• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2016

Planting date shift is one of the means of adapting to climate change in Kimchi Cabbage growers in major production areas in Korea. This study suggests a method to estimate the potential yield of Kimchi Cabbage based on daily temperature accumulation during the growth period from planting to maturity which is determined by a plant phenology model tuned to Kimchi Cabbage. The phenology model converts any changes in the thermal condition caused by the planting date shift into the heat unit accumulation during the growth period, which can be calculated from daily temperatures. The physiological maturity is estimated by applying this model to a variable development rate function depending either on growth or heading stage. The cabbage yield prediction model (Ahn et al., 2014) calculates the potential yield of summer cabbage by accumulating daily heat units for the growth period. We combined these two models and applied to the 1km resolution climate scenario (2000-2100) based on RCP8.5 for South Korea. Potential yields in the current normal year (2001-2010) and the future normal year (2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100) were estimated for each grid cell with the planting dates of July 1, August 1, September 1, and October 1. Based on the results, we divided the whole South Korea into 810 watersheds, and devised a three - dimensional evaluation chart of the time - space - yield that enables the user to easily find the optimal planting date for a given watershed. This method is expected to be useful not only for exploring future new cultivation sites but also for developing cropping systems capable of adaptation to climate change without changing varieties in existing production areas.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.55-72
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• 2009

The timing of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from source rocks can be evaluated by reconstructing the geohistory of the basin using petroleum system modeling. The Tyee basin is generally considered having a high hydrocarbon generation potential For the southern part of the basin, the basin evolution from a structural and stratigraphic points of view, the thermal history, and the burial history were reconstructed and simulated using numerical tools of basin modeling. An evaluation of organic geochemistry for the potential source rocks and the possible petroleum systems were analysed to improve the understanding of the hydrocarbon charge of the basin. Organic geochemical data indicate that the undifferentiated Umpqua Group, mudstones of the Klamath Mountains, and coals and carbonaceous mudstones in the Remote Member and the Coquille River Member are the most potential gas-prone source rocks in the basin. The relatively high maturity of the southern Tyee basin is related to deep burial resulting from loading by the Coos bay strata. And the heating by intrusion from the western Cascade arc also affects to the high maturity of the basin. The maturation of source rocks, the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion were evaluated by means of basin modeling. The modeling results reveal that the hydrocarbon was generated in all potential source rocks and an expulsion only occurred from the Remote Member.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.95-111
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• 2004

This research sought to determine the status of the installation and operation of composting facilities of domestic public resource-making facilities and come up with corresponding improvement measures. The composting facilities were the most extensively installed of related facilities with over a 0.5 ton treated volume per day. The monthly and yearly carry-in volume of food waste were found to stand at 1,101.7 tons per day and 930.9 tons per day, thus falling short of the average planned volume of 1,270.9 tons. Many composting facilities, which were installed in areas for which factory registration were not approved, did not get approvals. Composting facilities underwent operation stoppage mainly due to faulty fermentation and crushing equipment. Mainly metals contained in food waste caused faults to the crushing equipment, thus requiring a facility designing against faults and corrosion. The initial water content was found to stand at 50-60%, thus complying with the requirement. However, since the composting food waste had an appropriate mixture of sawdust, food waste, and returned compost, it should meet the initial conditions. For fermentation facilities, the duration time for fermentation was 15 days, and post-fermentation tanks required 21 days of duration time, thus establishing the minimum criteria. However, some facilities did not meet the requirements, taking more time in decomposition, thus suggesting a need to determine the duration time according to facilities. In composting food waste, microorganism-based thermal oxidizer-operated fermentation tanks should be used to ensure an economic operation. On the contrary, 14 out of 25 survey targets heated fermentation tanks in any form. These thermal facilities contain the growth of bacteria, lowering chemical reaction in composting; thus composting facilities should be basically designed to use microorganism-based thermal oxidizers in drying water. An average daily volume of food waste and supplementary materials that was injected in producing compost was 22.8 tons. This volume produced 7.3 tons of compost per day, decreasing 68%. Properties of produced compost were analyzed by its color, absence or presence of remaining decomposition heat, and smell, to assess the quality. As a result, the composting process was not properly installed nor operated in about 50% of composting facilities. Compost should be produced to be soil-friendly.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.5 no.1_2 s.6
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• pp.48-58
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• 1997

