• 성인간호학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.209-222
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• 2001

The environment in the ICU leads to negative changes in a patient's usual sleep pattern and so contributes negatively to the patient's health condition as compared to patients in general wards. Therefore, it is thought that an important nursing intervention would be to identify the relation between noise and sleep patterns which play an important role in illness recovery. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between noise in the ICU and the sleep pattern of patients admitted to the ICU. A descriptive correlation design was used to examine the relationship. Thirty-four subjects were recruited from a Medical ICU (MICU), Surgical ICU (SICU) and Coronary Care Unit (CCU) at a large university hospital in Suwon. Data were collected from September 28 to October 31 in 1999. In the present study, noise was categorized into noise level and patients' perception of noise. The objective noise level was measured using the A-Weighted Sound Level Meter. The patients' preception of noise was measured using a self-reported questionnaire developed by the researcher. Sleep patterns in this study includes both quantity and quality of sleep. These were measured using open ended questionnaires and the 'Korean Sleep Scale A' developed by Oh, Song, Kim(1998). The data was analyzed using the SPSS-WIN to test the research question, Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was run. Ancillary analysis were conducted with demographic variables to determine their relation to the main study variables. For the ancillary analysis, t-test and one-way ANOVAs were performed. The results of the present study are summerized as follows : 1. The total mean of objective noise level (10pm-6am) was 56.2dB. The means for night time noise level in individual ICUs for the SICU, MICU and CCU, were 58.7dB, 58.6dB and 48.3dB, respectively. The total mean for patients' noise perception was 42.8 out of a maximum possible score of 76. For item means of noise perception, the one ranked highest was "conversations between doctors and nurses" (3.2). The one ranked lowest was "noise from the radio" (1.2). Regarding the degree of perception for each type of noise source, the one ranked highest was "equipment noise" (2.6), the second was "conversation between medical staff" (2.4), the third was "conversation between patients, caregivers and visitors" (2.3), and the one ranked lowest was "environment noise" (1.8). 2. Looking at quantity of sleep of ICU patients, the mean nocturnal sleep time was found to be 4.9 hours. The total mean of sleep quality for ICU patients was 21.0 out of a maximum possible score of 40. 3. The relationship between perception of noise and quantity of sleep was statistically significant(r= - .41, p<.05). The relationship between perception of noise and quality of sleep was also statistically significant(r= - .47, p<.01). The results of the study indicate that personal perception of noise is related to sleep patterns. Therefore, it is suggested that nursing interventions be developed to reduce the degree of personal perception of noise and, thus, decrease sleep pattern disturbances in patients in the ICU.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 1997

The present study was designed to estimate the seroprevalence of NLVs among diarrheagenic children and in healthy adults in Seoul and its vicinity with the use of an EIA and an Western blot (WB) based on recombinant Norwalk virus capsid protein (rNV) and crude virus preparations as antigen. Seroconversion was observed in 34 (83%) of 41 tested using the EIA and in 21 (54%) of 39 using the WB, suggesting that the NLVs with epitopes common to rNV are prevalent in Seoul area. Diarrheal children who were known to have been infected with several other strains of the NLVs showed no significant antibody response to the rNV. Infection with rNV occurred earlier in life: primary infections with rNV were common before the age of 6 months and over 91 % of children had evidence of infection by that age by the EIA. Since the amount of the NLV antigens available for seroepidemiologic surveys is limited, we tried to detect NLV antibody by using crude virus preparations as antigen. One crude virus preparation of a child whose stool yielded genetically distinct NLV revealed the presence of the plural number of bands upon SDS-PAGE, but precipitated only one band (62 kDa) after the WB with a serum (collected 10 days after the onset of symptoms) of another diarrheal child. The WB assay we present in this report revealed that the NLVs are prevalent among Korean population and that the sera contained antibody to a single major structural protein, with molecular sizes of 58 to 62 kDa, compatible with the sizes reported for the Norwalk virus and Snow Mountain agent proteins, respectively. When the results of the WB were compared with those obtained by the EIA, the EIA antibody assay was sensitive enough to detect an antibody rise of as much as 4096-fold but not as specific as the WB. The WB assay presented in this paper will provide a powerful tool to elucidate not only antigenic structures of the NL Vs but also seroepidemiology of the NLV infection. The availability of an unlimited source of antigen will enable a large scale serologic studies that will greatly increase our understanding of the role of NLVs in human enteric illness.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.93-111
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• 1975

