• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.46-60
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• 2023

Slaughterhouse blood is a by-product of animal slaughter that can be a good source of animal protein. This research purposed to examine the functional qualities of the blood plasma from Hanwoo cattle, black goat, and their hydrolysates. Part of the plasma was hydrolyzed with proteolytic enzymes (Bacillus protease, papain, thermolysin, elastase, and α-chymotrypsin) to yield bioactive peptides under optimum conditions. The levels of hydrolysates were evaluated by 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The antioxidant, metal-chelating, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties of intact blood plasma and selected hydrolysates were investigated. Accordingly, two plasma hydrolysates by protease (pH 6.5/55℃/3 h) and thermolysin (pH 7.5/37℃/3-6 h) were selected for analysis of their functional properties. In the oil model system, only goat blood plasma had lower levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than the control. The diphenyl picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was higher in cattle and goat plasma than in proteolytic hydrolysates. Ironchelating activities increased after proteolytic degradation except for protease-treated cattle blood. Copper-chelating activity was excellent in all test samples except for the original bovine plasma. As for ACE inhibition, only non-hydrolyzed goat plasma and its hydrolysates by thermolysin showed ACE inhibitory activity (9.86±5.03% and 21.77±3.74%). In conclusion, goat plasma without hydrolyzation and its hydrolysates can be a good source of bioactive compounds with functional characteristics, whereas cattle plasma has a relatively low value. Further studies on the molecular structure of these compounds are needed with more suitable enzyme combinations.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.269-281
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• 2023

In this study, we evaluate the effect of gelatin coating and sonication of wet-aged pork loin on quality. The moisture content of wet-aged pork loin with sonication and gelatin coating was the highest in the G5S sample (5% gelatin coating and sonication), while the moisture content of wet-aged pork loin with sonication was higher than that without sonication. The pH of wet-aged pork loin with sonication was lower than that without sonication. The aging loss of 5% gelatin coating with sonication was significantly lower than that of G0 (control), while the cooking loss was the lowest in G0 wet-aged pork loin. The water holding capacity of the wet-aged pork loin was the highest in G1. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value of wet-aged pork loin was significantly decreased with coating and not affected by sonication. The gelatin coating and sonication treatment significantly increased the myofibrillar fragmentation index of the samples. Shear force of wet-aged pork loin significantly decreased as the samples were gelatin-coated and sonicated. The myofibrillar and total protein solubilities were not significantly different between samples. In conclusion, the 1% gelatin coating with sonication can enhance the quality of wet-aged pork loin.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.225-243
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• 2023