Core samples from the B, E, F, H wells in the Tertiary Pohang Basin were analysed for total organic carbon (TOC) content and subject to Rock-Eval pyrolysis in order to assess petroleum geochemical characteristics of organic matter. Following geochemical screening, we selected samples from each well for the study of bitumen and kerogens such as optical observation, infra-red spectroscopy and biomarker analyses. Sediments of the Tertiary Yonil Group contain total organic carbon ranging from $0.55{\%} to 3.74{\%}$ with S1+S2 values higher than 2mgHC/g Rock in B, E and F wells, which indicates fair hydrocarbon generation potential. Most organic matter in the B, E, F wells is compared to type II based on the Rock-Eval pyrolysis, infra-red spectroscopy and optical observation. However, organic matter in the H well is compared to type III because the well is located at the margin of the basin where the preservation of terrestrial material is dominant. Geochemical analyses show that organic matter in the Yonil Group is thermally immature although thermal maturity slightly increases with depth. Maturity levels of the extracted kerogens are similar to those of bulk samples ($Tmax<435^{\circ}C$. Petroleum geochemical charateristics of the sediments in the Tertairy Yonil Group is fair in terms of the organic richness and hydrocarbon genetic potential, but organic matter is thermally immature due to the shallow burial depth. Optical observation of the kerogens and biomarker analysis show that organic matter in the Yonil Group is both marine and terrestrial origin, although it was deposited in marine environment. Pristane/phytane ratio suggests rather anoxic depositional environment. Transitional characteristics of organic matter indicate that the marine Yonil Group was deposited near the terrestrial environments. Input of terrestrial organic matter is more prevalent in the samples recovered from the lowermost horizon in the wells due to the terrestrial environment at the time of basin formation.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2015

This study investigated genetic, mineralogical and spectral characteristics of oil shale and coal samples in Dundgobi area, Mongolia. Based the Rock/Eval and Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, kerogen type, hydrogen quantity, thermal maturity and depositional environment were confirmed. Moreover, the mineral composition of oil shale and coal samples were analyzed by XRD and spectroscopy. The result of Rock Eval/TOC analysis revealed that the samples of Eedemt deposit are immature to mature source rocks with sufficient hydrocarbon potential, and the kerogen types were classified as Type I, Type II and Type III kerogen. On the other hand, the samples from Shine Us Khudag deposit were mature with good to very good hydrocarbon potential rocks where kengen types are defined as Type I, Type II/III and Type III kerogen. According to the carbon and sulfur contents, the depositional environment of the both sites were defined as a freshwater depositional environment. The XRD analysis revealed that the mineral composition of oil shale and coal samples were quartz, calcite, dolomite, illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, anorthoclase, albite, microcline, orthoclase and analcime. The absorption features of oil shale samples were at 1412 nm and 1907 nm by clay minerals and water, 2206 nm by clay minerals of kaolinite and montmorillonite and 2306 nm by dolomite. It is considered that spectral characteristics on organic matter content test must be tested for oil shale exploration using remote sensing techniques.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2019

This study was conducted to compare the heat stress response and production performance of chicks hatched in winter and summer. Among the 2,090 Korean native chickens examined, 1,156 hatched in winter and 934 hatched in summer. The amount of telomeric DNA, the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes, survival rate, egg production, and body weight were analyzed to evaluate the stress response and production performance of chickens. The results showed that the expression of HSP-70, $HSP-90{\alpha}$, and $HSP-90{\beta}$ genes in the winter-hatched chickens were significantly higher than those in the summer-hatched chickens during the growing and laying period (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the amount of telomeric DNA between summer- and winter-hatched chickens. The survival rate was significantly higher in the summer-hatched chickens than in the winter-hatched chickens at the laying period (P<0.01). The hen-day egg production and egg weight in the summer-hatched chickens were also significantly higher than those in the winter-hatched chickens (P<0.05). In contrast, age of sexual maturity of winter-hatched chickens was significantly earlier than that of summer-hatched chickens (P<0.01). The body weights from birth to 24 weeks were significantly lighter in the summer-hatched chickens than in the winter-hatched chickens, however, it was reversed after 28 weeks (P<0.05). In conclusion, the chicks hatched in the summer are more resistant to heat stress, with better productivity than the chicks hatched in the winter. These results suggest that the chicks grown at high temperatures have greater adaptability to the thermal environment.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.11 no.1 s.12
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

