• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.497-500
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• 2000

This paper describes the procedures to estimate for the design thermal loads on prestressed concrete box girder bridges on th basis of the extreme analysis of the temperature data obtained from long-term thermal analyses. Long-term thermal analyses using the environmental data for three years were conducted, and the extreme distributions of th thermal loads are then determined by the tail-equivalence method, and the thermal loads corresponding to selected return period are calculated. Finally, the results are compared to the specifications suggested in a current design code for thermal loads.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.83 no.5
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• pp.645-654
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• 2022

Environmental thermal loads such as vertical and lateral temperature gradients are significant factors that must be taken into account when designing the bridge. Different models have been developed and used by countries for simulating thermal gradients in bridge codes. In most of the codes only vertical temperature gradients are considered, such as Iranian Standard Loads for Bridge code (ISLB), which only considers the vertical gradient for bridge design proposes. On the other hand, the vertical gradient profile specified in ISLB, has many lacks due to the diversity of climate in Iran, and only one vertical gradient profile is defined for whole Iran. This paper aims to get the both vertical and lateral gradient loads for the concrete box girder using experimental analysis in the capital of Iran, Tehran. To fulfill this aim, thermocouples are installed in experimental concrete segment and temperatures in different location of the segment are recorded. A three dimensional finite element model of concrete box-girder bridge is constructed to study the effects of thermal loads. Results of investigation proved that the effects of thermal loads are not negligible, and must be considered in design processes. Moreover, a solution for reducing the negative effects of thermal gradients in bridges is proposed. Results of the simulation show that using one layer polyurethane insulation can significantly reduce the thermal gradients and thermal stresses.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2006

A half-scaled large test model for the main components of the real annular structure was built and the thermal behaviors were experimented and obtained by thermal cyclic loads. The model design and the test conditions for the thermal loads were determined to take into consideration the thermal and mechanical loads acting on the real annular structure by finite element analyses. Temperature profiles and strains of the main components of the model were measured at an early stage of the test and periodically throughout the test in the given test conditions. After completion of the thermal cyclic tests, no evidence of crack initiation and propagation were identified by a dye penetration test. The measured strains at the critical parts were slightly increased proportionally with the increase in the number of the thermal cycles.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.101-109
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• 2015

Purpose: Glazing and shading devices influence a lot on the thermal and visual environment in office buildings. Solar heat and daylight are contrary concept, therefore proper arrangement of thermal and optical performance is needed when designing a glazing and shading devices. The purpose of this study is to examine the conditions of the glazing and shading devices available for promoting the reduction of cooling loads + lighting loads and the improvement in thermal comfort and visual comfort for the summer season in an office building installed with venetian blind. Method: This study established 12 simulation cases which have different glazings and the positions of venetian blind for evaluating different thermal and optical performance. And by using EnergyPlus v8.1 and Window v7.2 program, we quantitatively analyzed cooling loads + lighting loads, thermal comfort and visual comfort in an office building installed with the glazing and shading devices. Result: Consequently, Case 9(Double Low-E+Exterior Blind) is the best arrangement of solar heat gain and daylight influx, thereby becomes the most excellent case of reducing cooling+lighting loads(46.8%) and simultaneously becomes the enhancement case in thermal comfort. Also, DGI(Daylight glare index) under clear sky conditions in summer was evaluated to be 19.6, and thereby satisfied the recommendation level of allowing visual comfort.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2017

In this work, thermoelastic dynamic behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) cylinders subjected to mechanical pressure loads, uniform temperature environment or thermal gradient loads is investigated by a mesh-free method. The material properties and thermal stress wave propagation of the nanocomposite cylinders are derived after solving of the transient thermal equation and obtaining of the time history of temperature field of the cylinders. The nanocomposite cylinders are made of a polymer matrix and wavy single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The volume fraction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are assumed variable along the radial direction of the axisymmetric cylinder. Also, material properties of the polymer and CNT are assumed temperature-dependent and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite are estimated by a micro mechanical model in volume fraction form. In the mesh-free analysis, moving least squares shape functions are used to approximate temperature and displacement fields in the weak form of motion equation and transient thermal equation, respectively. Also, transformation method is used to impose their essential boundary conditions. Effects of waviness, volume fraction and distribution pattern of CNT, temperature of environment and direction of thermal gradient loads are investigated on the thermoelastic dynamic behavior of FG-CNTRC cylinders.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.455-479
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• 2005

