• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.305-315
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• 2021

Background: Panax stipuleanatus represents a folk medicine for treatment of inflammation. However, lack of experimental data does not confirm its function. This article aims to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of triterpenoid saponins isolated from P. stipuleanatus. Methods: The chemical characterization of P. stipuleanatus allowed the identification and quantitation of two major compounds. Analgesic effects of triterpenoid saponins were evaluated in two models of thermal- and chemical-stimulated acute pain. Anti-inflammatory effects of triterpenoid saponins were also evaluated using four models of acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in mice. Results: Two triterpenoid saponins of stipuleanosides R₁ (SP-R₁) and R₂ (SP-R₂) were isolated and identified from P. stipuleanatus. The results showed that SP-R₁ and SP-R₂ significantly increased the latency time to thermal pain in the hot plate test and reduced the writhing response in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. SP-R₁ and SP-R₂ caused a significant decrease in vascular permeability, ear edema, paw edema, and granuloma formation in inflammatory models. Further studies showed that the levels of inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin 6 in paw tissues were downregulated by SP-R₁ and SP-R₂. In addition, the rational harvest of three- to five-year-old P. stipuleanatus was preferable to obtain a higher level of triterpenoid saponins. SP-R₂ showed the highest content in P. stipuleanatus, which had potential as a chemical marker for quality control of P. stipuleanatus. Conclusion: This study provides important basic information about utilization of P. stipuleanatus resources for production of active triterpenoid saponins.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2023

The buffer materials in disposal hole are exposed to the decay heat from spent nuclear fuels and groundwater inflow through adjacent rockmass. Since understanding of thermal-hydro-mechanical-chemical (T-H-M-C) interaction in buffer material is crucial for predicting their long-term performance and safety of disposal repository, it is necessary to investigate the heating-hydration characteristics and consequent T-H-M-C behavior of the buffer materials under disposal conditions considering geochemical factors. In response, the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute developed a laboratory-scale 'Lab.THMC' experiment system, which characterizes the T-H-M behavior of buffer materials under different geochemical conditions by analyzing heating-hydration process and stress changes. This technical report introduces the detail design of the Lab.THMC system, summarizes preliminary experimental results, and outlines future research plans.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 2022

To investigate the tolerance limit and critical thermal maximum (CTM), behavioral responses of wild goldeye rockfish Sebastes thompsoni according to exposure to high water temperature were observed using a continuous behavior tracking system. As a result, behavioral index (BI) of S. thompsoni in each temperature (20.0, 25.0, and 30.0℃) showed a significant difference (p<0.05) when compared with the value measured in a stable condition of 15.0℃. The activity level of S. thompsoni exposed to 25.0℃ decreased sharply after 20 hours. Their rest time at the bottom of experiment chamber increased, and their normal swimming and metabolic activities were disturbed. In addition, at a high water temperature of 30.0℃, S. thompsoni reached the limit of resistance and showed a sub-lethal reaction of swimming behavior, with energy consumption in the body increased and all test organisms died. In conclusion, the eco-physiological response of S. thompsoni to water temperature varied greatly depending on the fluctuation range of the exposed temperature and the exposure time. In addition, the tolerance limit of S. thompsoni to high water temperature was predicted to be 25.0-30.0℃. The maximum critical thermal that had a great influence on the survival of this species was found to be around 30.0℃.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.371-378
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• 2002

In this study, 40 hypersensitive teeth of 19 patients were investigated. The procedures performed were as follows: Before desensitization, EPT at occlusal third of buccal surface was done for the evaluation of pulp vitality and the EPT value was recorded for the reference value. And mechanical and thermal test was executed for the test of hypersensitivity. If the tooth responded to the above tests, we did EPT at the exposed surface, using toothpaste as a electrolite medium and recorded the EPT value at patient's response. After the tests had been done, desensitization procedures with Gluma(R) Desensitizer were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. After desensitization, the same tests except EPT at occlusal third were repeated. All the 40 teeth responded positive before desensitization and negative after desensitization procedures. The EPT value at occlusal third ranged from 31 to 65 (48.9${\pm}$7.2). Before desensitization 34 teeth responded at EPT value of 2 and the remaining 6 teeth was in the range of 17 to 25. After desensitization all 40 teeth responded from 12 to 27 (19.6${\pm}$3.5). The 6 teeth responded at greater number than 2 before desensitization was in the range of 18 to 23. Within the limitations of this study we can conclude that: When a tooth with dentinal hypersensitivity responds to mechanical and thermal stimulation, the tooth shows very low resistance to electricity at the exposed surface while when a tooth is desensitized and doesn't show respond to mechanical and thermal stimuli, the tooth shows increased level of resistance to electric stimulation at the exposed surface. EPT can be used for the diagnosis of dentinal hypersensitivity. Furthermore EPT will be useful to evaluate the outcome of desensitization procedures. However, EPT is not a valid tool for measuring dentinal hypersensitivity.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.560-569
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• 1999

