathostoma sp. larvae in swamp eels from Cambodia. We purchased total 30 Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, from local markets in Pursat and Takeo Provinces and Phnom Penh on May and November 2017 and May 2018. All collected eels were transferred to our laboratory with ice and each of them was examined by artificial digestion method. A total of 15 larval gnathostomes (1-5 larvae) were detected from 55.6% (5/9) swamp eels in Pursat Province. No larval gnathostomes were found in 21 swamp eels in Takeo Province and Phnom Penh. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL3) detected were 2.575-3.825 (3.250) mm in length and 0.375-0.425 (0.386) mm in width. They had the characteristic head bulb (av. 0.104×0.218 mm) with 4 rows of hooklets, long muscular esophagus (1.048 mm), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.615 mm). The number of hooklets in 4 rows on the head bulb was 41, 44, 47, and 50. In scanning electron microscopy, characteristic features were 4 rows of hooklets on the head bulb, cervical papillae, tegumental spines regularly arranged in transverse striations, and anus. The larval gnathostomes were identified as AdL3 of Gnathostoma spinigerum based on the morphological characters. By the present study, it has been confirmed that G. spinigerum larvae are infected in Asian swamp eels, M. albus, in Pursat Province, Cambodia.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.619-625
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• 2015

The present study was performed to determine the infection status of swamp eels with Gnathostoma sp. larvae in Myanmar. We purchased total 37 Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, from a local market in Yangon in June and December 2013 and 2014. All collected eels were transferred with ice to our laboratory and each of them was examined by the artificial digestion technique. A total of 401 larval gnathostomes (1-96 larvae/eel) were detected in 33 (89.2%) swamp eels. Most of the larvae (n=383; 95.5%) were found in the muscle. The remaining 18 larvae were detected in the viscera. The advanced third-stage larvae ($AdL_3$) were 2.3-4.4 mm long and 0.25-0.425 mm wide. The characteristic head bulb ($0.093{\times}0.221mm$ in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, muscular long esophagus (1.025 mm), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.574 mm) were observed by light microscopy. The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. As scanning electron microscopic findings, the characteristic 4-5 rows of hooklets on the head bulb, a cervical papilla, tegumental spines regularly arranged in the transverse striations, and an anus were well observed. Based on these morphological characters, they were identified as the AdL3 of Gnathostoma spinigerum. By the present study, it has been confirmed for the first time that Asian swamp eels, M. albus, from Yangon, Myanmar are heavily infected with G. spinigerum larvae.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1998

Strongyloides venezuelensis을 자유생활형 유충을 얻고자, 쥐의 분변 물질을 첨가한 영양 배지를 polyvinyl bag에 넣어 배양하는 배양기술을 확립하였다 포화식염수법으로 회수한 충란의 부화율은 배양 온도에 따라서 다르게 관찰되었는데 (Y = $-0.192X^2$ + 8.673x - 19.550, r = 0.901) $^25{\circ}C$에서 100% 부화율을 나타내었지만 온도가 낮거나 높아도 감소되는 양상을 나타내었다. 회수 한 충란 $^20{\circ}C$에서 5일간 관찰하였을 때 자유생활형 유충으로의 발육률은 영양 배지의 농도를 증가시키면 증가하여 0 12%에서 최고치를 보이다가 다시 낮아지는 양상을 보여 (Y = $-864.032X^2$ + 245.995X - 0.560, r = 0.875), 감염형 3기 유충($L_3$)으로의 발육률은 배양 온도에 따라서 다르게 관찰되었다 즉, $^25{\circ}C$에서 가장 높아서 20%에 달하며 $15^{\circ}C$는 10.9%, 그리고 $^20{\circ}C$에서는 18.1%로 나타났다 (Y = $-0.189X^2$ + 8.387x - 72 795 r = 0.981). 그렇지만 감염 유충으로 성장하는데 필요한 기간도 역시 온도의 변화와 관련이 있어 온도가 높으 면 높을수록 소요되는 시간이 잔게 나타났다 (Y = $0.035X^2$ - 2.025X + 32.375, r = 0.995) 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 감염 유충의 최대 회수율 (19.2%)은 15,000개를 polyvinyl bag에 0.12% 영양 배지와 더불어 $^25{\circ}C$에서 5일간 배양하였을 때 얻을 수 있었다. 이처럼 새로이 고안한 Skonavloides 속의 기생충 배양 기술은 화학 물질, 구충제, 제초제에 대한 선별검사와 기생충과 관련된 면역학적 연구에 생물학적 도구로서 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 저자는 S. venezuelensis의 국문 이름을 베네수엘라분선충으로 제안한다.