선박의 엔드라인 폭연방지기의 요소기술에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Element Technologies in Flame Arrester of End Line)
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- 해양환경안전학회지
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- 제25권4호
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- pp.468-475
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- 2019
엔드라인 폭연방지기는 수직 환기장치에 폭연방지와 함께 대기방출을 하도록 한다. 엔드라인 폭연방지장치는 선박과 같은 산업현장의 다양한 분야에 적용된다. 폭연방지기에서 스프링은 스프링 부하와 스프링의 탄성이 후드 개방 모멘트를 결정하므로 필수 부품이다. 더욱이, 장치 내 스프링은 고온의 상태에서도 작동해야 한다. 따라서, 폭연이 나타나기 시작할 때 스프링의 기계적 하중과 탄성을 분석할 필요가 있다. 이 연구에서는 엔드라인 폭연방지기의 작동 프로세스의 시뮬레이션을 기반으로 열 및 구조해석을 수행하으며, 스프링의 3차원 모델은 CFD 시뮬레이션을 이용하였다. CFD 해석은 FEM 시뮬레이션 값을 입력하여 스프링 구조를 분석한다. 본 연구에서는 스프링 부하의 43 kg, 93 kg 및 56 kg 세 가지 경우 즉, 150 mm 스프링 디플렉션에 부합하도록 집중적으로 관찰하였다. 결과적으로,
최근 전자장비의 소형화 및, 고밀도화가 되는 반도체 집적기술의 발달로 인해 칩과 모듈에서 발생되는 내부발열량을 외부로 적절히 방출시키기 위해서 열 제어시스템 적용에 대한 연구의 중요성을 인식하고 있다. 본 연구는 SST k-
지구 표면에 대한 정보는 기상 및 대기 역학의 이해나 인간을 포함한 동물에 큰 영향을 미치는 극한 열현상에 대응함에 있어서 핵심적인 지구 물리량이다. 지구 영역에 대한 온도를 추정하기 위하여 위성에 탑재된 열적외 센서가 널리 활용되어 왔는데, 정밀한 활용을 위해서는 온도 추정 과정의 불확도에 대한 이해가 선행되어야 한다. 하지만 온도추정 불확도에 영향을 미치는 많은 요소 중에서 한반도 주변의 환경 하에서의 온도추정 알고리즘의 불확도 산정에 대한 연구는 미미하였다. 본 연구에서는 한반도 주변의 대기 및 해양 조건하에서 범용성이 높은 single-channel 알고리즘의 불확도를 추정하는 연구를 수행하였다. 알고리즘의 입력자료로 필요한 재분석자료(reanalysis)의 영향성을 평가하기 위하여 두 가지의 재분석자료, 즉 fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis of the global climate and weather (ERA5)와 Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications-2 (MERRA-2)를 사용하였고, 복사전달모델은 MODerate resolution atmospheric TRANsmission (MODTRAN)을 사용하였다. MODTRAN 모의와 온도 추정 정확도 검증에 사용되는 현장 관측 수온은 한반도 인근 해역에 위치한 해양 기상 부이(buoy)로부터 획득했다. 실험 결과, 알고리즘 불확도는 대기 수증기량에 따라서 선형에 가깝게 증가하는 것을 확인하였고, 가장 건조한 조건에서는 약 0.35K 그리고 평균적으로 0.45K 가량의 불확도가 발생함을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 재분석자료의 종류에 상관없이 유사하게 도출되어 알고리즘이 가지는 순수한 불확도라고 추정할 수 있었다.
Conjugate heat transfer between liquid metal and solid is a common phenomenon in a liquid-metal-cooled fast reactor's fuel assembly and heat exchanger, dramatically affecting the reactor's safety and economy. Therefore, comprehensively studying the sophisticated conjugate heat transfer in a liquid-metal-cooled fast reactor is profound. However, it has been evidenced that the traditional Simple Gradient Diffusion Hypothesis (SGDH), assuming a constant turbulent Prandtl number (Prt,, usually 0.85 - 1.0), is inappropriate in the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of liquid metal. In recent decades, numerous studies have been performed on the four-equation model, which is expected to improve the precision of liquid metal's CFD simulations but has not been introduced into the conjugate heat transfer calculation between liquid metal and solid. Consequently, a four-equation model, consisting of the Abe k - ε turbulence model and the Manservisi k𝜃 - ε𝜃 heat transfer model, is applied to study the conjugate heat transfer concerning liquid metal in the present work. To verify the numerical validity of the four-equation model used in the conjugate heat transfer simulations, we reproduce Johnson's experiments of the liquid lead-bismuth-cooled turbulent pipe flow using the four-equation model and the traditional SGDH model. The simulation results obtained with different models are compared with the available experimental data, revealing that the relative errors of the local Nusselt number and mean heat transfer coefficient obtained with the four-equation model are considerably reduced compared with the SGDH model. Then, the thermal-hydraulic characteristics of liquid metal turbulent pipe flow obtained with the four-equation model are analyzed. Moreover, the impact of the turbulence model used in the four-equation model on overall simulation performance is investigated. At last, the effectiveness of the four-equation model in the CFD simulations of liquid sodium conjugate heat transfer is assessed. This paper mainly proves that it is feasible to use the four-equation model in the study of liquid metal conjugate heat transfer and provides a reference for the research of conjugate heat transfer in a liquid-metal-cooled fast reactor.