Large amounts of additives are used during meat product processing to maintain product quality and shelf life. With the growing interest in healthy foods, natural plant-based additives are being used as alternatives to synthetic additives. In this study, six types of natural extracts with excellent antibacterial activity were selected, and their antibacterial and antioxidant activities against four types of pathogens were evaluated in various combinations. In addition, the pH, color, amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and growth of pathogenic microorganisms were analyzed during the storage of sausages treated with various combinations of these extracts. The natural extract mixtures exhibited different antibacterial activities, depending on the combination. Compared to grapefruit seed extract, a mixture of natural extracts extracted with ethanol (M4) reduced the Escherichia coli content by more than 99.9% after 8 days of storage and slowed the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. by more than 80% after 14 days. Compared to untreated (NC) and grapefruit extract (PC)-treated sausages, sausages treated with the natural extract mixtures showed a significant decrease in CIE L^* and an increase in CIE a^* and CIE b^* (p < 0.05). The pH value was significantly lower in sausages containing natural extract mixtures than in the NC and PC sausages (p < 0.05). The natural plant extract mixtures significantly prevented lipid oxidation (p < 0.05). In summary, different types of natural extract mixtures have a synergistic effect when used together, suggesting that natural preservatives can generally inhibit the growth of microorganisms and oxidation of processed meat.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.280-294
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• 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of propolis extract as a natural preservative for livestock products in term of chemical and microbiological characteristics by meta-analysis. The stages carried out in this study were identification, selection, checking suitability, and the resulting selected articles were used in the meta-analysis. The selection results obtained a total of 22 selected journal articles consisting of 9 articles for analysis of the antimicrobial activity of propolis extract and 13 articles for analysis of the chemical and mirobiological characteristics of livestock products. The articles were obtained from electronic databases, namely Science Direct and Google Scholar. The model used in this study is the random-effect model involving two groups, control and experimental. Heterogeneity and effect size values were carried out in this study using Hedge's obtained through openMEE software. Forest plot tests and data validation on publication bias was obtained using Kendall's test throught JASP 0.14.1 software. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between propolis extract with the results of the antimicrobial activity (p<0.05). In addition, the results of the application of propolis extract on the livestock products for the test microbes and the value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) showed significant results (p<0.05). Conclusion based on the random-effect model on the effectiveness of antimicrobial activity of propolis extract and their apllication as a natural preservative of the chemical and microbiological characteristics of livestock products is valid by Kendall's test (p>0.05). Propolis in this case effectively used as natural preservatives in livestock products.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1747-1756
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of four different cooking techniques viz: boiling, grilling, microwave, and frying; on the physicochemical characteristics of camel meat. Methods: Protein composition and their degradation as well as biochemical and textural changes of camel meat as influenced by cooking methods were investigated. Results: The highest cooking loss (52.61%) was reported in microwaved samples while grilled samples showed the lowest cooking loss (44.98%). The microwaved samples showed the highest levels of lipid oxidation as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, while boiled samples showed the lowest levels (4.5 mg/kg). Protein solubility, total collagen, and soluble collagen content were highest in boiled samples. Boiled camel meat had lower hardness values compared to the other treated samples. Consequently, boiling was the more suitable cooking technique for producing camel meat with a reduced hardness value and lower lipid oxidation level. Conclusion: The camel meat industry and camel meat consumer can benefit from this research by improving their commercial viability and making consumers aware about the effects of cooking procedures on the quality of camel meat. The results of this study will be of significance to researchers and readers who are working on the processing and quality of camel meat.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.507-512
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• 2005

본 연구는 $80^{\circ},\;130^{\circ}C$ 및 $180^{\circ}C$온도대별로 유열 처리한 돈지에 $0\%,\;0.001\%$ 및 $0.004\%$의 수준으로 $\beta-carotene$을 첨가한 후 $50^{|circ}C$에서 15일간 보관시키면서 $\beta-carotene$ 총의 열 산화 안정성을 알아내기 위하여 총 균수검사, 과산화물가 (Peroxide value), 산가(Acid value) 및 TBA가를 측정하여 비교한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 미생물 총 균수 실험에서 $\beta-carotene$의 첨가량이 $0\%,\;0.001\%$ 및 $0.004\%$로 증가함에 따라 균의 증식이 현저하게 억제되었다. 온도대별로 $180^{\circ}C$ 처리 군에서는 저장기간이 길어질수록 총 균수가 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으나, $80^{\circ}C$ 및 $130^{\circ}C$ 처리 군에서는 저장 기간이 길어질수록 총 균수가 현저하게 증가하였다. 2) 과산화물가의 측정 실험에 $\beta-carotene$의 첨가량이 $0.004\%$일 때가 $0\%,\;0.001\%$에 비해 유의하게 (P<0.05) 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 3) 산가의 측정실험에서 저장기간이 길어지면서 $\beta-carotene$의 첨가량이 증가할수록 항산화 능력과는 정의 상관관계를 나타났다. $\beta-Carotene$의 첨가량이 $0.004\%$일 때가 $0\%,\;0.001\%$에 비해 유의하게 (P<0.05) 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 4) TBA가 측정실험에서 대조군과 시료와의 비교에서 온도가 증가함에 따라 값이 상승하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 저장 기간 15일째 $\beta-carotene$의 첨가량이 $0.001\%$ 및 $0.004\%$ 처리 군이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 (P<0.05) 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 따라서 유열처리 한 돈지에 $0.004\%$ $\beta-carotene$을 첨가하면 열 산화 방지에 매우 효과적인 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.480-485
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• 2008

