• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.429-438
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• 2018

Since concrete is a hardened aggregates of various materials, it needs to be crushed for chemical analyses. However, the effect of sample crushing on the analytical results has not been precisely assessed till today. In this study, we prepared concrete test pieces using Portand cements and fly ashes as binding materials, and ponded ashes and sands as aggregates and analyzed the heavy metals of the test pieces using Standards for Fair Testing of Soil Contamination (SFTSC) and Wastes (SFTW). For this, each test piece was partially crushed at first and sieved for separation of grains of <0.15 mm, 0.15-0.5 mm, and 0.5-5 mm from the same crushed samples (Crushing Method I). Results of those samples using SFTSC showed a clear trend that analyzed heavy metal concentrations are higher in the finer fractions. Particularly, fractions with <0.15 mm indicated much higher concentrations than the theoretical ones, which were calculated based on the concentrations of individual materials and their mixing fractions. In contrast, the analytical results were generally comparable with the theoretical ones when the test pieces were totally pulverized such that all the crushed grains were <0.15 mm in size (Crushing Method II). These results are associated with the fact that cement materials and fly ashes, which are high in heavy metals relative to other materials, are enriched in the fine fractions. The analytical results using the SFTW derived very low concentrations in most of parameters and did not indicate the dependence of concentrations on the crushing methods due to using distilled water as leaching agent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 2009

The random utility theory and the multinomial logit model (including a more recent variant--the mixed multinomial logit) derived from it have constituted a back bone for theoretical and empirical analyses of various travel demand features including mode choice. In their empirical applications, however, it is customary to specify random utilities which are linear in modal attributes such as time and cost, and in socio-economic variables. The linearity helps easy derivation of important information such as value of travel time savings by calculating marginal rate of substitution between time and cost. In this paper the author focuses on the very linearity of the random utilities. Taking into account the fact that the mode chooser is also labour supplier, commodity consumer as well as leisure-seeker, the author sets up a maximization model of the traveller, which encompasses various economic activities of the traveller. The author derive from the model the indifference curve defined on the space of modal attributes, time and cost and investigate under what conditions the random utility of the traveller becomes linear. It turns out that there exist the conditions under which the random utility is really linear in modal attributes, but the property does not hold when the traveller has a corner solution on the space of modal attributes, or when the primary utility function of the traveller is directly affected by labour provided and/or the travel time itself. As a corollary of the analysis, a random utility is suggested, approximated up to the second order of the variables involved for empirical studies of the field.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 1999

The main objective of this study was to develop a concept of service marketing promotion in nursing that is derived from the concepts of service marketing theory. This research was a descriptive study, at the factor isolation level. The principle of concept derivation suggested by Walker and Avant (1988) and the Hybrid model suggested by Schwarz-Barcott and Kim (1993) were employed as the research method. The data were collected from December, 1997 to April. 1998 at a large general hospital located in Seoul. The procedures of this study were as follows: First. at the theoretical phase: the meaning, attributes, and definition of service marketing promotion were identified through an extensive review of the literature. Second, at the empirical phase: fieldwork was done to identify the promotional activities and events in nursing. Top nurse managers from 4 units (Director of Nursing, Head nurses of inpatient nursing unit, outpatient nursing unit. and home care nursing unit) were interviewed and the content of the interview was analyzed to identify the meaning and attributes of promotion in nursing. Other methods such as brochures and other audio-visual materials which were relevant to nursing promotion were used to supplement the interviews. Finally, the results of the theoretical and empirical analyses were intergrated to develop a concept of service marketing in nursing practice. A final definition of service marketing promotion in nursing was identified as follows. 1. Promotion as a marketing function in nursing service is concerned with communication to target markets on all information related to nursing service in order to satisfy the objectives of both a nursing service organization and the target markets. 2. The goals of nursing service promotion include: 1) increasing visibility of nursing services and delivering the information on nursing services, 2) affirming the value of nursing services, so it can contribute to formulation of reimbursement policy for nursing services. 3) advancing the general image of the nursing profession and nursing services. 4) achieving and attaining a desirable positioning for nurses among health care professionals. and 5) creating and stimulating the demand for nursing services. 3. In order to obtain these goals it is necessary to provide information on nursing services, to persuade target markets. to remind them about nursing services. and to establish a collaborative relationship with related departments. 4. The tools used to carry out the above functions of promotion in nursing are the providing nursing services, public relations and publicity. QA of nursing, advertising, and sales promotion. 5. The target markets of nursing service include the nursing customer markets. the internal markets, the influence markets. the recruitment markets. the supplier markets. and the nursing referral markets. In conclusion, the concept of promotion in other service marketing areas can be applied to the promotion of nursing service marketing. The promotion of nursing service is more than just effective communication in nursing service. it is the effective use of the concepts of service marketing promotion. Promotion of nursing service will contribute to create and expand nursing services.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.81-92
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• 2013

