• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.94-98
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• 1994

Hardness and elasticity for SurichwijuIPyun(Korean rice cake supplemented with Surichwi) made with various levels of Surichwi(O∼40%) boiled in 1% sodium bicarbonate added water were decreased by increasing additional rate of Surichwi, but adhesiveness and cohesiveness didn't show constant increase or decrease. Guminess and chewiness showed significant differences by decreasing additional rate of Surichwi. As a results of sensory evaluation of Surichwiiulpyun, Julpyun supplemented with 20fs Surichwi showed the most favorite tendency in color, flavor and overall acceptability. Textural characteristics of Surichwijulpyun supplemented with 20 and 30% Surichwi in storing at 20$^{\circ}C$ showed less change than those of 0 and loft group. Gumminess and chewiness showed similar trend to hardness, and there were significant differences in additional rate of Surichwi and storage time.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2003

Quality attributes of reconstructed pork patties with ISP were evaluated. Reconstructed pork patties with 30% meat plus ISP and 50% meat plus had significantly less cooking loss and dimensional changes than control. Sensory evaluation revealed patties with 30 or 50% meat had higher hardness and juiciness than control, patties with ISP, and patties with direct addition of ISP. Objective elasticities of patties with 30 or 50 % meat were high, whereas patties without ISP had higher values of hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. Color of patties with 30 or 50% meat were different from that of control. These result show addition of ISP to meat emulsion for pork patties markedly improved cooking loss, dimensional changes, hardness, and juiciness. When pork patties and cutlets prepared according to meat (30%) formula were frozen, cooking loss was significantly higher in slow-frozen patties, but freezing rate did not affect dimensional changes of patties and cutlets. Slow-frozen patties had higher hardness, but other textural properties were affected by the freezing rate. Quality of pork cutlets was not significantly changed by the freezing rate.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2007

Soil aggregation has been considered as an important factor not only for increasing soil productivity and soil quality but also improving nutrient use availability and water use efficiency. However, the relationship between soil aggregation and soil properties hasn't well reported for Korean soils. Objective of this research was to identify the relationship among soil water-stable aggregate (WSA), soil properties and soil dispersion ratio. Soil samples were analyzed for water-stable aggregate, Middleton's dispersion ratio, and soil physical and chemical properties. Water-stable aggregate was significantly correlated to soil textural properties, soil organic matter, and exchangeable cations. Middleton's dispersion ratio was significantly correlated with water-stable aggregate ($r=-0.76^{***}$). Regression equation for water-stable aggregate was estimated by Middleton's dispersion ratio (Y=-0.79X + 96.49; $r^2=0.58^{**}$). In this research, we conclude that water-stable aggregate was significantly correlated with some soil properties and was able to be estimated by rapid and easily measurable Middleton's dispersion ratio.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.412-417
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• 2005

Effects of substituting olive, corn, soybean, and sunflower oils (each at 50% substitution) on chemical composition and sensory quality of beef hamburger patties were determined. Although beef patties added with plant oils were not different in chemical composition to control (added beef fat 10%), they had 2.0-3.8% lower caloric contents, 3.7-5.9% lower cooking loss, and less diameter and thickness changes after cooking. Beef patties with olive oil had lowest $L^*-values$ before and after cooking. In textural properties, control had higher hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess than patties with plant oils, whereas no differences in springiness were observed between control nod all plant oil-treated patties. Beef patties containing olive oil had higher scores for overall acceptability than other patties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.397-404
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• 2005

Effects of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0%) addition on physical and chemical properties of yackwa were determined during storage for 6 weeks at $30^{\circ}C$. Acid, peroxide, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) valves, color, texture, fatty acid compositions, hexanal content, and rancid flavor of yackwa were measured. Acid, peroxide, and TBA values. and hexanal contents of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol-treated groups were significantly lower than those of groups without ${\gamma}$-oryzanol treatment after 6 week (p < 0,05) and showed concentration-dependency, while no significant differences were observed in colors (p > 0.05). Effects of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol on textural characteristics were not consistent. As storage time increased, ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids or ${\gamma}$-oryzanol-added groups was higher than that of groups without ${\gamma}$-oryzanol addition. Addition of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol was effective in decreasing hexanal formation. Sensory evaluation showed rancid odor decreased with increasing concentration of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol. These results suggested ${\gamma}$y-oryzanol, as a natural antioxidant, delayed quality decrease of yackwa during storage.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.97-105
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• 2007

