• New & Renewable Energy
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.110-115
• /
• 2024

Global sustainable energy needs and carbon neutrality goals make hydrogen a key future energy source. South Korea and Japan lead with proactive hydrogen policies, including South Korea's Hydrogen Law and Japan's strategy updates aiming for a hydrogen-centric society by 2050. A notable advance is the solar thermal chemical water-splitting cycle for green hydrogen production, spotlighted by Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) and Niigata University's joint initiative. This method uses solar energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, offering a carbon-neutral hydrogen production route. The study focuses on international collaboration in solar energy for thermochemical water-splitting and E-fuel production, highlighting breakthroughs in catalyst and reactor design to enhance solar thermal technology's commercial viability for sustainable fuel production. Collaborations, like ARENA in Australia, target global carbon emission reduction and energy system sustainability, contributing to a cleaner, sustainable energy future.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.132-138
• /
• 2008

금속산화물의 열화학싸이클에 의한 수소생산 소재중 안정성이 우수하고 물분해 수소생산능이 비교적 우수한 $NiFe_2O_4$를 합성하여 열화학수소생산공정 적용시 최적화의 조건에 대하여 검토하였다. 합성한 $NiFe_2O_4$는 격자상수가 $8.34\;{\AA}$이었고, 뫼스바우어에 의해 구조는 Ni이 페라이트 구조인 $AB_2O$의 B위치에 주로 위치하는, A 및 B의 상대적 흡수강도가 57.9:42.1인 역스피넬구조를 보이고 있다. 이러한 구조의 $NiFe_2O_4$의 열적환원은 $610^{\circ}C$부터 시작하여 $1200^{\circ}C$에 이르는 동안 약 1.1 wt%의 무게감소가 관찰된다. 물에 의한 산화과정에서 수소가 발생하게 되는데, $1200^{\circ}C$이하의 환원온도에서 가능한 수소생산량은 약 $0.45\;cm^3/g{\codt}cycle$ 이었다. 산화 환원의 반복과정에서 $NiFe_2O_4$의 XRD에 의한 구조변화는 관찰되지 않아 매우 안정한 구조를 갖는다는 것을 보여주었다. 수소생산을 위한 무게당 싸이클당 수소생산양은 산화 환원과정의 온도범위가 가장 중요하였고 물의 접촉시간은 중요한 요소가 되지 않았다. 열적 환원과정에서 많은 양의 수소생산성능을 보이기 위해서는 $1200^{\circ}C$이상의 고온을 필요로 하는 것을 보여주었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.479-486
• /
• 2016

The efficient steam drum should be required to reduce carbon oxide emissions and heat recovery in oxygen converter hood system. However, steam generation is limited to the time of the oxygen blowing period, which is intermittent or cyclical in operation of steel-making process. Thus, steam drum should be optimized for an effective steam generation during the oxygen blowing portion of the converter cycle. In this study, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to describe the impacts of changing various operating conditions and geometric shape on thermo-fluid characteristics and performance of the steam drum. This model encompasses not only fluid flow and heat transfer but also evaporation and condensation at the interfacial surface in the steam drum by using VOF (Volume of Fluid) method. To validate the prediction performance of this model, comparison of the steam flow rate between numerical and experimental result has been performed, resulting in the accuracy of the relative error by less than 3.2%.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.9-14
• /
• 2018

In this study, Material life cycle evaluation was performed to analyze the environmental impact characteristics of TiN-Zr membrane manufacturing process. The software of MLCA was Gabi. Through this, environmental impact assessment was performed for each process. Transition metal nitrides have been researched extensively because of their properties. Among these, TiN has the most attention. TiN is a ceramic materials which possess the good combination of physical and chemical properties, such as high melting point, high hardness, and relatively low specific gravity, high wear resistance and high corrosion resistance. With these properties, TiN plays an important role in functional materials for application in separation hydrogen from fossil fuel. Precursor TiN was synthesized by sol-gel method and zirconium was coated by ball mill method. The metallurgical, physical and thermodynamic characteristics of the membranes were analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetry/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) and Gas Chromatograph System (GP). As a result of characterization and normalization, environmental impacts were 94% in MAETP (Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity), 2% FAETP (Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity), 2% HTP (Human Toxicity Potential). TiN fabrication process appears to have a direct or indirect impact on the human body. It is believed that the greatest impact that HTP can have on human is the carcinogenic properties. This shows that electricity use has a great influence on ecosystem impact. TiN-Zr was analyzed in Eco-Indicator '99 (EI99) and CML 2001 methodology.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 1998.11c
• /
• pp.822-824
• /
• 1998

The lithium polymer battery with polymer electrolyte is expected as a safe and long cycle life battery. This paper reports primarily the recent development results of a solid polymer electrolyte, which is a key point of the secondary battery system. The new type of polymer electrolyte was prepared under a dry Ar atmosphere by dissolving $LiCIO_4$ in a matrix of EC, PC and then dispersing polyacrylonitrile(PAN). Also adding some inorganic filler $Al_2O_3$. The dispersed solution heated at $120^{\circ}C$. The polymer electrolyte were characterized by EIS(Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy), TGA(Thermo Gravimetric analysis), DMA(Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer), DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). The lithium ion yield is 0.29 when PAN-$Al_2O_3$ which was applied DC 5mV. The ionic conductivity of PAN, PAN-$Al_2O_3$ polymer electrolytes were showed $1.0{\times}10^{-4}S/cm$, $8.4{\times}10^{-4}S/cm$ at room temperature. When inorganic filler was added in the polymer electrolyte, ionic conductivity and lithium yield more larger than without inorganic filler.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.315-320
• /
• 2023