Purpose - This study empirically analyzes the effect of improvements in the quality of service management performance of college education on traders' conscious change of business management innovation and diverse sales expertise for a year. The use of traders' conscious changes and sales expertise as variables for the verification of the effects of parameters related to the active trader's traditional education market is a desirable direction. The method of research reflects the quality of education service, management result, traders' conscious changes, and sales expertise to understand the precise essence and definition of teaching quality at merchant colleges through theoretical consideration. Moreover, its impact on traders' conscious changes and sales expertise in empirical analysis acts as an intermediary. Research design, data, methodology - The hypothesis of this study leverages the SPSS statistical program. To gather actual proof, sample survey for theoretical research examined 262 valid papers of the 300 papers written by 10 merchants who graduated from merchant's university. First, using the SERVQUAL model, Parasuraman et al. (1996) indicated that for quality of education service, the configuration of factors is the same as the sympathetic performance, that is, responsiveness and empathy, and traders are aware of these elements. However, our preliminary investigation revealed that traders' university education has been excluded as a component of quality of service in the earlier studies. Moreover, we found that certainty of knowledge, reliability, and sympathy are influenced by challenges and by the changing intentions of merchant consciousness. In addition, our study confirms that improvements in convincing abilities and sales technique have a positive impact. Second, merchants' and traders' expertise are proven to affect business performance. In other words, university education of traders and merchants affects the consciousness of consumers, and changes patterns of sales. Third, the quality of service management education and change in the consciousness has a considerable impact on the trader, thereby maximizing business performance and acting as an intermediary for verification. Fourth, the quality of service management education affects the trader's sales expertise to maximize business performance. Results - To summarize, the quality of college educational services relates to the improvement of business performance and the role of the resulting virtuous cycle. Consequently, we can look for suggestions in the traditional markets, where the Government pays attention to the exterior environmental factors as well as to the changing business environment. However, the most important aspect is the merchant awareness. That is, a merchant should understand the distribution environment. Several competitor and trend analyses should be conducted to meet customers' expectations positively and proactively cope with any challenges related to changes. Further, expertise in sales and marketing skills need to be acquired to improve customer convincing abilities and develop a customer-oriented mindset. Conclusions - According to the changes in consumption trends of business enterprises, new management techniques are required to survive competition by improving traditional markets, which will necessitate more competitive education programs in merchant universities.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.39-50
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• 2015

The installation of the expansion joints in a tunnel concrete lining and duct would minimize the cracking at the location of structural shape and stiffness change, differential settlement, big temperature change, and so on. However, it is difficult to determine the required spacing of the expansion joint in a tunnel concrete lining and duct quantitatively because the spacing is influenced by temperature change, structure construction condition, ground-structure interaction, and etc. Nevertheless, a highway specification (Korea Expressway Corporation, 2012) or a road design manual (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, 2010) specifies that the expansion joint spacing in a tunnel concrete lining should be installed uniformly smaller than 25 m from the tunnel portals to 50 m inside of a tunnel and elsewhre 20-60 m in a tunnel (because there is no specifcation for a duct it is assumed that a duct follows the specfication of lining). This specification results in several construction and economic problems in relation with a tunnel construction. Accordingly, in order to minimize the problems, this study analyzed both domestic and foreign design standards and specifications. In addition, field test, theoretical and numerical analyses were carried out in relation to the expansion joint in a tunnel lining and duct. The purpose of this study is to reestabilish a criterion for installing the expansion joint in a tunnel concrete lining and duct.

• Solar Energy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 1991

Heat transfer characteristics for heat retrieving processes in a paraffin-filled horizontal circular cylinder was studied. Theoretical and experimental analyses were carried out. In the theoretical analysis, solid and liquid phases were treated separately. Namely, convection for liquid and conduction for solid phase were investigated respectively. The retrieved heat was calculated from the experimentally determined solidified mass. Furthermore, the effects of initial temperature of the liquid and cooling temperature on the heat discharge rate were also studied. In the heat retrieving process, the governing factor for the solidifying rate is the cooling temperature, because most of the liquid sensible heat is rapidly discharged in the initial stage of solidification. Hence heat transfer mechanism during heat retrieving process can be safely considered as conduction. In the cut of frozen paraffin, there showed an empty space in the upper region. It is caused by the temperature drop in the liquid paraffin. While volume shrinkage caused by phase transition was indiscernible. Irrespective of cooling temperature and initial liquid temperature, solidified mass was well-correlated with the product of Fourier number and Stefan number in the solid phase.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.214-227
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• 2013