수문학적 토양유형은 복잡하게 세분되어 있는 토양의 종류를 수문학적인 목적에 따라 단순화하기 위해 만든 것으로 미농무성 토양보전국에서 고안한 개념이다. 우리나라 토양을 이 방법으로 구분하고자 하는 몇번의 시도가 있으며 그 중 대표적인 것이 정 등(1995)이 분류한 수문학적 토양군이다. 이는 토양의 침투 투수특성에 대한 실측자료가 부족한 우리나라의 실정을 감안하여 토성속(textural family), 배수등급(drainage class), 불투수층(impermeable layer), 투수성(permeability)의 네가지 토양특성을 분류특성으로 하여 각각에 1-4점 범위로 점수를 매긴 후 합산한 점수를 기준으로 수문학적 토양유형을 분류하는 것이다. 최근에는 토양의 한계침투속도에 따라 수문학적 토양유형을 분류하고자 하는 시도가 있으며 본 논문에서는 새로운 방법으로 분류할 때 기존의 방법과 어떠한 차이가 있는지 비교하고자 하였다. 정 등(1995)의 분류방법은 개념상 몇가지 문제점을 안고 있다. 먼저 토양의 수리특성은 같은 토성속이라 하여도 토양생성 과정과 토지이용 방법에 따라 그 차이가 매우 큼에도 불구하고 이에 대해 고려하지 못하였으며 다음으로 지표유거가 많아 배수가 양호한 토양의 강우 유출을 과소평가한다. 또한 얕은 토심에 존재하는 불투수층이 존재하는 경우 토양의 수리특성에 관계없이 적은 양의 강우에도 유출이 발생하므로 별도의 제한인자로 간주하여야 한다. 토양의 한계 침투속도를 이용한 분류방법은 이러한 문제점을 상당 부분 개선할 수 있다. 토양의 한계침투속도를 산정하기 위해 현장에서 지표 한계침투속도와 투수속도를 측정하였으며 이 자료를 확장하여 해석하기 위해 입자특성을 이용한 Pedo Transfer Function을 개발하였다. 토심 50 cm 포화시 토양 투수성을 한계 침투속도로 가정하였으며 50 cm 이내에 암반층과 지하수위가 존재할 경우 투수성에 관계없이 D유형으로 분류하였다. 새로운 방법으로 분류한 결과 기존의 분류와 몇가지 차이점이 발견되었다. 가장 큰 차이는 대부분의 논토양이 느린 한계침투속도의 영향으로 D유형에 속한 것이다. 산림토양과 밭토양은 기존 방법과 마찬가지로 A, B유형이 많았으며 암반층을 고려하기 전에는 기존 분류에 비해 강우 유출 가능성이 적은 쪽으로 평가되었다. 그러나 암반층이 존재하는 토양을 고려한 결과 A 또는 B 유형에 속하던 상당수의 산림토양이 새로운 분류에서 D유형으로 분류되었다. 지표 유거가 많아 배수등급이 매우양호로 분류되던 토양은 정 등(1995)의 분류와 비교하여 대부분 강우 유출 가능성이 큰 쪽으로 조정되었다. 새로운 수문학적 토양유형을 이용할 경우 낮은 토심에서 암반층이 발견되는 산림토양이 분포한 유역이나 산림, 밭 등에 식질 토양이 많이 분포하는 유역에서는 기존의 방법을 이용하는 것보다 강우 유출량이 높게 평가될 것으로 판단된다. 앞으로 강우 유출량 실측자료와의 비교를 통해 지속적인 보정을 하여야 할 것이며 특히 불투수층의 존재시 일괄적으로 D유형으로 분류된 토양의 경우 깊이에 따라 C 또는 D 유형으로 세분하여 조정할 필요가 있다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.302-311
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• 1995

Benfuresate or oxolinic acid, as an experimental pesticide, was applied to the different textural paddy or upland soil respectively under the field condition and the residual concentrations were determined. Six kinetic models were employed to characterize the best-fit kinetic model describing the residual pattern of benfuresate or oxolinic acid and the $t\frac{1}{2}$ estimated from each model was comparatively assessed. All of the six models explained significantly the residual patterns of the pesticides but the empirical models such as PF, EL, and PB were not recommendable for the $t\frac{1}{2}$ estimation. Among theoretical models, the residual patterns were followed in the orders of the second-order(SO)>first-order(FO)>zero-order(ZO) kinetics, judging from the size and significance of coefficient of determination and standard error. However, the multiple FO model, consisting of the fast and slow decomposition steps, was better than the single FO model for the residual pattern and the $r^2$ in this case became similar to that of SO kinetic model. Thus the multiple FO and SO models were represented as the best fit model of the experimental pesticide. The $t\frac{1}{2}$ of benfuresate estimated from the single FO kinetic model in Weolgog and Cheongwon series was 49 and 63 days, respectively, which were 20 and 13% longer than the respective $t\frac{1}{2}$ from the SO kinetic model. The $t\frac{1}{2}$ of oxolinic acid from the FO model in Yonggye and Ihyeon series were 87 and 51% longer than those from the SO kinetic model, respectively. These results demonstrated that the best-fit model representing the residual pattern of a pesticide and the resultant $t\frac{1}{2}$ might be variable with the kinds of pesticides and the environmental conditions. Therefore it is recommended that the half-life of a pesticide be assessed from the best-fit model rather than from the FO kinetic model uniformly.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.6 s.90
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• pp.895-907
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• 2005