본 시험은 육계에게 생균제, 일라이트, 활성탄 및 목초액의 사료적 가치를 평가하기 위하여 시판 생균제 0.2%(T1)와, 일라이트(T2), 활성탄(T3) 및 목초액(T4)을 각각 1.0%를 Arbor Acre Broiler 숫병아리 200수를 35일간 급여하여 도계한 계육의 다리부위 근육을 냉장온도($4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$)에서 10일간 저장하면서 pH, VBN, TBARS, 전단력 및 육색을 분석하였다. pH는 대조구에 비해 T3와 T4에서 높았고, 특히 T4에서 유의적으로 높았으며 저장기간이 경과하면서 모든 처리구에서 증가하였다(p<0.05). VBN은 저장 7일까지 대조구와 T2에 비해 T1, T3및 T4에서 낮았으나(p<0.05), 저장 10일에는 처리구간 유의성이 없었다. TBARS는 대조구, T1 및 T2보다 T3와 T4에서 낮았고, 저장기간이 지남에 따라 모든 처리구에서 급속하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 전단력은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었지만, 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 감소하는 경향이었다. 육색중 명도(L)는 대조구보다 처리구에서 높은 경향이었고, 특히 T4에서 전 저장기간 동안 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 황색도는(b) 대조구보다 T3와 T4에서 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합적으로 고찰해 볼 때 육계사료에 활성탄과 목초액 1%급여는 산화안정성 및 저장성을 향상시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.419-426
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• 2001

토하(土鰕 ; Caridina denticulata denticulata $D_{E}$ $H_{AAN}$)에 약 8, 10, 13 및 23%의 식염과 재래식 간장으로 5가지의 염장 토하젓을 만든 뒤, 4$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$에서 3개월 동안 발효.숙성하고, 찹쌀밥, 마늘, 생강, 고춧가루 등의 양념을 섞은 후, 4$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$에서 2개월 동안 숙성시켜 완숙된 양념 토하젓(RST)을 만든 뒤 동결건조(FIST) 시켜, 소량씩 진공.포장하여 취급이 쉽고, 유통시 품질저하를 막을수 있는 간편하고, 안전한 동결건조 즉석 토하젓을 제조하고자 하였다. 양념토하젓의 수분함량은 53.79~58.91%이고, 주요 무기질은 Na, Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu의 순이었으며, pH는 전반적으로 저장기간동안 감소하는 반면, 적정산도는 소금첨가량이 많을수록 낮았으며, RST에서는 저장기간동안 증가하는 경향이었고, FIST에서는 8%와 10%군을 제외하고 대체로 증가하는 경향이었다. FIST의 수분활성도는 훨씬 낮은 값을 나타냈으며, 진공포장으로 인해 수분활성도의 변화를 줄일 수 있었다. 휘발성염기질소는 FIST가 저장 0일에 556~559mg% 였는데 저장 30일에는 1058~1350mg%로 저장 중 계속증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 식염의 농도가 낮을수록 VBN함량은 더 높게 나타나 8%군에서 가장 급격하게 증가되었다. TBA값은 RST와 FIST 모두 저장 중 증가하는 경향이었고, 식염농도가 가장 높은 23%군에서 급격히 증가하였다. 토하젓의 색도의 변화는 숙성이 진행됨에 따라 밝기는 RST는 감소하였고, FIST는 증가하였다. 황색도는 저장 중 큰 변화가 없었으며, 적색도는 저장20일 가지 증가하다. 그 이후에는 약간 감소했다. FIST의 적색도는 저장 30일에 16.33~24.27로 증가되었으며, 소금농도가 낮을수록 높게 나타났다. 양념 토하젓의 구성지방산은 linoleic acid (Cl8:2)로 가장 많았고, 그 다음 palmitic acid (Cl6:0), oleic acid (Cl8:1), linolenic acid (Cl8:3), EPA (C20:5), stearic acid (Cl8:0) 순이였으며, 이들 지방산이 총 지방산의 80% 이상을 차지하였다. 관능 검사에서 RST와 FIST간에는 씹힘성만이 유의적으로 차이가 있었고(p<0.01), 색깔, 향기, 맛, 전체적인 기호도는 모두 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다.다.다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2008

