• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.165-175
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• 2023

As the reduction of information exposure threats by organization insiders contributes to achieving information security(IS) goals, organizations are establishing strict IS policies applicable to insiders and increasing investment in IS systems. However, since IS incidents cause damage to an organization even by malicious information exposure by one person, psychological support for strengthening IS compliance behavior by insiders. This study aims to confirm how the uncertain organizational environment related to IS affects individual IS-related behavior. We surveyed insiders of organizations operating IS policies and tested the hypothesis using 440 samples. As a result, IS technology and communication uncertainty reduced IS voice behavior through IS prospective anxiety, and individuals' susceptibility to information influence moderated the relationship between IS technology, communication, and prospective anxiety and IS voice behavior. Our results suggest the necessity and direction of supplementing the uncertain IS environment in practice.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.185-195
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• 2020

This study examines the association between governance quality at country level and stock market performance. Specifically, the study investigates the influence of control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability and absence of violence, rule of law, regulatory quality, and voice and accountability on all-share index of the stock markets of the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This study is anchored on two theories - the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and Institutional Theory. The study employs panel data spanning from 2006 to 2017. The findings show that political stability and absence of violence and rule of law exhibit a significant positive impact on stock market performance, while regulatory quality and voice and accountability have a significant, but negative relationship with stock market performance. The results imply that quality of governance in terms of rule of law and political stability devoid of violence have strong impact on stock market returns. Similarly, improved stock market returns are largely dependent on the efficiency of the institutional environment of market as investors are always wary of the inherent risks associated with the uncertainty of the market. This study has crucial policy implications for the government of the GCC countries and stock market participants.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.649-662
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• 2022

As information security(IS) is recognized as an organization's core value, organizations are making efforts to adopt strict IS policies and technologies. However, strict IS policies can cause negative behavior for employees of organizations who need to apply IS to their work. This study confirms that IS can express the role stress of employees, and suggests a way to mitigate the IS role stress. Specifically, we confirm that organization justice and individual social identity can reduce IS role stress, which reduces IS voice behavior. In the study, we surveyed workers of organizations that applied IS policies to their work and obtained 318 samples. Also, we tested the hypothesis by applying the structural equation model. As a result, IS organization justice increased IS voice behavior through social identity and partially reduced IS voice behavior by mitigating IS role stress. In addition, social identity moderated the relationship between IS role stress and IS voice behavior. This study suggests strategies for achieving internal IS goals by suggesting conditions for mitigating IS role stress from an organizational and individual perspective.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.86-100
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• 2012

This study examines turnover intentions of social workers in the public and private sectors from a comparative perspective. Major findings of this study are as follows: 1. There exists a paradox between public and private social workers that private social workers show their turnover intentions more saliently than public social workers, even though the former is paid much less, but more satisfied with their jobs, and then expresses turnover intentions more often than the latter. 2. The 'voice hypothesis' can be an alternative explanation to figure out why the paradoxical difference exists between the two groups of social workers when we include the mechanism of empowerment into the equations regarding social workers' turnover intentions and job satisfaction. 3. The equity theory of motivation can explain the paradoxical difference if we make use of the meaning of the 'equity' formula which stands for the ratio between inputs and outputs exerted by the social workers.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.113-130
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• 2002

Measurements were made of pressure rise time (PoRT), voice cessation time, flattened peak intraoral air pressure (Po), pressure static time (PoST), pressure-fall time and the duration of oral closure as four English speakers uttered isolated nonsense $V_{1}CV_{2}$ words containing /b/ and /p/ ($V_{1}=V_{2}$ and the V was /$\alpha$/), with stress on either $V_{1}orV_{2}$ alternately. The hypothesis tested was: The tense stop consonant. will be characterized either by a higher Po or a longer PoST, and/or by both against lax. Findings: (1) PoRT was significantly greater in /b/ than /p/, (2) the voiceless stop /p/ produced generally greater mean Po, averaged across five tokens, than its voiced counterpart /b/, but statistically insignificant, and (3) altogether, across stress, tokens and subjects, the difference in the calculated pressure static time (PoSTc), i.e., PoST + PoRT, between /p/ and /b/ was highly significant (p $\leq$ 0.003). Although further investigations remain to be taken, the results strongly supported the linguistic hypothesis of tense-lax distinction, with /b/ being lax and /p/ tense. Airflow resistance at the glottis and supraglottal air volume are assumed to be responsible for much of difference in PoRT between /p/ and /b/. The PoSTc reflecting, although indirectly, the respiratory efforts during the oral closure of a stop, was a convincing phonetic parameter of the consonantal tenseness based on respiratory efforts. The effects of stress on Po and PoSTc were inconsistent, and the shorter PoRT than consonantal constriction interval was always accompanied by Po and PoST.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.253-263
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• 2018