In an attempt to improve the taste and storage characteristics of Sulgidduk, a Korean traditional rice cake product, baekbokryung(White Poria cocos Wolf) powder was supplemented as one of the ingredients and Product Quality waw assessed. The baekbokryung Powder was added in rations of 0, 5, 7, 10, and $15\%$(w/w) per rice powder during the raw material preparations. The sensory, objective quality, and microbiological characteristics of the products were examined at 4-hr intervals during storage for 36 hours at $20^{\circ}C$ The sensory evaluation was conducted based on the acceptability and intensity characteristics of the product. In the acceptability test, a $5\%$ treatment wae renerally ranked with the highest score, among all the treatments while the preference differed according to ages of the panels ; namely, those in their 20's to 30's liked a $5\%$ supplementation while those in their 40's to 60's Preferred a $7\%$ one. The addition of baekbokryung Powder proportionally decreased the moisture content of the products. The colorimetric redness(a) and yellowness(b) of the Products increased with increasing added baekbokryung Powder. The redness values began to decrease slowly from the beginning while the rates were accelerated after 8 to 12 hours of the storage. In the textural characteristics, hardness, gumminess and adhesiveness values increased with increasing added baekbokryung powder. The rapid increase in adhesiveness during the initial 4 hour of storage and the following stabilization was noted. Cohesiveness and springiness values tended to decrease gradually with increasing added baekbokryung Powder. Except for the control sample, no significant differences in the total microbial counts among the treatments were noted. After 20 hours of storage, the control sample exhibited a rapid increase in total microbial count, while the Proliferations of microorganisms were rather suppressed in baekbokryung Powder treatments according to the added amounts The results of the study support the benefits of baekbokryung powder supplementation in Sulgidduk in the aspects of taste and functionality. The degree of further increase of baekbokryung Powder in Sulgidduk without causing the adverse qualify effects remains for future study.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 1986

To establish a suitability grouping system of paddy soils for double or multiple cropping with rice which is intensively practiced in the southern parts of Korea, a few basic experiments were carried out for two years. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The potential productivities of the paddy soils which were tested without any fertilizer in the pots of subsoil samples by the double cropping of rice and other upland crops were resulted that the soils of "Moderately well drained" fine silty textured were the highest while the soils of "Poorly drained" sandy were the lowest, and the productivities could be clearly comparable according to the differences of soil conditions. 2. The decomposability of organic matter also was higher in the soils of "Moderately well drained" than the "Imperfectly drained". The coarse loamy and coarse silty textured soils were high in the upland condition and in the early stages of submerging while the fine loamy and fine silty textured soils were high at the late stage of submerging in the rates of organic matter decomposition. 3. The days to be reached to tillable condition after rainfall in fine loamy textured soils were about 5 days earlier than the clayey soils. The period of tillable condition of fine clayey soils with "Moderately well drained" was the longest and that of the fine loamy textured soils was the shortest. But the soils with "Imperfectly drained" were not clear among soil textural classes. 4. The lower the ground water table the higher was the productivity indices. The variation of ground water table in the medium textured soils was higher than the both of coarse and fine textured soils among "Moderately well drained". But it was observed the opposite in the soils of "Imperfectly drained".

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 1994

Field experiment was carried out in order to clarify effects of plastic film mulching on temperature and moisture of rhizosphere soil and their subsequent effects on seedling emergence, earlier growth, vegetative growth and grain yield of sesame. The textural class of the experimental field soil was the sandy loam(Bonyang series) and the variety of sesame planted was "Ansan-ggae". The experiment was conducted by combining four sowing dates of April 25, May 10, May 25, June 10 and two mulching treatments(mulching, non-mulching) over two year of 1991 and 1992. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The daily mean soil temperature of 5cm deep soil was increased by 1.4 to $2.8^{\circ}C$ by plastic film mulching. The average soil water content was increased by 0.5 to 3.0%(V/V) in the drier season, while decreased by 1.0 to 2.0%(V/V) in the rainy season by mulching. 2. The establishment rate of sesame seedling was very sensitive to soil temperature. For normal seedling emergence, from the seeding date to the 7th date after sowing, the daily mean soil temperature higher than $21.0^{\circ}C$ was required at the experimental field conditions. 3. The average soil water content in the range of 14.0 to 21.0%(V/V) at 5cm deep soil seemed not to be limiting for the germination and emergence of sesame. The effect of soil water content on seedling establishment was very small in this range, but the optimum level of soil water content ranged from 14.0 to 15.0%(V/V) in the experimented sandy loam. 4. The wetter the soil profile was, the larger the gap of soil temperature between the mulched and non-mulched condition was. The effect of mulching on the establishment rate of sesame seedlings was much greater in the lower air temperature conditions. However, when the sowing of sesame came earlier than at the date with the daily mean air temperature below $19.0^{\circ}C$, the effects of earlier sowing and mulching were offsetted by the retarded seedling growth due to the low air temperature, and thus earlier sowing with mulching did not enhance the grain yield of sesame.