As the hospitalized patients will be facing new stress situation due to change of his environment from home to hospital it will be very important to understand the psychological stress experienced by hospital patients not only for helping patients in the process of recovery from illness but also fulfil1ing the objective of comprehensive nursing care by understanding the needs of the patients. There is no doubt that it would be very helpful for treatment of patients as well as for improvement of nursing care if we know more about psychological needs of patients and give them adequate support to meet these needs. The study to find out the causes and degree of stress events experienced by hospitalized patients, with the objective of instituting improvement of nursing care program based on the needs of patients, was conducted during the month of September 1974 with 60 patients randomly selected from those admitted to medical and surgical wards at Yonsei Medical Center in that period The questionnaire form included 36 questions which are considered to be stress events for hospital patients, and was devide into five areas namely, such events related to 1) disease itself, 2) hospital environment, 3) nursing care and treatment, 4) communication and human relations, and 5) family and economic problems. The results of the study were as follows: 1. It was confirmed that hospitalization considered to be a stress producing factor and most patients perceived the admission to hospital as a stress factor. 2. According to the rating scale, it was found that degree of perceived stress shows a variation according to the source of stress producing event. 3. No significant differences in the mean values were observed statistically with the perceived stress levels according to demographic and other variables of patients related to hospitalization. 4. Among the questions related to disease itself, "Admission for surgery" was perceived most frequently as a stress event (97.14%) by patients. 5. With regard to the questions related to hospital environment, "death of the patient room-mate" was the most serious stress event perceived by patients (90%) and "living with hospital regulations"was considered to be less serious stress event (23.33%). 6. As for the questions related to nursing care and treatment, "limitation of freedom" was perceived as a stress factor most frequently (70.91%) by the patients and "worry for wrong treatment" turned out to be less frequent stress event (50.0%). 7. As for the questions related to communication and human relations, "difficulty to meet doctors when wanted"appeared to be the most frequent stress event by the respondents (75.86%) , followed by "no explanation about treatment or examination"(75.0%) and "no explanation about nursing care procedures"(71.66%). 8. With regard 111 tile questions related to family and economic problems, "inadequate finances for family living due to hospitalization"and "high cost of hospitalization" were the most frequent cause of stress mentioned by the patients. (80.0%). 9. As a result of application of the stepwise regression analysis, it was found that about 89% was explained by those events associated with disease itself, hospital environment and family and economic problems. By adding those events related to "nursing care and treatment" and "communication and human relation", 100% of stress associated with hospitalization was explained.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.241-257
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• 2000

Rheumatoid arthritis as one of the chronic illness requiring management in long period of time puts great burden to patients, their family and society. For patients with chronic illnesses, providing a social support is important and the most important source comes from spouses. Therefore we assessed burden of husbands of female rheumatoid arthritic patients and also found out the factors affecting burden. The sample of study was 107 female rheumatoid arthritic patients and their spouses. The tool of assessing spouses' burden was the revised version of subjective and objective parameters developed by Montgomery et al.(1985). The results are as follows: 1. General characteristics of patients and spouses: The mean age of the patients was 48 years. Educational level of patients was high school 41.1%. The mean age of the spouses was 51years. Educational level of spouses was mostly high school(40.2%) and college(29.9%) graduate. The mean marital period was 23.4years. Average income per month was 1,609,000 won. The average duration since diagnosis was 9.4years. As a therapy, 67.3% chose standard drug therapy. Average rating of discomfort by patient was 3.05(range 1-5) and that of severity was 3.48 and that of dependency was 2.58. The husband's rating of their spouses disease severity was 3.68. 2. Husbands' burden: The average burden in subjective items was 21.61(range 6-36) and objective items was 35.24(range 10-60). The average of total burden was 56.59(range 16-96). 3. Husband's total burden correlated with patient's age, educational level of patients, therapy method, patient's level of discomfort, patient's severity, patient's level of dependence, husband's recognition of level of severity in statistical level. Husband's objective burden correlated with patient's age, educational level of patient, patient's level of discomfort, husband's recognition of level of severity. Husband's subjective burden correlated with patient's age, educational level of patients, therapy method, patient's severity, patient's level of dependence, husband's recognition of level of severity. 4. Linear correlation analysis on burden: The husbands' total burden is explained in 37 7% by husband's recognition of level of severity and husband's age. The husbands' objective burden is explained in 31.2% by patient's level of dependence, husband's age, husband's recognition of level of severity. The husbands' subjective burden is explained in 26.7% by husband's recognition of level of severity and patient's age. In conclusion, husbands' level of burden is affected by many factors and therefore nursing strategy for relieving burden of middle aged husbands should be individualized taking these factors into consideration.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.84-92
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• 2019