This paper examined the U-shape curvilinear relationship between team level conflict management and individual level turnover intention by using exit-voice theory, bandwagon effect, and social loafing theory. In addition to the non-linear relationship between team-level conflict management and individual-level turnover intentions, we also examined how trust in leaders has a moderating effect on this relationship. The samples were collected from a South Korean manufacturing company with 331 team members from 48 teams and items were measured twice to avoid common method biases. The intercepts-as-outcomes model of hierarchical linear modelling was conducted to verify the hypothesis. Results supported the cross-level curvilinear hypothesis which indicated that employees' turnover intention sharply decreased if the activeness of group conflict management was small and increases slightly, but this tendency moderated as activeness increases. After passing the lowest point, their turnover intention increased in the end. However, the moderation effect of trust in leader on this relationship was not statistically significant and hypothesis 2 was rejected. This paper explained the effects of group dynamics of conflict management on individual turnover intention. Such evidence may elucidate the importance of managing the social loafing behavior on conflict management process. This paper examined the sequential, multi-level, and curvilinear relationship between conflict management and turnover intention. Organizations and managers will benefit from avoiding the human resource loss by managing the conflict management process.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.59-66
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• 2019

Purpose - Many studies show that dissatisfied customers are silent rather than expressing complaints directly to firms. Although silent voices are pervasive in service failure, they have received little attention from researchers. Silence implies a multidimensional nature, not just the opposite of voice. This study focuses on two types of silent students in higher education: acquiescent silence and defensive silence. This study also proposes cognitive trust and affective trust as variables affecting student silence. The objective of this study is to analyse the effects of trust types on student silence and exit intention. Research design, data, and methodology - To test the proposed model, this study conducted a survey with undergraduate students who selected silence in a dissatisfied relationship with a professor. Respondents were asked to respond to the questionnaire, recalling the dissatisfaction at that time. A total of 300 students was surveyed from whom 275 completed questionnaires was obtained. The structural equation model analysis was used for the hypothesis test. Results - First, cognitive trust was negatively related to acquiescent and defensive silence. Second, affective trust was negatively related to acquiescent and defensive silence. Third, cognitive trust was negatively exit intention, but affective trust didn't significantly reduce exit intention. Forth, acquiescent silence was positively related to exit intention, but defensive silence didn't have a significant positive impact on exit intention. Thus, a key result of this analysis was that acquiescent silence enhances exit intention. Conclusions - The findings of the study provide a better understanding of the types of silence, and the role of trust, thus furthering the implication of student reactions to dissatisfaction. In particular, this study is meaningful in that it confirms the value of student silence in the context of complaint management. Acquiescent silence should be more importantly managed because it has stronger negative motive than defensive silence. Acquiescent silence is reduced through various channels(mail, telephone, counseling) that can express complaints. Cognitive trust and affective trust are a essential factors in reducing silence. Also, in explaining exit intention, cognitive trust plays a more important role than affective trust.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.145-151
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• 2011

In view of the hypothesis that the effects of Parkinson's disease on voice production can be detected before pharmacological intervention, the prosodic features of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and a healthy aging group were diagnostically analyzed with the long term object of establishing, for clinical purposes, early disease-progression biomarkers. Twenty patients (male 8; female 12) with IPD (prior to pharmacological intervention) and a healthy control group of 22 (male 10; female 12) were selected. Ten sentences were recorded with a head-worn microphone. One sentence was chosen for the analysis of this paper. Relevant parameters, i.e. 3-dimensional model (F0, intensity, duration) and pitch and intensity related slopes (maxEnergy, maxF0, meanAbS, semiT, meanEnergy, meanF0), were analyzed by two-group discriminant analysis. The stepwise estimation method of discriminant analysis was performed by gender. The discriminant functions predicted 83.9% of the male test data correctly while the prediction rate was 93.1% for the female group. The results showed that meanF0_slope and semiT_slope were more important parameters than the others for the male group. For the female group, the meanEnergy_slope and maxEnergy_slope were the important ones. These findings indicate that significant parameters are different for the male and female group. Gender lifestyle may be responsible for this difference. Dysprosodic features of IPD show not simultaneously but progressively in terms of F0, intensity and duration.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.27-35
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• 2010