The primary objectives of this study are twofold. One is to examine the psychometric properties of Family Empowerment Scale(FES) developed by Koren, DeChillo and Frisen(1992). The other is to develope a short-form FES. Data collected from 337 members of Parents' Solidarity of Children with Disabilities were used. FES had good internal consistency, but the results of confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) did not support the theoretical factor structure of the scale. Basic analyses such as correlation and descriptive analysis were performed to examine the characteristics of individual items and identify the limitation of the orignal FES. In addition, a series of CFA were carried out to develop a short-form FES. Finally 15 items were selected based on theoretical rationale and the results of CFA. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ and the model fit indices for the short-form FES indicated that this measure has good construct validity as well as internal consistency. In discussion, usefulness and potential contribution of this study were explored in relation to content development in the area of measuring instruments.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.34-51
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• 1999

The effective use of IT(information technology) will increasingly become one of the key determinants for successful informationalization in govermental organization And the ability of the public officials in using IT or operating information system is essential to the effective use of IT. This study focuses on constructing a theoretical base of developing the education and training system for enhancing the IT ability of the public officials. In order to achieve this research goal, first this study suggests four categories of IT education and training for (1) the basic capability of IT use (2) the skills of operating information system (3) the management competence of performing strategic use of IT, (4) the expert skills for specific IT, and then derives concrete items for each category. With respect to these items, we empirically investigate the degree of necessity and the effective way of education and training according to tasks, positions and ability of the public officials. The data analyses are based on questionnaires responded by 300 public officials who attend the education and training programs held by the Training Institute of Ministry of Information and Communication. The results of this study can provide the theoretical basis for constructing the IT education and training system which is applicable to most of Korean organizations. Also they can be used as a practical guideline in developing and promoting specific IT education and training programs.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.487-510
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Ethical Leadership on job engagement, organizational commitment and unethical pro-organizational behavior and to analyze the dual mediation effect of job engagement and organizational commitment. We used 565 questionnaires collected by members in domestic companies. The result of the analyses are as follows: First, Ethical Leadership has no positive effect on unethical pro-organizational behavior. Second, in the relationship between Ethical Leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior, job engagement does not play a mediating role, but organizational commitment plays a mediating role. Third, in the relationship between Ethical Leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior, job engagement and organizational commitment play a dual mediating role. The theoretical implication is that this study once again confirmed the behavior patterns such as cognition, emotion, attitude and behavior of members in the organization. In addition, this study can contribute to theoretical expansion by explaining that these behavior patterns are identified by social exchange theory. The practical implication is that this study confirmed that members in the actual management field are willing to perform unethical pro-organizational behavior in order to achieve the organization's goal efficiently and effectively. Therefore, it is suggested that active efforts should be made to recognize these negative influences and possibilities at the organization level and to create a clean and fair organizational culture and environment that everyone can recognize at the social level.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.71-115
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• 2017

In 1953, theoretical physicist George Gamow attempted to explain the process of protein synthesis by hypothesizing that the base sequence of DNA encodes a protein's amino acid sequence and, in response, proposed the nucleic acid-protein information transfer model, which he dubbed the "diamond code." After expressing interest in discussing the daring hypothesis, contemporary biologists, including James Watson, Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, and Gunther Stent, were soon invited to join the RNA Tie Club, an informal research group that would also count biologists and various researchers in physics, mathematics, and computer engineering among its members. In examining the club's formation, growth, and decline in multidisciplinary research on deciphering the genetic code in the 1950s, this paper first investigates whether Gamow's idiosyncratic approach could be adopted as a collaborative research forum among contemporary biologists. Second, it explores how the RNA Tie Club's research agenda could have been expanded to other relevant research topics needing multidisciplinary approach? Third, it asks why and how the RNA Tie Club dissolved in the late 1950s. In answering those questions, this paper shows that analyses on the intersymbol correlation of the overlapping code functioned to integrate diverse approaches, including sequence decoding and statistical analysis, in research on the genetic code. As those analyses reveal, the peculiar approaches of the RNA Tie Club could be regarded as a useful method for biological research. The paper also concludes that the RNA Tie Club dissolved in the late 1950s due to the disappearance of the collaborative research agenda when the overlapping code hypothesis was abandoned.