• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise and diet control program on blood pattern in obese children. The subjects of this study were five obese boys aged from 8 to 12 participating in the control period(C) for 3 days, exercise period(E) for one week, and exercise+energy restriction period(EER) for another one week, consecutively. The intensity of the exercise was 60~70% of HRmax and the energy was restricted at 493kcal/day. Daily mean total energy intake was 2,152${\pm}$138kcal. 1,861${\pm}$138kca1, and 1,368${\pm}$87kcal for the period C, E and EER, respectively. Body weight of after the program was significantly decreased from 48.94$\pm$5.11kg to 45.94${\pm}$4.74kg(P<0.01). And skinfold thickness. %fat. lean body mass, body mass index were significantly decreased(p<0.01). Blood sugar concentration was not significantly affected by weight loss, but alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly decreased. Concentrations of total lipid, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid were not significantly decreased. But concentrations of HDL-cholesterol, %HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid were significantly increased and concentration of VLDL-cholesterol, atherogenic index were significantly decreased. The results of this study showed that the obese children had a tendency to decrease coronary heart disease risk in the respect of plasma HDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol concentration by the exercise plus energy restriction program. Thus if we apply the lower intensity or duration of exercise for them this program might be more effective on the obese children.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.221-239
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• 2010

Bone loss may occur depending on the loading conditions. careful treatment planning and prosthetic procedures are very important factors for the proper distribution of stress. Evaluate the stress distributions according to numbers and location of implants in three-unit fixed partial dentures. A mandible missing the right second premolar, first molar and second molar was modeled. Using the CT data. we modeled a mandible with a width of 15mm, a height of 20mm and a length of 30mm, 2mm-thickness cortical bone covering cancellous bone mallow. An internal type implant and A solid type abutment was used. A model with 3 implants placed in a straight line, offset 1.5 mm buccally, offset 1.5 mm lingually and another model with 3 implants offset in the opposite way were prepared. And models with 2 implants were both end support models, a mesial cantilever model and a distal cantilever model. Three types of loading was applied; a case where 155 N was applied solely on the second premolar, a case where 206 N was applied solely on the second molar and a case where 155 N was applied on the first premolar and 206 N was applied on the first and second molar. For all the cases, inclined loads of 30 degrees were applied on the buccal cusps and vertical loads were applied on the central fossas of the teeth. Finite element analysis was carried out for each case to find out the stress distribution on bones and implants. This study has shown that prostheses with more implants caused lower stress on bones and implants, no matter what kind of load was applied. Furthermore, it was found out that inclined loads applied on implants had worse effects than vertical loads. Therefore, it is believed that these results should be considered when placing implants in the future.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.570-579
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• 2011