As the population, buying power, and intensity of self-expression of the elderly generation increase, its importance as a market segment is also growing. Therefore, the mass marketing strategy for the elderly generation must be changed to a micro-marketing strategy based on the results of sub-segmentation that suitably captures the characteristics of this generation. Furthermore, as a customer access strategy is decided by sub-segmentation, proper segmentation is one of the key success factors for micro-marketing. Segments or sub-segments are different from sectors, because segmentation or sub-segmentation for micro-marketing is based on the homogeneity of customer needs. Theoretically, complete segmentation would reveal a single voice. However, it is impossible to achieve complete segmentation because of economic factors, factors that affect effectiveness, etc. To obtain a single voice from a segment, we sometimes need to divide it into many individual cases. In such a case, there would be a many segments to deal with. On the other hand, to maximize market access performance, fewer segments are preferred. In this paper, we use the term "sub-segmentation" instead of "segmentation," because we divide a specific segment into more detailed segments. To sub-segment the elderly generation, this paper takes their lifestyles and life stages into consideration. In order to reflect these aspects, various surveys and several rounds of expert interviews and focused group interviews (FGIs) were performed. Using the results of these qualitative surveys, we can define six sub-segments of the elderly generation. This paper uses five rules to divide the elderly generation. The five rules are (1) mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (MECE) sub-segmentation, (2) important life stages, (3) notable lifestyles, (4) minimum number of and easy classifiable sub-segments, and (5) significant difference in voices among the sub-segments. The most critical point for dividing the elderly market is whether children are married. The other points are source of income, gender, and occupation. In this paper, the elderly market is divided into six sub-segments. As mentioned, the number of sub-segments is a very key point for a successful marketing approach. Too many sub-segments would lead to narrow substantiality or lack of actionability. On the other hand, too few sub-segments would have no effects. Therefore, the creation of the optimum number of sub-segments is a critical problem faced by marketers. This paper presents a method of evaluating the fitness of sub-segments that was deduced from the preceding surveys. The presented method uses the degree of homogeneity (DoH) to measure the adequacy of sub-segments. This measure uses quantitative survey questions to calculate adequacy. The ratio of significantly homogeneous questions to the total numbers of survey questions indicates the DoH. A significantly homogeneous question is defined as a question in which one case is selected significantly more often than others. To show whether a case is selected significantly more often than others, we use a hypothesis test. In this case, the null hypothesis (H0) would be that there is no significant difference between the selection of one case and that of the others. Thus, the total number of significantly homogeneous questions is the total number of cases in which the null hypothesis is rejected. To calculate the DoH, we conducted a quantitative survey (total sample size was 400, 60 questions, 4~5 cases for each question). The sample size of the first sub-segment-has no unmarried offspring and earns a living independently-is 113. The sample size of the second sub-segment-has no unmarried offspring and is economically supported by its offspring-is 57. The sample size of the third sub-segment-has unmarried offspring and is employed and male-is 70. The sample size of the fourth sub-segment-has unmarried offspring and is not employed and male-is 45. The sample size of the fifth sub-segment-has unmarried offspring and is female and employed (either the female herself or her husband)-is 63. The sample size of the last sub-segment-has unmarried offspring and is female and not employed (not even the husband)-is 52. Statistically, the sample size of each sub-segment is sufficiently large. Therefore, we use the z-test for testing hypotheses. When the significance level is 0.05, the DoHs of the six sub-segments are 1.00, 0.95, 0.95, 0.87, 0.93, and 1.00, respectively. When the significance level is 0.01, the DoHs of the six sub-segments are 0.95, 0.87, 0.85, 0.80, 0.88, and 0.87, respectively. These results show that the first sub-segment is the most homogeneous category, while the fourth has more variety in terms of its needs. If the sample size is sufficiently large, more segmentation would be better in a given sub-segment. However, as the fourth sub-segment is smaller than the others, more detailed segmentation is not proceeded. A very critical point for a successful micro-marketing strategy is measuring the fit of a sub-segment. However, until now, there have been no robust rules for measuring fit. This paper presents a method of evaluating the fit of sub-segments. This method will be very helpful for deciding the adequacy of sub-segmentation. However, it has some limitations that prevent it from being robust. These limitations include the following: (1) the method is restricted to only quantitative questions; (2) the type of questions that must be involved in calculation pose difficulties; (3) DoH values depend on content formation. Despite these limitations, this paper has presented a useful method for conducting adequate sub-segmentation. We believe that the present method can be applied widely in many areas. Furthermore, the results of the sub-segmentation of the elderly generation can serve as a reference for mature marketing.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.107-128
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• 2011

This study has two primary purposes, firstly to identify how job dissatisfaction and continuance commitment influence to creativity, secondly to explore how coworker helping and support, and perceived organizational support moderate between interaction of job dissatisfaction and continuance commitment, and creativity. The first part of the study, based on literature study on creativity, provides insight into what are antecedents and moderate variables in creativity. In the second part of the study, a comprehensive research model and hypothesis were empirically tested based on data from 322 employees in Korean organizations. The results of statistical analysis show the following. First, job dissatisfaction has positive effect on creativity. Second, interaction of job dissatisfaction and continuance commitment does not have positive effect on creativity. Third, there was not any moderating effects between interaction of job dissatisfaction and continuance commitment, and creativity in this study. The last part of this study, a theoretical and practical implication of the study, and the future research agenda are presented.