• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.305-317
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• 1990

The present study was performed to investigate modification in the electrophysiological characteristics of cat dorsal horn cells during neurogenic inflammation induced by mustard oil. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) Following subcutaneous injection of mustard oil the majority of wide dynamic range (WDR) cells (10/15 units) showed enhanced responses (80%) to brush, while the responses to all types of mechanical stiumli were enhanced in 3/15 units. One cell was further activated by pinch and the another was not affected at all after induction of inflammation. 2) The sensitization of WDR cell was resulted from subcutaneous injection of mustard oil either inside or outside of the receptive field (RF), whereas the spontaneous activity increased only after mustard oil was injected inside of the RF. 3) In the animal with inflammation the responses of high threshold (HT) cell to noxious stimulus were not altered, while HT cell responded to such mechanical stimulus as pressure which was usually ineffective in normal animals. 4) After induction of inflammation, low threshold (LT) cell appeared to be converted to WDR cell, showing responses not only to brush but also to pressure and pinch. 5) The mustard oil-induced inflammation enhanced responses of WDR and HT cells to the thermal stimuli and also resulted in a pronounced after-discharge in WDR cells. 6) After subcutaneous injection of lidocaine, the increased background activity of WDR cells due to inflammation was almost completely abolished. 7) A subcutaneous injection of mustard oil inside of the RF invariably desensitized the dorsal horn cells which receive sensory inputs from the inflamed RF. From the results of Present study it was revealed that a neurogenic inflammation induced by mustard oil resulted in an enhancement of responses of cat dorsal horn cells to mechanical and thermal stimuli.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.2839-2844
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• 2008

A PEMFC(proton exchange membrane fuel cell) is a good candidate for residential power generation to be cope with the shortage of fossil fuel and green house gas emission. The attractive benefit of the PEMFC is to produce electric power as well as hot water for home usage. Typically, thermal management of vehicular PEMFC is to reject the heat from the PEMFC to the ambient air. Different from that, the thermal management of PEMFC for RPG is to utilize the heat of PEMFC so that the PEMFC can be operated at its optimal efficiency. In this study, dynamic thermal management system is modeled to understand the response of the thermal management system during dynamic operation. The thermal management system of PEMFC for RPGFC is composed of two cooling circuits, one for controling the fuel cell temperature and the other for heating up the water for home usage. Dynamic responses and operating strategies of the PEMFC system are investigated during load changes.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2010

We isolated warm temperature acclimation-related protein 65-kDa (Wap65) cDNA from the liver of olive flounder and investigated the mRNA expression of Wap65 and HSP70 in olive flounder exposed to osmotic (17.5, 8.75, and 4 psu) and thermal stress (25 and $30^{\circ}C$). The mRNA expression of Wap65 and HSP70 was increased by thermal stress. The mRNA expression of HSP70 was also increased by osmotic stress, whereas no significant change in Wap65 expression was detected. These results indicate that Wap65 mRNA expression occurs specifically in response to increases in water temperature, but not in response to osmotic stress. Plasma cortisol levels were also increased by osmotic and thermal stress. We also utilized the stress hormone cortisol to examine whether Wap65 expression is thermal-stress-specific. Cortisol treatment increased HSP70 mRNA expression in vitro, but had no significant effect on Wap65 mRNA expression. Thus, thermal stress, but not osmotic stress, induces Wap65 expression.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.32-40
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• 2012

Geothermal heat pump(GHP) systems use vertical borehole heat exchangers to transfer heat to and from the surrounding ground via a heat carrier fluid that circulates between the borehole and the heat pump. An Important feature associated with design parameters and system performance is the local thermal resistances between the heat carrier flow channels in the borehole and the surrounding ground. This paper deals with the in-situ experimental determination of the effective thermal properties of the ground. The recorded thermal responses together with the line-source theory are used to determine the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity, and the steady-state borehole thermal resistance. In addition, this paper compares the experimental borehole resistance with the results from the different empirical and theoretical relations to evaluate this resistance. Further, the performance simulation of a GHP system with vertical borehole heat exchangers was conducted to analyze the effect of the borehole thermal resistance on the system performance.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.440-447
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• 2000

This paper describes a practical system to classify material temperature responses by composition of curve fitting and neuro-fuzzy inference. There are problems with a classification system which utilizes temperature responses. It requires too much time to approach the steady state of temperature response and it has to be filtered to remove the noise which occurs in experiments. Thus, this paper proposes a practical method using curve fitting only for transient state to remove the above problems of time and noise. Using the neuro-fuzzy system, the thermal conductivity of the material can be inferred on various ambient temperatures. So the material can be classified via its inferred thermal conductivity. To realize the system, we designed a contact sensor which has a similar structure with human finger, implemented a hardware system, and developed a classification software of curve fitting and neuro-fuzzy algorithm.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2021