This study created hamburger patties by substituting a portion of the meat with sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) powder and/or cooked rice to reduce fat and calories and to add the functional components of the sea tangle. Four types of experimental patties were prepared: Control, L, LI, and LII. L was the patty with sea tangle powder substituted for 2.5% of the meat and LI and LII were patties with cooked rice containing sea tangle powder substituted for 25 or 50% of the meat. In all experimental patties, moisture content increased and crude fat and cholesterol content decreased, pH increased, and malondialdehyde concentration decreased compared to those in the control. The substitutions made the color of the patties darker with dimmed redness and amplified yellowness. The substitutions also made the cooking loss weight and diameter of the patties lessen but that of thickness increased. In the sensory evaluation, symmetry and color of the patties improved significantly by substituting sea tangle powder and/or cooked rice for meat, and no adverse effect on preference for the experimental patties and hamburgers was observed. Therefore, substituting sea tangle and/or cooked rice for a portion of the meat could be used to develop healthier patties without any adverse influence on preference or sensory evaluation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.284-289
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of copper and zinc supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 72 $(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc)$ pigs (58.47 kg initial BW) were assigned to 6 treatments in a $2{\times}3$ factorial design $(Zn\;levels{\times}Cu\;levels)$. The sources of zinc and copper were Zn-methionine chelate and Cu-methionine chelate, respectively. Zinc levels used were 80 and 120 ppm and copper levels used were 10, 30 and 60 ppm. Throughout the entire experimental period, the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were not significantly affected by Cu or Zn levels, or their relative levels. The G:F ratio was significantly affected by the relative levels of Cu and Zn (p<0.05), specifically at 30 ppm Cu and 120 ppm Zn. Dry matter digestibility was significantly affected by the levels of Cu (p<0.02), Zn (p<0.01) and the relative levels of each (p<0.04), in particular at 30 ppm Cu and 120 ppm Zn. Nitrogen digestibility was significantly affected by Zn levels (p<0.01) and the combination of 30 ppm Cu and 120 ppm Zn (p<0.03). The $L^*-value$, shear force, cooking loss and pH were not significantly affected by Cu levels, Zn levels or their combination. The $a^*- (p<0.04)\;and\;b^*- values (p<0.01)$ were significantly affected by Zn levels at 80 ppm. The Water hoding capacity was significantly affected by Cu and Zn in combination (p<0.01) at 10 ppm Cu and 120ppm Zn. The carcass weight, backfat thickness and carcass grade were not significantly affected by Cu levels, Zn levels or their relative levels. The carcass percentage was significantly affected by the combination (p<0.04) of 30ppm Cu and 120ppm Zn. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cu and Zn at 30 and 120 ppm, respectively, is effective for feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility and carcass percentage, while at the levels of Cu at 10 ppm and Zn at 120 ppm have effects on WHC.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.793-800
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• 2002

The characteristics of carcass and meat yields of fattening pigs by production steps were investigated with Landrace (LL, n=41), Yorkshire (YY, n=33), and Duroc (DD, n=30), $F_1$ (LY, n=25), the Crossbred of LYD (n=48). Duroc had more weight loss in carcasses weight than that of the other breed(p<0.05). Yorkshire and $F_1$ had higher production weight in retail cut than that of the other pure or crossbred. Carcass from Landrace and $F_1$ were significantly longer in length than the other breed(p<0.05). $F_1$ produced wider carcass than the other breed. Carcass thickness at aitch bone was higher for $F_1$ and Crossbred than the other breed(p<0.05). Landrace, Yorkshire and $F_1$ produced more loin and tenderloin in weight than the other breed (p<0.05). Yorkshire and $F_1$ produced more picnic shoulder when compared to the other breed. The hind legs produced from Yorkshire and $F_1$ were higher in weight and the fore legs produced from the Crossbred were higher in weight. Duroc produced the lowest weight of belly among the breeds. The acceptance level of loin were extremely low for all breed. Landrace had the highest acceptance level for tenderloin. Yorkshire had the highest acceptance level for picnic shoulder and ham when evaluated by export standard of Japan. In conclusion, The introduction of pure breed and establishment of mating steps are necessary to produce highly accepted pork with high acceptance in carcass and meat yields.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.501-512
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• 2005