기후변화로 인한 도시열환경 악화, 온열질환자 발생은 중요한 사회 문제 중 하나로 대두되었다. 이에 폭염 등의 기후변화에 관한 연구가 활발해졌으나 주로 기후요소에 집중되고 있다. 그러나 도시열섬현상은 여름철 폭염을 가속화시키며, 도시지역에서의 온열질환자가 급증하는 추세로 미루어 도시의 환경의 영향을 짐작할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 서울시와 경기도를 대상으로 도시지역의 물리적·사회적 특성이 온열질환자에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석을 위해 본 연구에서는 음이항회귀분석을 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 토지이용현황 중 주요열에너지방출원인 주거·상업·공업시설 연면적의 비율은 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났지만, 도로면적과 녹지면적은 각각 양과 음의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 사회적 특성 변수에 포함된 인구밀도와 65세 이상 인구 비율, 독거노인 비율, 기초생활수급자 비율은 모두 유의한 것으로 나타났는데, 독거노인 비율과 인구밀도 비율만 음의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 연구의 결과는 지역별 온열질환자와 관련한 도시 정책적 대안을 마련하는데 활용할 수 있다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.3-15
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• 1977

In order to find out health problems among inhabitants in slum areas in Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, a series of health survey was conducted upon 510 households by interview from March to December, 1976. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Employments of householders were unstable; Out of 508 householders, 164(32.3%) were unemployed and 184 (36.2%) were daily or temporary employees. 2. Average number of households per house was 2.0 and average area of residential room per person was $4.0m^2$. 3. 476(93.3%) out of 510 households were supplied with tap water and rest of them made use of ground water as a source of drinking water. 4. Only 279(18.3%) out of 1527 live births were delivered at medical facilities, 496(32.7%) were at home attended by doctors or midwives and 358(25.1%) took prenatal care. The above findings were worse in urban slum area than in other urban area of relatively high economic level, but were better than in rural area of less medical facilities. 5. Initiation of treatment were delayed until their illnesses were advanced in most of the households, 472(92.5%) out 510. In the early stage of the illness, 131(25.6%) of the house-holds sought physicians in their clinics or general hospitals and 250 (40.9%) visited chemists, to toy drugs at first hand. Frequency of visits to physician increased to 52.8% as the disease aggravated in later stages. 6. Cost of medical expenditure per household amounted to 815 won, and was paid to, in the order of chemists, physicians, chinese herb stores, chinese herb doctors. 7. Concerning the health knowledge of the inhabitants, 273(53.9%) out of 506 respondents were aware of the infectivity of pulmonary tuberculosis, and 68(13.4%) of them checked regularly their chest findings by X-ray at least once every two years. 8. As for the family planning, although 448(87.3%) out of 510 respondents were in favor of it, 215 (41.8%) of them were actually practicing contraception. 9. About 40.6% (125 respondents) of them obtained information and knowledge concerning contraception through personal contact with family planning workers. 10. Nutritional status of housewives was generally poor: 49(38.3%) out of 128 housewives were found to be anemic and average serum protein level was $7.5{\pm}0.82g/dl$.

