• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.5-48
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• 2014

Introduction : One of the important domains in OT is performance skills which include sensory perceptual skills, motor and praxis skills, emotional regulation skills, cognitive skills, and communication/social skills. All of these skills are support ed by integrated neurological processes. Body : Stereology robust tool when employed to investigate morphological changes in neurons, cortex area, and specific parts of brain involved in special brain function. Stereology is an interdisciplinary field focused or analyzing biological tissue with the three-dimensional interpretation of planer sections by using estimating method and mathematically unbiased sampling. With the unbiased stereological method based on probability theory, researchers can estimate morphological and anatomical changes in biological reference areas accurately and efficiently. Changes in anatomical and cytoarchitectural parameters, such as volume, number, and length, affect specific brain function related to the brain area. Occupational therapists provide treatment to improve functions for participation of occupation in neurological disorder. The functional improvements in neurological disorder reflect neurobiological changes because functional difficulties, such as motor cognitive disorder, are due to neurological disturbances. Thus, combination of two kinds of evidence, neurological changes and functional improvement, provide fundamental evidence for OT intervention in neurological disorder. Even though most of stereological studies are in animal model and in postmortem human because of practical and ethical issues, stereology provides fundamental knowledge to support OT theory and practice. Conclusion : Therefore, stereology informs translation from neuroscience to OT based on structure-function relationship in performance skills and experience-dependent neural plasticity.

• Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.263-275
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a complication beyond the first-year post-heart transplantation (HTx). We aimed to test the utility of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to detect functional/structural changes in HTx recipients with CAV. METHODS: Seventy-seven prospectively recruited HTx recipients beyond the first-year post-HTx and 18 healthy controls underwent CMR, including cine imaging of ventricular function and T1- and T2-mapping to assess myocardial tissue changes. Data analysis included quantification of global cardiac function and regional T2, T1 and extracellular volume based on the 16-segment model. International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation criteria was used to adjudicate CAV grade (0-3) based on coronary angiography. RESULTS: The majority of HTx recipients (73%) presented with CAV (1: n = 42, 2/3: n = 14, 0: n = 21). Global and segmental T2 (49.5 ± 3.4 ms vs 50.6 ± 3.4 ms, p < 0.001;16/16 segments) were significantly elevated in CAV-0 compared to controls. When comparing CAV-2/3 to CAV-1, global and segmental T2 were significantly increased (53.6 ± 3.2 ms vs. 50.6 ± 2.9 ms, p < 0.001; 16/16 segments) and left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly decreased (54 ± 9% vs. 59 ± 9%, p < 0.05). No global, structural, or functional differences were seen between CAV-0 and CAV-1. CONCLUSIONS: Transplanted hearts display functional and structural alteration compared to native hearts, even in those without evidence of macrovasculopathy (CAV-0). In addition, CMR tissue parameters were sensitive to changes in CAV-1 vs. 2/3 (mild vs. moderate/severe). Further studies are warranted to evaluate the diagnostic value of CMR for the detection and classification of CAV.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.188-196
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• 1986

Spirometry and regional function studies using 99m-Technetium were performed preoperatively to predict postoperative pulmonary function change in 34 patients who had various pulmonary resectional procedures at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital. Between two months and fourteen months postoperation all the patients were reinvestigated with spirometry and clinical examination to evaluate their functional respiratory status. The postoperative obtained values, especially forced vital capacity [FVC] and forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1] among the other parameters were compared with the postoperative predicted values. Estimated values of FVC and FEV1 derived from preoperative spirometry and quantitative perfusion lung scan correlated well with the measured postoperative values. The linear regression line derived from correlation between postoperative estimated[X] and postoperative measured[Y] values of FVC and FEV1 in all patients are as follows; 1. Y=0.76x + 0.39 in correlation of FVC [r=0.91] 2. Y=0.88x + 0.17 in correlation of FEV1 [r=0.96],br> This method of estimation was one of the best methods of predicting postoperative pulmonary function change and valuable in determining the extent of safe resection and postoperative prognosis to a poor risk patient with chronic obstructive lung disease.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2017