In Exp. 1, a total of forty eight multiparous sows were used in a 21-d performance assay. All litters were standardized at eleven piglets within 24h of parturition. Sows were fed one of the four experimental diets 1) CON(basal diet; Control), 2) MP1(basal diet added 0.05% of medicinal plant mixtures), 3) MP2 (basal diet added 0.1% of medicinal plant mixtures) and 4) MP3(basal diet added 0.2% of medicinal plant mixtures). Backfat thickness difference from farrowing to weaning was tended to increase in CON treatment compared to those of medicinal plants mixture(MP) treatments. However, there were not significant differences among the treatments(P>0.05). Sow’s ADFI was increased in sows fed MP2 treatment compared to MP3 treatment(P<0.05). Piglet weight gain was tended to increase in MP1 treatment compared to CON treatment(P<0.05). The glucose concentration of MP3 treatment was higher that of CON treatment(P<0.05). Exp. 2, a total of one hundred twenty weaning pigs ($L{\time}Y{\time}D$, 4.70$\pm$0.63kg average initial body weight) were used in a 20-d performance assay. Weanling pigs were fed treatments diets included 1) CON(basal diet; Control), 2) MP0.05(basal diet added 0.05% of medicinal plant mixtures), 3) MP0.1(basal diet added 0.1% of medicinal plant mixtures) and 4) MP0.15(basal diet added 0.15% of medicinal plant mixtures). Through entire experimental period, as MP increased in the diets, there was an increase in ADG(linear, P<0.067), improvement gain/feed(linear, P<0.018) and a decrease in ADFI (linear, P<0.008). DM digestibility was significantly increased with addition of MP(linear, P<0.004; quadratic, P<0.030). In conclusion, sows fed MP2 had showed less body weight loss and increased weight gain for suckling piglet. In weaning pigs, as supplementation MP from 0.05 to 0.1% in diet had improved growth performance and DM digestibility.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.593-606
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• 2005

Present study was conducted to investigate the optimal feeding levels for producing the high quality meat on the basis of the information deriving from the comparison of the growth performance and carcass characteristics among breeds(Holstein vs F1, Holstein♀×Hanwoo♂), sex(steer vs heifer) and interaction between breed and sex. Thirty two animals on 4 treatments(i.e. eight head each) were used for 540 days from seven to 24 months of age. The results obtained are summarized as follows; the range of average daily gains was 0.733 to 1.018, 0.994 to 1.255, 0.947 to 1.259 and 0.736 to 0.824kg for the growing, the early-fattening, the mid- fattening and the finishing periods, respectively. The range of average daily gains for the entire period was 0.882 to 1.061kg. The gains were higher for Holstein(7.3%) and the steers(10.5%) than F1 and the heifers, respectively. Concentrates and total digestible nutrients intakes per kg gain were higher for Holstein and the heifers than F1 and the steers, respectively. These findings may indicate that feed utilization is higher for Holstein than F1, and higher for the steers than the heifers. In carcass characteristics, back fat thickness was thicker for Holstein than F1, and rib-eye area was smaller for Holstein than F1. The rib-eye area per kg carcass weight was larger for F1 and the heifers than Holstein and the steers, respectively. Meat color was better for Holstein than F1, but the sex distinction did not show any differences. In physicochemical properties of longissimus dorsi, shear force, cooking loss, water holding capacity and the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor for F1 and the heifers were better than those for Holstein and the steers, respectively. According to the above results, we may conclude that F1 and heifers rather than Holstein and steers are recommended for high quality meat production. In steers and heifers of Holstein and F1, the optimal feeding levels may be 1.9% of apparent body weight for concentrates and 25% of concentrates intake for rice straw.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.143-154
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• 2009

(Y $\times$ L) $\times$ D-crossbred gilts and barrows weighing $80.2\pm0.2$ kg were fed a "medium-energy" (ME) or "low-energy" (LE) diet (3.2 vs 3.0 M cal DE/kg) and slaughtered at 110, 125, or 138 kg, after which physicochemical and sensory quality traits of major primal cuts of resulting carcasses were analyzed, under a 2 (sex) $\times$ 2 (diet) $\times$ 3 (slaughter weight; SW) factorial arrangement of treatments. The ADG and ADFI were greater (P<0.01) in barrows than in gilts and also in 125- and 138-kg vs 110-kg SW. Moreover, ADG and gain:feed were greater in ME vs LE (P<0.01), whereas ADFI was greater in LE vs ME (P<0.01). Backfat thickness, which increased with increasing SW (P<0.01), was not affected by sex or diet. Carcass marbling score was greater (P<0.01) in gilts and LE than in barrows and ME, respectively. Carcass quality grade, which was superior in LE vs ME, was not affected by SW, whereas the yield grade decreased abruptly between 125- and 138-kg SW primarily due to the upper limit of carcass weight imposed on the A and B grades. Physicochemical characteristics including pH, drip loss, and variables pertaining to color of belly, ham, and loin were not affected significantly by any of the treatment factors, albeit statistically significant in some cases, in terms of quality criteria. In sensory evaluation, the acceptability of fresh belly was not influenced by any of the treatment factors. Marbling score of fresh ham was greater in LE vs ME (P<0.01) and tended to increase between 110- and 125-kg SW (P=0.10); in loin, the increase of this variable between the two SW was significant (P<0.01). Following cooking, LE was superior to ME in the acceptability in belly and ham, but the effect of SW was insignificant in any of the sensory quality traits evaluated in this study in any of the three major primal cuts. In conclusion, the present results suggest that SW can be increased to up to 138 kg without compromising carcass quality and that LE has some beneficial effects on quality of the whole carcass and the major primal cuts.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.477-483
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• 2008