• 한국노년학
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.529-546
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• 2009

노인우울은 유병율이 높을 뿐만 아니라 상당히 심각한 신체적, 심리사회적, 경제적 부담을 초래함에도 불구하고, 노화의 과정으로 또는 신체질환의 일부로 여겨지는 가운데 개입이 지연되고 있다. 건강문제를 해결하기 위한 시도가 일반적으로 당사자나 주변인들의 문제 인식에서 비롯되는 점에 비추어 볼 때, 우울증상에 대한 정확한 식별은 자기 자신은 물론 주위 노인들의 증상에 대한 조기발견과 개입을 촉진하는데 도움이 될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 대도시에 거주하는 노인 104명에 대한 면접 설문조사를 통해 우울증상에 대한 노인들의 식별력과 증상의 개념화 방식을 탐색하고 이에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 분석을 실시했다. 연구결과, 우울증상을 식별할 수 있었던 노인은 전체 응답자의 14%에 불과했으며, 그 밖에는 외로움, 정서적 문제, 경제적 문제 등으로 인식했다. 75세 이상의 나이, 주된 정신건강정보원이 대중매체인 경우 식별력이 감소하는 것으로, 정신건강 지식이나 정보의 주된 원천이 정신건강 관련교육인 경우 식별력 증진에 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과에 기초할 때, 노인의 우울증상 식별력을 증진시키기 위한 전략으로 정보지 비치나 일회성 행사위주의 정보전달보다 면대면의 구체적 정보제공과 상담 방식이 효과적일 것으로 보이며, 대중매체의 정신건강 및 질환 콘텐츠에 대한 면밀한 검토에 초점을 둔 후속 연구도 필요할 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.467-486
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• 1993

Today, more chronically ill and handicapped people are being cared for at home by a family member caregiver. The task of caring for a family momber may mean that the caregiver has less time and money and more work which may result in increased fatigue and symptoms of illness. This study was done to examine the well-being of family caregivers. Fifty three family caregivers were interviewed. Concepts were measured using existing tools and included : Burden(25 item 5 point scale), Social sup-port (21 item 7 point scale), Health status defined by a symptom checklist(48 item S point scale), and Well -being defined by a quality of life scale (14 item 7 point scale) and caregiving activities. Data collection was done by interview and Q-sort. Social support and well - being were positively correlated as were symptoms and burden. Symptoms and burden were negatively correlated with social support and well-being. Items on the quality of life scale had a mean score range from 3.09 to 4.96. Quality of life related to income was lowest (3.09) but the desire to use more money for the patient was rated 2.90 on the burden scale where the item means ranged from 0.73 to 3.55. The high mean of 3.55 was for obligation to give care and the low 0.73 was (or not feeling that this was helping the patient. Mean scores for symptoms ranged from 0.26 to 2.15 with the 2.15 being for “worry about all the things that have to be done.” Over half of the patients were dependent for help with some activities of daily living. The caregivers reported doing an average of 3.40 out of five patient care activities including bathing (77.4%), shampooing (67.9%), and washing face and hands (49.1％), and 3.74 out of seven home maintenance activities including laundry (98.1％), cooking (83.0%), and arranging bed-ding(75.5%). The caregivers reported their spouse as one of the main sources of social support, including in times of loneliness and anger The mean score for loneliness as burden was 2.15 and ranked fourth and 31 (58.5％) of the sample reported being lonely recently and not being satisfied with the support received. Similarly anger caused by the patient was given a mean score of 2.13, and anger was reported to have been present recently by 38 (71.7%) of the sample and satis-faction with the support given was low. Having someone to help deal with anger ranked twelfth out of 21 items on the social support scale and had a mean score of 3.98 (range 3.49 to 5.98). Spouses were reported as a major source of social support but the fact that 50% of the caregivers were caring for a spouse, may account for the quality of this source of social support having been affected. These caregivers faced the same problems as others at the same stage of life. but because of the situation, there was a strain on their resources, particularly financial and social. In conclusion it was found that burden is correlated negatively to quality of life and positively to symptoms, but in this sample, symptoms and bur-den were scored relatively low. Does this indicate that the caregivers accept caregiving as part of their destiny and accept the quality of their lives with burden and symptoms just being a part of caregiving\ulcorner Does the correlation between the bur-den and symptoms indicate they are a measure of the same phenomenon or that the sample was of a more mobile, less burdened group of caregivers\ulcorner Quality of life was the one variable that was significant in explaining the varience on burden. Further study is needed to validate the conclusions found in this study but they indicate a need for nurses to ap-proach these caregivers with a plan tailored to each individual situation and to give consideration to interventions directed at improving quality of life and expanding social support networks for those caring for spouses.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.589-600
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• 2007