In the manufacturing process of thermosetting carbon fiber composite materials using an autoclave, the internal temperature changes according to the set temperature cycle. This temperature change causes the resin in the composite material to cure. Heat is generated through the chemical reaction of the resin, which can result in a difference between the temperature inside the autoclave and the temperature of the composite material. Previous research assumed that the temperatures of the composite material and the autoclave were the same and analyzed to predict the residual stress and thermal deformation after manufacturing. However, these stresses and deformations depend on the temperature and degree of cure of the composite material. Therefore, this study verifies a thermal-chemical model analysis technique that takes into account the heat generated by the chemical reaction of the resin to accurately calculate the temperature and degree of cure. Additionally, case studies were conducted for different thicknesses to investigate whether this model exhibits similar trends across varying thicknesses.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.61-66
• /
• 2008

As ships become to be larger than ever, the thicker plate and the higher tensile steel plate are used in naval shipyard. Though special chemical composition is needed for high-tensile steels, recent high-tensile steels are made by the TMCP(Thermo-Mechanical control process) skill. The increase of yield stress and tensile stress of TMCP steels is induced from bainite phase which is transformed from austenite, but that increased yield stress can be vanished by another additional thermal cycle like welding and heating. As thermal deformations are deeply related by yield stress of material, the study for prediction of plate deformation by heating should reflect principle of TMCP steels. This study developed an algorithm which can calculate inherent strain. In this algorithm, not only the mechanical principles of thermal deformations, but also the predicting of the portion of initial bainite is considered when calculating inherent strain. The simulations of plate deformation by these values showed good agreements with experimental results of normalizing steels and TMCP steels in welding and heating. Finally we made an inherent strain database of steels used in Class rule.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.17 no.5 s.89
• /
• pp.857-868
• /
• 2005

This paper deals with the accumulated damage in concrete structures due to the cyclic freeze-thaw as an environmental load. The cyclic ice body nucleation and growth processes in porous systems are affected by the thermo-physical and mass transport properties, and gradients of temperature and chemical potentials. Furthermore, the diffusivity of deicing chemicals shows significantly higher value under cyclic freeze-thaw conditions. Consequently, the disintegration of concrete structures is aggravated at marine environments, higher altitudes, and northern areas. However, the properties of cyclic freeze-thaw with crack growth and diffusion of chloride ion effects are hard to be identified in tests, and there has been no analytic model for the combined degradations. The main objective is to determine the driving force and evaluate the reduced strength and stiffness by freeze-thaw. For the development of computational model of those coupled deterioration, micro-pore structure characterization, pore pressure based on the thermodynamic equilibrium, time and temperature dependent super-cooling with or without deicing salts, nonlinear-fracture constitutive relation for the evaluation of internal damage, and the effect of entrained air pores (EA) has been modeled numerically. As a result, the amount of ice volume with temperature dependent surface tensions, freezing pressure and resulting deformations, and cycle and temperature dependent pore volume has been calculated and compared with available test results. The developed computational program can be combined with DuCOM, which can calculate the early aged strength, heat of hydration, micro-pore volume, shrinkage, transportation of free water in concrete. Therefore, the developed model can be applied to evaluate those various practical degradation cases as well.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2009

As ships become larger, thicker and higher tensile steel plate are used in shipyard. Though special chemical compositions are required for high-tensile steels, recently they are made by the TMCP (Thermo-Mechanical control process) methodology. The increased Yield / Tensile strength of TMCP steels compared to the normalized steel of same composition are induced by suppressing the formation of Ferrite and Pearlite in favor of strong and tough Bainite while being transformed from Austenite. But this Bainite phase could be vanished by another additional thermal cycle like welding and heating. As thermal deformations are deeply related by yield stress of material, the study for prediction of plate deformation by heating should niflect the principle of TMCP steels. The present study is related to the development of an algorithm which could calculate inherent strain. In this algorithm, not only the mechanical principles of thermal deformations, but also the initial portion of Bainite is considered when calculating inherent strain. Distortion analysis results by these values showed good agreements with experimental results for normalized steels and TMCP steels during welding and heating. This algorithm has also been used to create an inherent strain database of steels in Class rule.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.95-105
• /
• 2012

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is a highly-effective aftertreatment device for NOx reduction of diesel engines. Generally, the ammonia ($NH_3$) was generated from reaction mechanism of SCR in the SCR system using the liquid urea as the reluctant. Therefore, the precise urea dosing control is a very important key for NOx and $NH_3$ slip reduction in the SCR system. This paper investigated NOx and $NH_3$ emission characteristics of urea-SCR dosing system based on model-based control algorithm in order to reduce NOx. In the map-based control algorithm, target amount of urea solution was determined by mass flow rate of exhaust gas obtained from engine rpm, torque and $O_2$ for feed-back control NOx concentration should be measured by NOx sensor. Moreover, this algorithm can not estimate $NH_3$ absorbed on the catalyst. Hence, the urea injection can be too rich or too lean. In this study, the model-based control algorithm was developed and evaluated on the numerical model describing physical and chemical phenomena in SCR system. One channel thermo-fluid model coupled with finely tuned chemical reaction model was applied to this control algorithm. The vehicle test was carried out by using map-based and model-based control algorithms in the NEDC mode in order to evaluate the performance of the model based control algorithm.