$La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}Co_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}O_{3-{\delta}$ oxide was synthesized by a citrate method and a typical dense membrane of perovskite oxide has been prepared using as-prepared powder by pressing and sintering at $1300^{\circ}C$. Precursor of $La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}Co_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}O_{3-{\delta}$ prepared by citrate method was investigated by TGA and XRD. Metal-citrate complex in precursor was decomposed into perovskite oxide in the temperature range of $260{\sim}410^{\circ}C$ but XRD results showed $SrCO_3$ existed as impurity at less than $900^{\circ}C$. Electrical conductivity of membrane increased with increasing temperature but then decreased over $700^{\circ}C$ in air atmosphere ($Po_2=0.2atm$) and $600^{\circ}C$ in He atmosphere ($Po_2=0.01atm$) respectively due to oxygen loss from the crystal lattice. The oxygen permeation flux increased with increasing temperature and maximum oxygen permeation flux of $La_{0.7}Sr_{0.3}Co_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}O_{3-{\delta}$ membrane with 1.6 mm thickness was about $0.31cm^3/cm^2{\cdot}min$ at $950^{\circ}C$. The activation energy for oxygen permeation was 88.4 kJ/mol in the temperature range of $750{\sim}950^{\circ}C$. Perovskite structure of membrane was not changed after permeation test of 40 h and the membrane was stable without secondary phase change with 0.3 mol Sr addition.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.257-265
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• 2011

The current study was conducted to compare the growth performance and physico-chemical characteristics of Hanwoo bulls and steers of different slaughtering ages. Thirty-six Hanwoo (average age, 13-mon) were allocated into either a bull or steer group (18 animals/group). Each group was sub-divided into 26-, 28-, and 30-mon-old age groups (six animals/group). Surgical castration was performed in the steer group immediately after the experimental groups were assigned. Growth performance of the animals, as well as carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition of M. longissimus dorsi were determined. Cold carcass weights increased as carcass slaughtering age increased in both Hanwoo bulls and steers (p<0.05). Backfat thickness was thickest (p<0.05) in 28-mon-old Hanwoo bulls and 30-mon-old steer, and the M. longissimus dorsi area was widest (p< 0.05) in 28-mon-old Hanwoo bulls and steers. Marbling score, cooking loss, and water holding capacity (WHC) were higher (p<0.05) in 30-mon-old Hanwoo bulls and steers as slaughtering age increased. The shear force value was highest in 30-mon-old Hanwoo bulls and 26-mon-old Hanwoo steers compared to that in other groups. The unsaturated fatty acid composition in M. longissimus dorsi was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 28- and 30-mon-old Hanwoo bulls and steers than that in other groups. The results suggest that castration, even at late stages of Hanwoo development, improved beef carcass quality grade, and that no difference in beef quality grade had occurred (marbling score and WHC) in 28- and 30-mon-old slaughtering age Hanwoo steers.