Seventeen exploratory wells have been drilled in the Block VI-1 of offshore Korea, which is located in the southern part or the Ulleung Basin. Gas show has been recognized from most of the wells, and gas and condensate have been accompanied in some wells. Commercial discovery of gas, accompanied by condensate, has been made from Gorae V well. The reservoir gases or the Dolgorae III, Gorae I, and Gorae V wells in the Ulleung Basin mainly consists of hydrocarbon gases (>93%). These gases are thermogenic wet gases which contain more than 96% of the methane and result from the cracking of petroleum or kerogen. Based on the chemistry and composition of the gases and stable isotope data, they seem to be generated from different source rocks. The condensates from the Gorae I and V wells are mostly generated from terrestrial organic matter. Lacustrine organic matter may not play an important role for the generation of these condensates. The condensates from the Gorae V wells consist predominantly of terrestrial organic matter but with minor subsidiary input from marine organic matter. The condensates from Gorse I and V wells may be generated from different source rocks. The thermal maturity level of the condensates from the Gorae V well ranges from early to middle oil generation zone and condensate from Gorae I reaches middle oil window. Correlation or the thermal maturation level of the condensates and organic matter in the sediments reveals that a depth of the generation of liquid hydrocarbons can be inferred to 3,000 m and 3,900 m for the Gorae V and I wells, respectively. Gorae V well, however, did not reach the target depth and the geochemical data of the Gorae I well were obscured due to the severe sediment caving in.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.157-181
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• 2020

Sediments from rivers, lakes and marine ports serve as end points for pollutants discharged into the water, and at the same time serve as sources of pollutants that are continuously released into the water. Until now, the contaminated sediments have been landfilled or dumped at sea. Landfilling, however, was expensive and dumping at sea was completely banned due to the London Convention. Therefore, this study applied contaminated sedimentation soil of 'Royal Palace Livestock Complex' as soil purification method. Soil remediation methods were applied to pretreatment, composting, soil washing, electrokinetics, and thermal desorption by selecting overseas application cases and domestically applicable application technologies. As a result of surveying the site for pollutant characteristics, Disolved Oxigen (DO), Suspended Solid (SS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Phosphorus (TP) exceeded the discharged water quality standard, and especially SS, COD, TN, and TP exceeded the standard several tens to several hundred times. Soil showed high concentrations of copper and zinc, which promote the growth of pig feed, and cadmium exceeded 1 standard of Soil Environment Conservation Act. In the pretreatment technology, hydrocyclone was used for particle size separation, and the fine soil was separated by more than 80%. Composting was performed on organic and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) contaminated soils. TPH was treated within the standard of concern, and E. coli was analyzed to be high in organic matter, and the fertilizer specification was satisfied by applying the optimum composting conditions at 70℃, but the organic matter content was lower than the fertilizer specification. As a result of continuous washing test, Cd has 5 levels of residual material in fine soil. Cu and Zn were mostly composed of ion exchange properties (stage 1), carbonates (stage 2), and iron / manganese oxides (stage 3), which facilitate easy separation of contamination. As a result of applying acid dissolution and multi-stage washing step by step, hydrochloric acid, 1.0M, 1: 3, 200rpm, 60min was analyzed as the optimal washing factor. Most of the contaminated sediments were found to satisfy the Soil Environmental Conservation Act's standards. Therefore, as a result of the applicability test of this study, soil with high heavy metal contamination was used as aggregate by applying soil cleaning after pre-treatment. It was possible to verify that it was efficient to use organic and oil-contaminated soil as compost Maturity after exterminating contaminants and E. coli by applying composting.