Background: Management of pain from open wounds is a growing unmet healthcare need. However, the models available to study pain from wounds or to develop analgesics for the patients suffering from them have primarily relied on incisional models. Here, we present the first characterized and validated model of open wound pain. Methods: Unilateral full-skin excisional punch biopsy wounds on rat hind paws were evaluated for evoked pain using withdrawal responses to mechanical and thermal stimulation, and spontaneous pain was measured using hind paw weight distribution and guarding behavior. Evaluations were done before wounding (baseline) and 2-96 hours post-wounding. The model was validated by testing the effects of buprenorphine and carprofen. Results: Pain responses to all tests increased within 2 hours post-wounding and were sustained for at least 4 days. Buprenorphine caused a reversal of all four pain responses at 1 and 4 hours post-treatment compared to 0.9% saline (P < 0.001). Carprofen decreased the pain response to thermal stimulation at 1 (P ≤ 0.049) and 4 hours (P < 0.011) post-treatment compared to 0.9% saline, but not to mechanical stimulation. Conclusions: This is the first well-characterized and validated model of pain from open wounds and will allow study of the pathophysiology of pain in open wounds and the development of wound-specific analgesics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.662-667
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• 2005

Nonlinear dynamics of active piezolaminated plates are investigated with respect to the thermopiezoelastic behaviors. For largely deformed structures with small strain, the incremental total Lagrangian formulation is presented based on the virtual work principles. A multi field layer wise finite shell element is proposed for assuring high accuracy and non-linearity of displacement, electric and thermal fields. For dynamic consideration of thermopiezoelastic snap through phenomena, the implicit Newmark's scheme with the Newton-Raphson iteration is implemented for the transient response of various piezolaminated models with symmetric or eccentric active layers. The bifurcate thermal buckling of symmetric structural models is first investigated and the characteristics of piezoelectric active responses are studied for finding snap through piezoelectric potentials and the load path tracking map. The thermoelastic stable and unstable postbuckling, thermopiezoelastic snap through phenomena with several attractors are proved using the nonlinear time responses for various initial conditions and damping loss factors. Present results show that thermopiezoelastic snap through phenomena can result in the difficulty of buckling and postbuckling control of intelligent structures.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.528-536
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• 1999

This work studies the effects of transient reflectance on the thermal responses of a metal(gold) thin-film during ultrashort laser heating. The heating process is calculated using the conventional conduction model (parabolic one-step: POS), parabolic two-step model (PTS) with and without variable properties, hyperbolic two-step model (HTS). Results from the HTS model are very similar to those from the PTS model, since the laser heating time in this study is greater than the electron relaxation time. PTS model with variable properties, however, results in totally different temperature profiles compared to those from POS models or calculation with constant properties. Transient reflectances are estimated from electron temperature distributions and based on the linear relationship between the electron temperature and complex dielectric constants. Reflectance of the front surface can be changed with respect to dielectric constants, while those of the rear surface remain unchanged.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

Effects of temperature coefficients fur dielectric constants on transient reflectances and thermal responses have been investigated for a metal(gold) thin-film during ultrashort pulse laser heating. Heating processes are simulated using the conventional conduction model(parabolic one-step, POS), the parabolic tow-step model(PTS), the hyperbolic two-step model(HTS). Results fro the HTS model are very similar to those from the PTS model, since the laser heating time in this study is considerably greater than the electron relaxation time. PTS and HTS models, however, result in completely different temperature profiles from those obtained by the POS model due to slow electron-lattice interactions compared to laser pulse duration. Transient reflectances are directly estimated from the linear relationship between electron temperature and complex dielectric constants, while conventional approaches assume that the change in reflectances is proportional to that in temperatuer. Reflectances at the front surface vary considerably for various dielectric constants, while those at the rear surface remain unchanged relatively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.242-249
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate two different kinds of socks on physiological responses at an ambient temperature of 35$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity of 50$\pm$5% Five healthy women wearing normal socks or toes socks participated as the subjects. Rectal temperature skin temperatures sweat rate blood pressure pulse rate and questionnaire wee measured. Rectal temperature skin temperature sweat rate blood pressure pulse rate and questionnaire were measured. Rectal temperature and mean skin temperature were lower after exercise at wearing toes socks . Sweat rate was higher at wearing normal socks and blood pressure and pulse rate were tend to higher at wearing toes socks. Thermal comfort temperature sensation and humidity sensation were better wearing toes socks. Thermal comfort temperature sensation and humidity sensation were better wearing toes socks than wearing normal socks but wearing comfort was better at wearing normal socks. These results will be discussed form the viewpoint of thermoregulation AVA(Arterio venous Anastomosis) and count current heat exchange.