In this article, we review the differences of the brain morphology according to age, sex, and handedness. Age is a well-known factor affecting brain morphology. With aging, progressive reduction of brain volume is driven. Sex also has great effects on brain morphology. Although there are some reports that the differences of brain morphology may originate from the differences of weight between the 2 sexes, studies have demonstrated that there are regional differences even after the correction for weight. Handedness has long been regarded as a behavioral marker of functional asymmetry. Although there have been debates about the effect of handedness on brain morphology, previous well-established studies suggest there are differences in some regions according to handedness. Even with the studies done so far, normal brain morphology is not fully understood. Therefore, studies specific for the each ethnic group and standardized methods are needed to establish a more reliable database of healthy subjects' brain morphology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2020

Recently, bioenergy research using microalgae, one of the most promising biofuel sources, has attracted much attention. Cell disruption, which can be classified as physical or chemical, is essential to extract functional ingredients from microalgae. In this study, we investigated the cell disruption efficiency of Chlorella sp. using low-frequency non-focused ultrasound (LFNFU). This is a continuously physical method that is superior to chemical methods with respect to environmental friendliness and low processing cost. A flat panel photobioreactor was employed to cultivate Chlorella sp. and its growth curve was fitted both with Logistic and Gompertz models. The temporal change in cell reduction by cell disruption using LFNFU was fitted with a Logistic model. The experimental conditions that were investigated were the initial concentration of microalgal cells, relative amplitude of output ultrasound waves, processing volume of microalgal cells, and initial pH value. The optimal conditions for the most efficient cell disruption were determined through the various tests.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.53-68
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• 2009

Objectives: This study demonstrates the neurological effects of Bojungikki-tang and Bojungikki-tang-gamibang on the focal cerebral ischemia of rats with ischemic damage caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methods: Rats were treated with Bojungikki-tang and Bojungikki-tang-gamibang extracts for about five days after MCAO, and the size and volume of cerebral infarction and the ratio of cerebral edema were observed. From the immunohistochemical view, significant changes of outbreak of Bax, Bcl-2, c-Fos, HSP72, and iNOS were observed in the brain tissues. Results: Bojungikki-tang repressed only brain edema and iNOS revelation led by focal cerebral ischemia, when considering significance. In contrast, Bojungikki-tang-gamibang demonstrated significant suppression of cerebral infarction, brain edema, Bax, c-Fos, HSP72, and iNOS induced by focal cerebral ischemia. Conclusions: Bojungikki-tang is considered functional treatment for cerebral ischemic damage; it can be effective to relieve secondary brain edema and immune response. Bojungikki-tang-gamibang can have a direct function to alleviate brain infarct and to control the natural death of nerve cells which cerebral ischemic damage brings about.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.656-663
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• 1994

Evaluation of heart function is of importance in assessing the results of valvular heart surgery. Information on volume and functional change of heart chamber can be obtained by cardiac catheterization and echocardiography. We studied 41 patients with mitral stenosis[MS] and 23 patients with mitral regurgitation[MR] using M-mode echocardiography before and after mitral valve replacement[MVR] at Pusan Paik Hospital. Preoperative cardiac catheterization was available in 56 cases, and the results were obtained as follows. 1. In patients with MS, preoperative average LV end-diastolic dimension[EDD] and end-systolic dimension[ESD] were remained within normal range, but postoperative EDD and ESD were significantly decreased[P<0.01]. The preoperative and postoperative LV ejection fraction[EF] were remained within the normal range and no significant change[P>0.05]. The preoperative left atrial dimension[LAD] was enlarged considerably above normal[P<0.01], but was significantly decreased after surgery[P<0.001]. The preoperative LV posterior wall thickness[PWTh] was within normal range, and no significant change after surgery[P>0.05]. 2. In patients with MR, preoperative average end-diastolic dimension[EDD] and end-systolic dimension[ESD] were significantly greater than normal[P<005], but postoperative EDD and ESD were significantly decreased[P<0.01]. The preoperative LV ejection fraction[EF] and fractional shortening[FS] were within normal range, and no significant change after surgery[P>0.05].The preoperative left atrial dimension[LAD] was enlarged considerably above normal [P<0.01], but was significantly decreased after surgery[P<0.001].The preoperative LV posterior wall thickness[PWTh] was within normal range, and no significant change after surgery[P>0.05].