Blood supply rather than nerve supply implies pulp vitality. To evaluate pulp vitality clinically, electric pulp test and thermal test which are based on sensory nerve response have been used in addition to many auxiliary data such as past dental history, visual inspection, radiographic examination, percussion, palpation and transillumination test. However, reactivity of the nerves to the stimulation is not synonymous with normalcy. Therefore measurement of pulpal blood flow using a laser Doppler flowmeter became a new trial to test the pulp vitality. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate normal pulpal blood flow level of maxillary teeth in adult to provide a guideline in determining the vitality of dental pulp. Pulpal blood flow was measured in maxillary central and lateral incisors, canines, first and second premolars and first molars of seventy nine adults of 22 - 30 years old using a laser Doppler flowmeter (PeriFlux 4001, Perimed Co., Stockholm, Sweden, 780 nm infrared laser, 1mW). For directly-made splints, silicone rubber impressions were taken directly from the mouth. For indirectly-made splints, alginate impressions were taken from the mouth and stone cast were made. After making depressions on the buccal surfaces of the cast teeth to indicate the hole positions, second impressions with vinyl polysyloxane putty were taken from the cast. Holes for the laser probes were made at the putty impressions 4mm above the gingival level. Laser probe (PF416 dental probe, 1.5mm) was inserted in the prepared hole and the splint was set in the mouth. After 10 minutes of patient relaxing, pulpal blood flow was recorded for 5 minutes on each tooth. The recorded flow was saved in the computer and calculated with a software 'Perisoft' version 5.1. Pulpal blood flow was also recorded in six teeth of five individuals with no response to electric pulp test and cold test, with periapical radiolucency, or with history of root canal treatment to compare with nonvital teeth. The difference between the mean flow values of each group of teeth were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range test. The results were as follows: 1. The average pulpal blood flow values of all the tested teeth of each location were between 9 - 16 Perfusion Unit. Pulpal blood flow value was highest in maxillary lateral incisors, followed by first premolars, second premolars, canines, central incisors, and then first molars (p<0.01). 2. In six anterior teeth, indirectly-made splint group showed higher pulpal blood flow values than directly-made splint group (p<0.01). In posterior teeth, however, there was no significant flow value difference between directly-made splint group and indirectly-made splint one (p>0.05). 3. Teeth with vital pulps showed higher signal values than teeth with nonvital pulps (p<0.01), and the flow photographs showed heartbeat-synchronous fluctuations and vasomotions, while those were absent in non vital tooth.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2020

A colorimetric paper sensor was used to detect volatile nitrogen-containing compounds emitted from spoiled salmon filets to determine their freshness. The sensing mechanism was based on acid-base reactions between acidic pH-indicating dyes and basic volatile ammonia and amines. A sensing layer was simply fabricated by drop-casting a dye solution of bromocresol green (BCG) on a polyvinylidene fluoride substrate, and its color-change response was enhanced by optimizing the amounts of additive chemicals, such as polyethylene glycol, p-toluene sulfonic acid, and graphene oxide in the dye solution. To avoid the adverse effects of water vapor, both faces of the sensing layer were enclosed by using a polyethylene terephthalate film and a gas-permeable microporous polytetrafluoroethylene sheet, respectively. When exposed to basic gas analytes, the paper-like sensor distinctly exhibited a color change from initially yellow, then to green, and finally to blue due to the deprotonation of BCG via the Brønsted acid-base reaction. The use of ammonia analyte as a test gas confirmed that the sensing performance of the optimized sensor was reversible and excellent (detection time of < 15 min, sensitive naked-eye detection at 0.25 ppm, good selectivity to common volatile organic gases, and good stability against thermal stress). Finally, the coloration intensity of the sensor was quantified as a function of the storage time of the salmon filet at 28℃ to evaluate its usefulness in monitoring of the food freshness with the measurement of the total viable count (TVC) of microorganisms in the food. The TVC value increased from 3.2 × 10⁵ to 3.1 × 10⁹ cfu/g in 28 h and then became stable, whereas the sensor response abruptly changed in the first 8 h and slightly increased thereafter. This result suggests that the colorimetric response could be used as an indicator for evaluating the degree of decay of salmon induced by microorganisms.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2011