A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2000 and 2001 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) Most of papers related with heat transfer analysis and heat exchanger shows dealt with convection, evaporation, and channel flow for the design application of heat exchanger. The numerical heat transfer simulation studies have been peformed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics. Experimental as well as numerical studies on heat exchanger were reported, while not many papers are available for the system analysis including heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies on heat pump system shows that performance analysis and control of heat pump have been peformed by various simulations and experiments. The research papers on multi-type heat pump system increased significantly. The studies on heat pipe have been examined experimently for change of working characteristics and strut lure. Research on the phase change has been carried out steadily and operation strategies of encapsulated ice storage tank are reported experimentally in several papers. (4) A review of recent studies on refrigeration/air conditioning system have focused on the system performance and efficiency for new alternative refrigerants. Evaporation and condensation heat transfer characteristics are investigated for tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants. Studies on components of refrigeration/air conditioning system are carried to examine efficiency for various compressors and performance of new expansion devices. In addition to thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out, however research works on two-phase flow seemed to be insufficient. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption cooling system indicates that heat and mass transfer phenomena have been investigated to improve absorber performance. Various experimental data have been presented and several simulation models have been proposed. A review of the recent studies on duct and ventilation shows that ventilation indices have been proposed to quantify the ventilation performance in buildings and tunnels. Main efforts have been focused on the applications of ventilation effectiveness in practice, either numerically using computational fluid dynamics or experimentally using tracer gas techniques. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, research issues have mainly focused on many innovative ideas such as underfloor air-conditioning system, personal environmental modules, radiant floor cooling and etc. Also, the new approaches for minimizing energy consumption as well as improving indoor environmental conditions through predictive control of HVAC systems, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation were highlighted.
기존 보고된 귤응애 온도발육자료를 이용하여 온도발육 관련 매개변수 값을 추정하고 개체군 동태 추정에 필요한 행렬모형을 작성하였다. 귤응애 발육영점온도는 알
야외에서 채집된 멸강나방(Mythimna separata) 유충 및 번데기로부터 우화한 기생파리를 NCBI 데이터베이스에 등록되어 있는 유전자 염기서열 정보(16S, 18S, 28S 그리고 CO I)와 비교하여 긴등기생파리(Exorista japonica)로 동정하였다. 긴등기생파리의 알부터 성충우화까지 발육 기간을 담배거세미나방(Spodoptera litura) 5~6령 유충을 숙주 곤충으로 하여 7개 항온조건(16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31,
A comprehensive numerical study is carried out to investigate for the understanding of the flow evolution and flame development in a supersonic combustor with normal injection of ncumally injecting hydrogen in airsupersonic flows. The formulation treats the complete conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration for a multi-component chemically reacting system. For the numerical simulation of supersonic combustion, multi-species Navier-Stokes equations and detailed chemistry of H2-Air is considered. It also accommodates a finite-rate chemical kinetics mechanism of hydrogen-air combustion GRI-Mech. 2.11[1], which consists of nine species and twenty-five reaction steps. Turbulence closure is achieved by means of a k-two-equation model (2). The governing equations are spatially discretized using a finite-volume approach, and temporally integrated by means of a second-order accurate implicit scheme (3-5).The supersonic combustor consists of a flat channel of 10 cm height and a fuel-injection slit of 0.1 cm width located at 10 cm downstream of the inlet. A cavity of 5 cm height and 20 cm width is installed at 15 cm downstream of the injection slit. A total of 936160 grids are used for the main-combustor flow passage, and 159161 grids for the cavity. The grids are clustered in the flow direction near the fuel injector and cavity, as well as in the vertical direction near the bottom wall. The no-slip and adiabatic conditions are assumed throughout the entire wall boundary. As a specific example, the inflow Mach number is assumed to be 3, and the temperature and pressure are 600 K and 0.1 MPa, respectively. Gaseous hydrogen at a temperature of 151.5 K is injected normal to the wall from a choked injector.A series of calculations were carried out by varying the fuel injection pressure from 0.5 to 1.5MPa. This amounts to changing the fuel mass flow rate or the overall equivalence ratio for different operating regimes. Figure 1 shows the instantaneous temperature fields in the supersonic combustor at four different conditions. The dark blue region represents the hot burned gases. At the fuel injection pressure of 0.5 MPa, the flame is stably anchored, but the flow field exhibits a high-amplitude oscillation. At the fuel injection pressure of 1.0 MPa, the Mach reflection occurs ahead of the injector. The interaction between the incoming air and the injection flow becomes much more complex, and the fuel/air mixing is strongly enhanced. The Mach reflection oscillates and results in a strong fluctuation in the combustor wall pressure. At the fuel injection pressure of 1.5MPa, the flow inside the combustor becomes nearly choked and the Mach reflection is displaced forward. The leading shock wave moves slowly toward the inlet, and eventually causes the combustor-upstart due to the thermal choking. The cavity appears to play a secondary role in driving the flow unsteadiness, in spite of its influence on the fuel/air mixing and flame evolution. Further investigation is necessary on this issue. The present study features detailed resolution of the flow and flame dynamics in the combustor, which was not typically available in most of the previous works. In particular, the oscillatory flow characteristics are captured at a scale sufficient to identify the underlying physical mechanisms. Much of the flow unsteadiness is not related to the cavity, but rather to the intrinsic unsteadiness in the flowfield, as also shown experimentally by Ben-Yakar et al. [6], The interactions between the unsteady flow and flame evolution may cause a large excursion of flow oscillation. The work appears to be the first of its kind in the numerical study of combustion oscillations in a supersonic combustor, although a similar phenomenon was previously reported experimentally. A more comprehensive discussion will be given in the final paper presented at the colloquium.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70