• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 1995

The relative distribution ratio of barbiturates between hyarocarbon interior and surface region of outer monolayer of synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles (RSPMV) isolated from rat whole brain was determined by employing the fluorescent probe technique. The two fluorescent probes N- octadecylnaphthyl-2-amine-6-sulfonic acid (ONS) and 12-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic acid (AS) were utilized as probes for hydrocarbon interior and surface of outer monolayer of RSPMV. respectively. The Stern-Volmer equation for fluorescent quenching was modified to calculate the relative distribution ratio. The analysis of preferential quenching of these probes by barbiturates indicates that pentobarbital, hexobarbital, amobarbital and phenobarbital are predominantly distributed on the surface region. whereas thiopental sodium has an accessibility to the hydrocarbon interior of the outer monolayer of the RSPMV. From these results, it is strongly suggested that the more effective penetration into the hydrocarbon interior of the outer monolayer of the membrane lipid bilayer could result in higher general anesthetic activity.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1982

Zizyphus seed(Zizyphus vulgaris Lamark var. Spinosus Bunge) has long been used as hypnotics and sedatives in oriental medicine, and it is reported that the Zizyphus seed elicited a variety of pharmacologic actions besides CNS depression. Present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Zizyphus seed on the central nervous system and on the blood pressure. The effect of Zizyphus seed on the central nervous system was measured by the influence of thiopental sleeping time and by inhibition of chemical convulsion (strychnine and pentylenetetrazol induced). Blood pressure changes by Zizyphus extract and its mode of action were investigated. The ground Zizyphus seed was extracted with hexane and methanol, consecutively and the supernatants were discarded. The precipitate was re-extracted with distilled water and the supernatant was evaporated to a dark-brownish sticky liquid, which was used as Zizyphus seed extract in this study after dissolving in saline prior to experiment. The results are as follows. 1) Zizyphus seed extract caused marked prolongation of the thiopental sleeping time in mice. 2) The chemical convulsion by strychnine and pentylenetetrazol, and the mortality by them in chicks were not affected by pretreatment of Zizyphus seed extract. 3) Zizyphus seed extract produced transient fall of blood pressure in the cat, and this hypotentive effect was blocked partially by atropine but not affected by bilateral vagotomy and/or hexamethonium, nor propranolol and, chlorpheniramine and/or cimetidine. With the above results, it may be suggested that the water extract of Zizyphus seeds contains components producing CNS depression and hypotension. Furthermore it is felt that the cholinergic effect, but not the adrenergic or histaminergic, is partly responsible for the hypotensive effect of Zizyphus seed extract.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.205-226
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• 1997

Sanpoongdan(SPD) has been known effective on infantile convulsive disorders in clinical field of oriental medicine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-convulsive, sedation and analgesic effects of SPD in mouse. The anticonvulsive effect was evaluated In mice treated with pentylenetetrazol, stychnine, and picrotoxin. For the sedative effect, observations were made on the sleeping time induced by thiopental sodium and pentobarbital sodium following oral administration of SPD. Furthermore, reduction of spontaneous movements and ataxia using rota rod method were evaluated. Analgesic effects on the writhing syndrome induced by acetic acid and on hindlimb pain induced by pressure were also observed. The findings were as follows : 1. The solid extracts of SPD revealed no effect on convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol, strychnine, and picrotoxin. 2. Thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time was prolonged by the administration of the solid extracts of SPD, but this result was devoid of statistical significance. 3. The oral administration of SPD enhanced the sleeping induced by pentobarbital sodium. 4. Spontaneous movements were significantly depressed following the oral administration of the solid extracts of SPD. 5. Ataxia was not shown in rota rod method following the oral administration of the solid extracts of SPD. 6. The solid extracts of SPD showed positive analgesic effects on the acetic acid-induced writhing syndrome. 7. The solid extracts of SPD raised the threshold of the hindlimb pressure pain, but the result was not statistically significant. From the results, it can be concluded that SPD has sedative and analgesic effects.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.832-837
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• 1999