This paper describes a 2D nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) platform that combines heat flow analysis with realistic analysis of cracked reinforced concrete structures. The behavior models included in the structural analysis are mainly based on the Modified Compression Field Theory and the Distributed Stress Field Model. The heat flow analysis takes into account time-varying thermal loads and temperature-dependent material properties. The capability of 2D nonlinear transient thermal analysis is then implemented into a nonlinear finite element analysis program VecTor2(C) for 2D reinforced concrete membranes. Analyses of four numerical examples are performed using VecTor2, and results obtained indicate that the suggested nonlinear finite element analysis procedure is capable of modeling the complete response of a concrete structure to thermal and mechanical loads.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06d
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• pp.325-330
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• 2001

One of the principal components of the KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) tokamak structure is the vacuum vessel, which acts as the high vacuum boundary for the plasma and also provides the structural support for internal components. Hyundai Heavy Industries Inc. has performed the engineering design of the vacuum vessel. Here the overall configuration of the KSTAR vacuum vessel was briefly described and then the design methodology and the analysis results were presented. The vacuum vessel consists of double walls, several ports, leaf spring style supports. Double walls are separated by reinforcing ribs and filled with baking/shielding water. The overall external dimensions of the main body are 3.39 m high, 1.11 m inner radius, 2.99 m outer radius, and made of SA240-316LN. The vacuum vessel was designed to be capable of achieving the base pressure of $1\times10^{-8}$ Torr, and also to be structurally capable of sustaining the vacuum pressure, the electromagnetic and thermal loads during plasma disruption and bakeout, respectively. The vacuum vessel will be baked out maximum $150^{\circ}C$ by hot pressurized water through the channels formed between double walls and the reinforcing ribs. A 3-D temperature distribution and the resulting thermal loads in the vessel were calculated during bakeout. It was found that the vacuum vessel and its supports were structurally rigid based on the thermal stress analysis. The maximum electromagnetic loads on the vacuum vessel induced by eddy and halo currents resulting from the engineering plasma radial and vertical disruption scenarios have been estimated. The stress analyses have been performed based on these electromagnetic loads and the resulting stresses at he critical locations of the vacuum vessel were within the allowable stresses.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.65-77
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• 2017

The latest UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) show that mean daily temperatures will increase everywhere in the United Kingdom. This will significantly affect the thermal and energy performance of the current building stock. This study examines an institutional fully glazed building and looks into the changes in the cooling loads and thermal comfort of the occupants during the occupied hours of the non-heating period. Furthermore, it investigates the effect of relative humidity (RH) on thermal comfort. The Design Summer Year (DSY) 2003 for London Heathrow has been used as a baseline for this study and the DSY 2050s High Emissions scenario was used to examine the performance of the building under future weather conditions. Results show a 21% increase of the cooling loads between the two examined scenarios. Thermal comfort appears to be slightly improved during the months of May and September and marginally worsen during the summer months. Results of the simulation show that a relative humidity control at 40% can improve the thermal comfort for 53% of the occupied hours. A comparison of the thermal comfort performance during the hottest week of the year, shows that when the relative humidity control is applied thermal comfort performance of the 2050s is similar or better compared to the thermal comfort performance under the baseline.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1065-1073
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• 2009

In this paper, the estimation method of C(t)-integral for combined mechanical and thermal loads is proposed for elastic-plastic-creep material via 3-dimensional FE analyses. Plasticity induced by initial loading makes relaxation rate different from those produced elastically. Moreover, the interactions between mechanical and thermal loads make the relaxation rate different from those produced under mechanical load alone. To quantify C(t)-integral for combined mechanical and thermal loads, the simplified formula are developed by modifying redistribution time in existing work done by Ainsworth et al..

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.819-835
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• 2020

The effects of atmospheric thermal loads on the response of structural elements that are exposed to open environments have been recognized by research works and design specifications. The main source of atmospheric heat is solar radiation, which dominates the variation of the temperature of air, earth surface and all exposed objects. The temperature distribution along the depth of steel members may differ with the geometry configuration, which means that the different-configuration steel members may suffer different thermally induced strains and stresses. In this research, an experimental steel beam was instrumented with many thermocouples in addition to other sensors. Surface temperatures, air temperature, solar radiation and wind speed measurements were recorded continuously for 21 summer days. Based on a finite element thermal analysis, which was verified using the experimental records, several parametric studies were directed to investigate the effect of the geometrical parameters of AISC standard steel sections on their thermal response. The results showed that the overall size of the beam, its depth and the thickness of its elements are of significant effect on vertical temperature distributions and temperature differences.