본 연구는 서울 지역에 위치한 객단가 만원에서 이만원 수준의 7개 레스토랑을 대상으로 연구팀이 개발한 위생관리 모니터링 도구를 활용하여 위생관리실태를 조사하고, 위생관리가 소홀히 할 경우에 잠정적으로 식중독 유발 가능성이 있는 주요 리스크 인자를 규명하는 한편, 이를 중심으로 레스토랑의 종사원을 위한 위생관리 교육 매체를 개발하였다. 이에 대한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 연구에 참여한 외식업체는 한식당 6 업소($A{\sim}F$), 일식당이 1개소(G)이었고, 모두 서울에 위치해 있었다. 업장 면적은 90평($297m^2$)에서 400평($1332.4m^2$) 범위이었고, 주방의 면적은 가장 작은 곳은 4평($13.2m^2$)에서 크게는 120평($396.7m^2$) 범위였으며, 업장면적 대비 주방면적 비율로 환산하면 4.4%에서 30% 수준이었다. 조사에 참여한 외식업체들은 중소 기업형 이상의 업체들로 일일 이용 고객수의 규모는 300명에서 925명이었고, 객단가는 9,000원에서 23,000원 수준이었다. 2. 서울 지역 7개의 외식업소를 대상으로 한 위생 관리 점검 결과, 위생관리 수행도 점수는 100점 만점에 57점 수준으로 많은 개선이 요구되는 수준이었다. 특히 음식의 생산공정을 평가하는 영역인 식품위생 영역에 관한 중점적인 교육이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 위생평가점수는 G업소가 73.0점으로 가장 높았고, A업소가 51.0점으로 가장 낮았다. 영역별 평균점수는 개인위생이 18점 만점에 9.57점(53.1%), 식품위생은 50점 만점에 26.4점(52.8%), 환경위생은 32점 만점에 19.5만점(61.1%)을 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 영역별로 중요도를 달리하는 위생 교육이 필요하였다. 3. 위생관리 평가 항목별 점수를 근거로 레스토랑에서 식중독 발생의 잠재적인 위험 요소로는 개인위생에서 '수세대 구비 및 손세척의 올바른 실행(0.29/4점)으로 나타났다. 식품위생측면에서는 '올바른 검수관리(0.29/4점)', '냉장 냉동 식자재 검수 시 온도 확인 및 조치(0/4점)', '상온 창고내 물품의 바닥방치 금지(0/2점)', '생채소와 과일의 적절한 세척(1.71/4점)' 으로 나타났다. 환경위생관리측면에서는 '청소, 소독 프로그램의 수립 및 감독(2/4점)', '방충 및 구서 관리(0.84/2점)', '화장실 청결 관리(0.43/3점)' 등으로 나타났다. 4. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 위생교육 매뉴얼을 개발하였다. 위생교육 내용은 4가지 원칙 -개인위생확보, 교차오염방지, 시간온도관리, 냉장관리- 으로 구성하였고, 8영역으로 세분화하였다. 교육 설계방식은 강의식 교육을 위주로 하고, 주제별로, 실연식 교육, 시청각 교육, 토의식 교육을 위한 강의 자료를 마련하였다. 이상의 결과에서 보여 준 레스토랑에서 식중독 예방을 위한 위생관리 활동 내용으로 실천율이 낮은 활동을 규명하고 이 활동에 대한 지속적인 모니터링과 개선활동을 전개한다면 레스토랑의 식중독 예방에 크게 도움일 될 것으로 사료된다. 또한 본 연구에서 개발된 위생교육 자료를 활용한다면, 외식업체의 전반적인 위생수준을 향상시키고 식품의 안전성을 확보하는데 크게 기여할 것으로 기대된다. 최근에 외식업계에서 발생되고 있는 식중독 사고는 이상 기후의 영향이나 시설미비도 그 원인이겠지만, 무엇보다도 중요한 요인은 경영층의 위생에 관한 인식부족, 교육 프로그램의 부재로 사료된다. 그러므로 양적으로 과포화상태에 이르고 있는 외식업계의 질적인 향상을 위해서는 외식업체는 위생교육의 지속적인 실천과 모니터링을 강화하고, 그 결과를 인사고과시스템에 반영하는 통합적인 노력이 요구된다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.143-162
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• 1998