비육돈 생산에 있어 교배조합이 육질특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 $LY{\times}D$, $Y{\times}B$ 및 $L{\times}B$ 품종을 이용하여 조사하였다. 교배조합별 30두씩 공시, 출하평균 체중은 110-120 kg이며, 일괄적으로 부경양돈농협 김해공판장에서 도축하여 24시간동안 $-3^{\circ}C$의 예냉실에서 냉도체를 만든 후 돈육의 등심부위(5번 늑골-3번 요추사이)를 발골 정형하여 처리구당 개체 5반복하여 wrap으로 함기포장한 후 냉장온도($4^{\circ}C$)가 유지되는 boxer에 담아 경상대학교 식육가공연구실로 운반하여 돈육의 일반선분, 이화학적 특성분석(pH, 전단가, 육즙손실, 가열감량), 육색과 지방색, 조직감, 지방산화, 관능적 특성분석 및 지방산 조성 등을 조사하여 교배조합간 돈육 등심의 품질특성을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 등지방두께는 LYD그룹이 YB나 LB 그룹에 비하여 두꺼웠다. 육질평가에서 근내지방, 근간지방, 피하지방 및 탄력성은 교배조합간에 차이가 없었다. 육질특성에서 일반성분, pH, 육즙감량, 조리감량 및 가열육의 관능검사는 교배조합간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 전단가는 LB 그룹이 LYD나 YB그룹에 비하여 유의적으로 낮은 값을 보였다(p<0.05). 총 육색소 함량은 YB 그룹이 LYD와 LB 그룹에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 함량을 보였다(p<0.05). 지방산화(TBARS)는 YB 그룹이 저장 5일과 8일에 LYD 그룹에 비하여 유의적으로 낮은 값을 보였으며, 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 모든 교배조합이 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 육색 중 L 간은 YB 그룹이 가장 낮았으며, a 값은 가장 높았다. 지방색은 반대로 L 값은 YB 그룹이 가장 높았으며, a 값은 가장 낮았다 조직감 중 경도와 부착성은 LB 그룹이 가장 높았으며(p<0.05), 응집성은 LYD 그룹이 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 신선육의 관능검사 중 육색은 YB 그룹이 LYD나 LB 그룹에 비하여 높은 점수를 받았다(p<0.05). 지방산 조성중 myristic acid(14:0) 함량은 LB 그룹이 가장 낮았으며, 반면에 arachidonic acid(20:4) 함량은 가장 높았다. 전체적으로 고찰하면 교배조합간의 육질 특성을 비교하였을 때 YB 품종이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제23권4호통권100호
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• pp.443-451
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• 2007

In order to better understand the quality of Korean cactus, Opuntia humifusa, as the functional foodstuffs, it's seeds, stems and fruits were analyzed. In addition, we performed quality evaluation on cookies manufactured with cactus powder added. The results showed the soluble nitrogen-free component levels in the cactus to be very high. The highest component levels were crude fiber(48.75%) and crude fat(7.38%) in the seeds, crude ash(15.39%) in the stems, and moisture(11.26%) and crude protein(8.79%) in the fruits. The antioxidant activities of the cactus were evaluated based on peroxide values(POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS value), and electron donating ability(EDA) using the DPPH method. The POVs for soybean oil containing a 0.05% concentrated water extract from each part of the cactus revealed a remarkable antioxidant effects on peroxidation as storage time increased. The TBA values were 63.65% in BHT, 60.67% in the stems, 57.31% in the fruits and 49.16% in the seeds. The EDAs were 30.26% in the stems, 25.89% in the fruits, and 25.65% in the seeds. The total polyphenol contents of the water soluble materials from the cactus were 3.14 g/100 g in the fruits, 2.93 g in the stems and 2.11 g in the seeds. For the cookies, as the amounts of fruit and stem powder increased, the spreadness was significantly lowered, but moisture content was increased compared to the control. The color degree of the cookies changed from dim to intense as more fruit powder was added, resulting from a decrease in the L- and b-values and a significantly increased a-value. With the addition of stem powder, the L- and a-values revealed no significant differences, while the b-value was lowered compared to the control as more stem powder added. For texture changes of the fruit cookies, there were significant differences in hardness, gumminess, cohesiveness, springiness and brittleness. The stem cookies, however, showed only differences in hardness, gumminess, and brittleness, and not in cohesiveness and springiness. Finally, an overall sensory preference was found with the 1% fruit powder and 3% stem powder additions.