lntrarenal resistive index (RI) was determined in normal, sedated and diuretic kidneys. The mean RI values of normal dogs were $0.64{\pm}0.03$ without statistically significant difference between left and right kidney. Interrenal RI difference (${\Delta}RI$) was $0.03{\pm}0.01$. No significant relationship was found between mean intrarenal RI versus body weight. The mean intrarenal RI values after administration of acepromazine, xylazine, thiopental, and ketamine were $0.66{\pm}0.03$, $0.64{\pm}0.03$, $0.56{\pm}0.05$, and $0.50{\pm}0.05$, respectively. After administration of acepromazine or xylazine, a significant change of the RI was not found. But, a significant decrease of the RI following thiopental or ketamine administration could be observed as compared with the normal RI. The mean intrarenal RI values were $0.63{\pm}0.06$ and $0.62{\pm}0.04$ at 10 minutes and 30 minutes after injection of furosemide, respectively. No significant change of intrarenal RI was found after administration of furosemide. But, mannitol significantly decreased mean intrarenal RI to $0.57{\pm}0.02$ and $0.58{\pm}0.03$ at 30 minutes and 60 minutes, respectively. Based on the obtained results, values of 0.72 and 0.05 may be proposed as the reasonable upper limits of RI and ${\Delta}RI$ of normal average. Acepromazine or xylazine are recommended as anesthetics for renal diseases because they have less effect on the RI. Further study using mannitol injection to increase ${\Delta}RI$ may be suggested in unilateral urinary tract obstruction since mannitol more effectively changed mean RI than furosemide.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.106-112
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Bee Venom Herb-Acupuncture on the jaw opening reflex evoked by tooth pulp stimulation. Rats were anesthetized with thiopental sodium given intraperitoneally in an initial dose of 80mg/kg. Maintenance doses of 5mg/kg thiopental sodium were given through a cannular in the femoral vein as required to maintain light anesthesia. To apply noxious stimuli, a pair of enameled wires were inserted into the tooth pulp of the lower incisor. The effects of conditioning stimuli were estimated as an indicator of the degree of suppression of the digastric muscle electromyogram(dEMG) in the jaw opening reflex. Bee Venom Herb- Acupuncture(0.2% solution 0.1ml/rat) was injected to Hapgok(LI4) loci. In addition, Normal Saline (0.1ml/rat) was injected to Hapgok loci so as to compare the degree of suppression elicited from Bee-Venom. By administration of Bee Venom Herb-Acupuncture, the amplitude of dEMG was maximally suppressed to $67.5{\pm}3.38%$ ipsilaterally, 73.33{\pm}8.00%$ contralaterally. Generally, the dEMG activities caused by electrical stimulation were gradually suppressed during the stimulation and maximal suppressive effect showed at 15min after its onset. However the dEMG activities by Be Venom Herb-Acupuncture were immediately suppressed after its onset and the suppressive effect continued for a long time compared to electrical stimulation. In conclusion, Bee Venom Herb-Acupuncture may have a different mechanism of analgesia from that of electro-acupuncture and contribute to the modulation of pain analgesia.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 1985

It is well known that intracranial pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) are increased by laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation during induction of general anesthesia, and It may be very dangerous in neurosurgical patients who had increased ICP. Therefore, this study was performed to know the range of ICP increase during induction of the conventional general anesthesia with intubation following thiopental and succinylcholine injections. Intracranial pressure and MAP were measured in 13patients who underwent cramotomy. All the patients were monitored cerebral epidural ICP and intra-arterial pressure pre-operatively. The results were as follow: 1. Intracranial pressure was increased of $7.1{\pm}7.23mmHg$. 2. Arterial pressure was increased of $43.5{\pm}25.46mmHg$. 3. Cerebral perfusion pressure was increased of $33.3{\pm}27.53mmHg$. It is stressed that certain procedures are necessary to prevent from further increase of ICP due to induction of general anesthesia in patients with increased ICP.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.422-425
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• 2007

A 6-month-old intact male Jindo dog was underwent surgery for hip fracture caused by hit by a car. Routine laboratory tests performed prior to surgery found no significant abnormalities, which might increase risks associated with general anesthesia. The dog was premedicated with atropine, induced general anesthesia with thiopental sodium and maintained with isoflurane. Forty minutes after surgery, the dog was suddenly bradycardic. Atropine (18 ug/kg) was slowly infused intravenously to normalize heart rate. However, paradoxically the dog showed slower heart rate with intermittent atrioventricular block ($2^{nd}$ degree type I) after atropine infusion. The dog's rhythm was returned to normal rate 7 minutes after ephedrine was infused. This is a rare case of paradoxical atrioventricular block induced by high dose of atropine in a dog.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2002