This is a study for the construction of nursing care based upon the Korean attitude toward medicine. Factors which were investigated include the source of nursing care, the reason for choosing care, the type of heath care chosen, the accessability of caregivers, and the desired location of death. The population examined in this study consisted of 517 adults distributed in six large cities and 191 adults from five rural communities. Data was analyzed using frequency, percent, Cronbach alpha, $X^2$ - test, t - test, F - test and scheffe post hoc contrast with an SAS program. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Among sources of nursing care used, first rank rated-pharmacy(54.4), private hospital(18.2), general hospital(8.4), folk remedies in house (5.0), chinese hospital(2.8), prayer(2.8) and others(8.4), and the reasons for choosing nursing care rated 'the easiest method' (63.6), 'the best method'(15.7), 'reliable'(10.8) and 'lower cost burden'(4.6) in order of preference. 2. The type of nursing care chosen rated western medicine(6.80), chinese medicine(6.15), folk remedies(5.46), faith remedies(3.51) and divination remedies (1.41). There were significant differences in the effect recognition degree to various kinds of medicine. 3. The difference of the type of nursing care chosen according to general characteristics showed that urban residents were higher than rural community residents(t=2.15, p=0.0320) in western medicine, and urban residents, women, and singles were higher than rural community residents(t=2.04, p=0.0414), men (t= -2.89, p=0.0039), and married(t=2.50, p= 0.0126) on folk remedies. With repect to age and education those 21-30, under 20 and 31-40, graduated from college and graduate school were higher than above 51, above 61 (F = 7.76, p = 0.0001), graduated from elementary school(F=4.39, p=0.0006) on folk remedies. In other categories, rural community residents, women, younger people. Christians were higher than urban residents ( t = -2.73, p=0.0305), men(t= -4.15, p=0.0001), older people (F=2.48, p=0.0307), Catholic, Buddhist, or atheist (F= 70.18, p=0.0001) on faith remedies. Those graduated from high school and Buddhist were higher than unschooled, graduated from middle school(F=3.18, p= 0.0075), atheist, Catholic or Christian(F=18.32, p=0.0001) on divination redemies. There were significant differences concerning age and education level. 4. The accessibility of caregivers rated 'caregivers should be nearby if the patients need them' (50.0), 'caregivers must be there all day (24 hours)' (39.6), 'caregivers must be there at night only'(5.0), 'caregivers must be there during the day only'(2.6), 'caregivers always should visit during visiting hours' 0.4), 'caregivers don't need to be there at all' (1.2). The frist rank of suitable caregivers were rated as spouse(66.6), mother(24.2), daughter (3.6), daughter-in-law(1.9), and the reasons of thinking thus were rated as 'the most comfortable' (81.5), 'people should correctly with regards to family they'(7.1), 'the easiest' (5.4), 'take good care of the patient' (5.1) and 'lower cost burden' (0.4). 5. The desired location of death rated as the following: his/her house (91. 6) to the hospital(8. 4). A person going to encounter death in the hospital wanted his house(78.5) over the hospital(21.5), and a person dieing in the hospital prefered his house(52.9) over the hospital(47.1) as a funeral ceremony place. The following suggestions are made based on the above results. 1. A sampling method that enhances the re presentativeness should be used in regional and/or national related research and replicated to confirm the result of this study. 2. This study should be used to understand the Korean view of medical centers and to meet the expectations of patients in Korean nursing. 3. Research on the Korean traditional view of humans and expectations of the sick, health and illness, and health behavior, the perception of dying, the decision to heal, and the view of general medicine should continue to be conducted continuosly so that Korean nursing theory can be advanced on these concepts.