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 2003

Finding epileptogenic zone is the most important step for the successful epilepsy surgery. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be used in the localization of epileptogenic foci. In medial temporal lobe epilepsy, the diagnostic sensitivity of FDG-PET and ictal SPECT is excellent. However, detection of hippocampal sclerosis by MRI is so certain that use of FDG-PET and ictal SPECT in medial temporal lobe epilepsy is limited for some occasions. In neocortical epilepsy, the sensitivities of FDG-PET or ictal SPECT are fair. However, FDG-PET and ictal SPECT can have a crucial role in the localization of epileptogenic foci for non-lesional neocortical epilepsy. Interpretation of FDG-PET has been recently advanced by voxel-based analysis and automatic volume of interest analysis based on a population template. Both analytical methods can aid the objective diagnosis of epileptogenic foci. Ictal SPECT was analyzed using subtraction methods and voxel-based analysis. Rapidity of injection of tracers, ictal EEG findings during injection of tracer, and repeated ictal SPECT were important technical issues of ictal SPECT. SPECT can also be used in the evaluation of validity of Wada test.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.74-74
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• 2003

Purpose: To investigate whether there are significant changes in regional brain metabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease after thalamotomy using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (lH MRS). Methods: Fifteen patients with Parkinson's disease of mean age 56.5 years (7 males and 8 females; mean age, 56.5 years) that have treated with levodopa were included. All patients with tremor experienced amelioration of their symptoms on the side contralateral to the thalamotomy. As a single-voxel technique, 1H MR spectra were obtained from the volume of interested regions in thalamus and primary motor cortex. Spectral parameters were: 20 ms TE, 2000 ms TR, 128 averages, 2500 Hz spectral width, and 2048 data points. Results: We found that NAA/Cho ratios showed generally low levels in thalamus in Parkinson's disease patients with clinical improvement following thalamotomy. Conclusions: 1H MRS may be a useful utility for the aid in better understanding the pathophy-siologic process in Parkinson's disease patients on the basis of the variation of NAA/Cho ratio. Acknowledgement: This study was supported by a grant of the Center for Functional and Metabolic Imaging Technology, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (02-PJ3-PG6-EV07-0002).

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2009

Contemporary design environment is formed with image-centered trend based on pluralism. In this point of view, enterprises' building lobbies are public places containing the equivocal meaning, actively utilizing light as a design element to express the image of enterprises' identifications. Light is an immaterial entity having unlimited possibilities and potentials on space. It also acts as media to activate spaces and create new images in connection with formative elements of space. This study is to figure out how lightings are expressed and affected the formative characteristics of office lobby spaces and activate the specific characteristics of spaces. As a result, we drew conclusions as follows. First, as state-of-the-art technology and media are introduced, light is expressed on spaces as floating, direction, rhythm, silhouette, metaphor and allusion, sense of depth and volume. Second, expressive aspects of light in lobby space are embodiment of light, substantiation of immateriality, standing of materiality from the perspective of spatial aesthetics, and distortion/transformation of shape, pluralism phenomena of space from the perspective of spatial structure. In this way, light on building lobbies which are greatly required design differentiation strategy, specializes space and also integrates all the designs as not only a functional element but also a mental, psychological, formative element. Consequently, light on lobby spaces induces communication between spaces and users, makes formative value of existence in itself, and presents the characteristics of differentiated enterprises' identities.