To investigate the cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol in dogs, experimental dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups (propofol infusion anesthesia, P/INF, propofol intermittent anesthesia, P/INTER, propofol induction anesthesia, P/ISO, thiopental Na induction anesthesia, T/ISO) and monitored analgesic and anesthetic effects, recovery time, body temperature, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic pressure. In all groups, apnea was not observed. In the P/INF group, the respiratory rate(RR) was slightly decreased, but in the P/INTER group, RR was increased and shallowing. In the groups of P/ISO and T/ISO, the respiratory rate was decreased. Heart rate(HR) was increased after induction anesthesia in all groups, but gradually decreased. Mean arterial pressure(MAP) was decreased after injection anesthesia in the groups of P/INF and P/INTER. In the groups of P/ISO and T/ISO, however, MAP was slightly increased. Systolic and diastolic arterial pressure were gradually decreased after induction anesthesia, but not significantly. In the groups of P/INF and P/ISO, recovery time was shorter than the groups of P/INTER and T/ISO. In all groups, body temperature of animals was decreased gradually according to time but no significant changes were observed. Propofol injection doesn't make the complete loss of responses of animals, especially, in the P/INTER group. In the P/INF group, deep pain was present until the end of anesthetic period. During recovery period, any other side effects except incoordination were not monitored. The present study suggested that infusion anesthesia was superior to intermittent anesthesia as injection anesthetic agent, and propofol was better than thiopental Na as induction anesthetic agent.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2021

Shihogayonggolmoryo-tang (ST) is a Korean medical herb cocktail which has been used to treat anxiety induced insomnia. In this study, we will examine sleep-promoting and anti-anxiety effects of ST, and investigate its mechanism. ICR mice were divided into three groups for the first examination : control group (n=11), ST50 group (50 mg/kg, po, n=11), ST200 group (200 mg/kg, po, n=11). Sleep-promoting effect was confirmed by measuring the sleeping duration time and sleeping onset time after thiopental sodium treatment (50 mg/kg, ip). ICR mice were divided into five groups for the second examination : control group (n=11), ST200 group (200 mg/kg, po, n=11), ST200+Flumazenil group (ST 200 mg/kg, po, flumazenil 0.3 mg/kg, ip, n=11), diazepam group (1 mg/kg, ip, n=11), diazepam+flumazenil group (diazepam 1 mg/kg, ip, Flumazenil 0.3 mg/kg, ip, n=11). Anxiety behavior and sleep-promoting effect was confirmed by open field test and measuring the sleeping duration time and sleeping onset time. Expression levels of c-fos in tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) and ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. ST treated group showed significantly decreased anxiety behavior and enhanced sleeping duration time and sleeping onset time concentration dependently. The expression of c-fos was significantly upregulated in VLPO as sleep-inducing center and TMN as downregulated in arousal center by ST treatment. In addition, all effects of ST were reversed by flumazenil. Our results suggest that ST has sleep-promoting and anti-anxiety effects through regulating arousal center (TMN) and sleep-inducing center (VLPO).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.241-241
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• 1996

새로운 항암성 백금(II)착제 SA: ([Pt( trans-1-dach) (DPPE)]ㆍ2NO$_3$, SB: [Pt (cis-dach)(DPPP)]ㆍ2NO$_3$, SC: [Pt(cis-dach)(DPPE)]ㆍ2NO$_3$에 대한 일반 약리작용이 rat, mouse 및 rabbit에서 검토되었다. Rota-rod test에 의한 운동 협조능, thiopental-Na의 수면 작용, 현수에 의한 근이완 작용, 정상체온, strychnine 유발 경련, 담즙분비, 수정관, 자궁각, 피부혈관 투과성, 국소마취, 용혈 및 심전도에 대하여 SA, SB. SC는 별다른 영향을 미치지 않았단. 적출회장과 십이지장에 대하여 SA는 수축반응을 나타내었으나 SB와 SC는 하등의 영향이 없었으며 혈액 응고에 대하여 SA는 prothrombine time을 단축시켰으나 SB, SC는 별다른 영향이 없었고 호흡에 대해서는 SA, SB, SC 다같이 호흡수를 억제하였다. 적출심장 기능에 대하여 SA, SB, SC 다같이 고농도에서 억제적으로 작용하였다.