The specific antibody response of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus to change in rearing-environmental conditions post immunization with antigen (bovine serum albumin, BSA) and different routes of antigen administration were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To test the effect of routes of antigen administration, flounder were injected intraperioneally or intramuscularlly with 1 mg of BSA. In addition, to test the effect of change in environmental condition post immunization, flounder were injected intraperioneally with 1 mg of antigen, and then were exposed to acute thermal change (the water temperature (WT) was decreased from $21^{\circ}C$ to $15^{\circ}C$ within 30 min and maintained at $15^{\circ}C$ for 3 h), handling (fish were caught and subsequently held out of water for 1 min) or heavy oil (76 g/200 L for 2 days). Consequently, there was no significant difference between intraperioneal (IP) and intramuscular (IM) injections except at 10 days post-immunization. With these results, it suggests that both 1M and IP injections may be used as route of vaccination. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the antibody response among the groups exposed to heavy oil, handling, sudden drop of WT and positive control except at 10 days post-immunization. From these results, it was confirmed that specific antibody response was not affected by the above mentioned rearing-environmental conditions, suggesting that vaccination can be employed at changing rearing-environmental conditions.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2010

Background: Although quantitative sensory test (QST) is being used with increasing frequency for measuring sensory thresholds in clinical practice and epidemiologic studies, there has been no age-matched normative data in Korean adults. The objective of this study is to evaluate the value of QST in diabetic polyneuropathy with normal range in Korean adults. Methods: The Computer Aided Sensory Examination IV 4,2 (WR Medical Electronics Co., Stillwater, Minnesota, U.S.A.), with 4,2,1 stepping algorithm was used to determine vibration and cold perception threshold in 70 normal controls and 19 patients with diabetic polyneuropathy aged from 21 to 79 years. The data were used to define age-matched upper and lower normal limits and normal range of side to side difference. We also evaluated the duration of diabetes, serum HbA1C level, and findings of nerve conduction study (NCS) and QST in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. Results: In normal adults, sensory thresholds slightly increased with age, and a slight side-to-side difference was observed. The diagnostic sensitivity of QST was not higher than NCS in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy (36.8% vs. 42.1%, p=0.716), especially among elderly patients. Conclusions: QST might be used as a complementary test for NCS in the diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy. Although the QST is a simple method for the evaluation of peripheral nerve function, there are some limitations. Most of all, because the QST measuring is dependent on the subjective response of patients, the degree of concentration and cooperation of the patients can significantly affect the result. And thus, attention should be paid during the interpretation of QST results in patients with peripheral neuropathy.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.118-131
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• 2020

It is necessary to add protective agents for protecting the probiotic viability in the preparation process of probiotics starter. In this study, we used whey protein concentrate (WPC), pullulan, trehalose, and sodium glutamate as the protective agent and optimized the proportion of protective agent and spray-drying parameters to achieve the best protective effect on Lactobacillus plantarum. Moreover, the viable counts of L. plantarum in starter stored at different temperatures (-20℃, 4℃, and 25℃) for 360 days were determined. According to response surface method (RSM), the optimal proportion of protective agent was 24.6 g/L WPC, 18.8 g/L pullulan, 16.7 g/L trehalose and 39.3 g/L sodium glutamate. The optimum spray-drying parameters were the ratio of bacteria to protective agents 3:1 (v: v), the feed flow rate 240 mL/h, and the inlet air temperature 115℃ through orthogonal test. Based on the above results, the viable counts of L. plantarum was 12.22±0.27 Log CFU/g and the survival rate arrived at 85.12%. The viable counts of L. plantarum stored at -20℃ was more than 10¹⁰ CFU/g after 200 days.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.306-315
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• 2012

In this study, storage stability of reduced sulfur compounds ($H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, DMS, $CS_2$, and DMDS) and $SO_2$ in sampling bags was investigated in terms of two contrasting storage approaches between forward (F) and reverse (R) direction. The samples for the F method were prepared at the same time and analyzed sequentially through time. In contrast, those of reverse (R) method were prepared sequentially in advance and analyzed all at once upon the preparation of the last sample. In addition, relative performance between two different bag materials (PVF and PEA) was also assessed by using 100 ppb standard. The response factors (RF) of gaseous RSC samples were determined by gas chromatography/pulsed flame photometric detector (GC/PFPD) combined with air server (AS)/thermal desorber (TD) system at storage intervals of 0, 1, and 3 days. There is no statistical difference in all RSCs between two storage methods. However, the results of relative recovery indicated 2.58~12.8% differences in compound type between the two storage methods. Moreover, loss rates and storage stability of $H_2S$ and $SO_2$ were considerably affected by bag materials than any other variables. Therefore, some considerations about storage methods (or bag material types) for sulfur compounds are needed if stored by sampling bag method.