• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.399-408
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• 2017

A survey was performed to know the recent infection status of digenetic trematode metacercariae in clams and oysters from 4 sites in western coastal regions of the Republic of Korea (=Korea). Four species of clams (Mactra veneriformis, Ruditapes philippinarum, Cyclina sinensis, and Saxidomus purpuratus) were collected from Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do (Province), Buan-gun (County) and Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, and oysters, Crassostrea gigas, from Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do were transferred to our laboratory on ice and examined by the artificial digestion method. The metacercariae of Himasthla alincia were detected in 3 species of clams, M. veneriformis, R. philippinarum, and C. sinensis from the 3 surveyed areas. The positive rate and the mean density per clam infected were 98.9% (30.8 metacercariae) in M. veneriformis, 60.0% (5.0) in R. philippinarum, and 96.0% (28.4) in C. sinensis. The positive rate (mean density) of Acanthoparyphium tyosenense metacercariae in M. veneriformis was 50.0% (2.1) from Taean-gun and 70.0% (2.8) from Gochang-gun. The metacercariae of Parvatrema spp. were detected in M. veneriformis and R. philippinarum from Taean-gun and Gochang-gun; the positive rate (mean density) was 63.3% (4,123) and 50.0% (19) in M. veneriformis, and 6.7% (126) and 100% (238) in R. philippinarum from the 2 regions, respectively. The metacercariae of Gymnophalloides seoi were detected in all 30 oysters from Shinan-gun, and their average density per oyster was 646. From the above results, it has been confirmed that more than 3 species of metacercariae are prevalent in clams from the western coastal regions, and G. seoi metacercariae are still prevalent in oysters from Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.405-415
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• 2016

According to Article 82 of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, the Prime Minister and the members of the State Council should countersign to assist the President's legal behavior. It has important implications to the members of the State Council for sharing responsibilities with the President. However, the 'related' State Councilor's countersignature by the Minister of Interior(MOI) for non-State member agencies have been operating as a ritual, since the Government Organization Act describes that non-specific affairs belongs to the MOI in accordance with Article 34, paragraph 2. This paper is to promote the department standard operating by the Presidential Decree. Its main idea is to categorize non-State Councilor agencies with most closely related to members of the State Council. I suggest to make a portfolio such as Australian Federal Government in Korea. It can be made easily in accordance with each agency's rights and responsibilities written in the Acts. That's the turning point to improve effectiveness of the related State councilor's countersignature by the constitution to the President's legal activity joint accountability with the Prime Minister.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2014

Recently, interest in traditional medicine has increased steadily. Nations having traditional medicine system have been attempting to change it institutionally for the purpose of public application boost in use of traditional medicine. But there are not too many countries which have established the modern system of education and licensing system for traditional medicine with it maintained as a part of a national health care system. The best known examples of nations utilizing traditional medicine are the People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. These countries follow different patterns in the relationship with western medicine according to different social and historical backgrounds. Taiwan has dual medical system as Korean. In this study, we looked through history and the current state of affairs of national health care system in Taiwan, and also found out the licensing system, the educational system, and the curriculum in several universities. thoroughly. Furthermore, we looked into the direction of the policy of Taiwanese health care system which has been becoming an integrated medical system between traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. With findings based on this study, we deduced implications of a future policy line about the integrated medical system in Korea to minimize conflicts between the concerned parties.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.21-45
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to compare the health status of Korean and Chosun-Jok elementary children. To accurately achieve the purpose, a survey was conducted in Yanbian area in China and Kojae in Korea during the period of June 15 to July in 1995. This survey was performed by using two survey methods. The first was the parents' survey method. It asked structured questions about their children. The second method focused on the actual health of the children. It used the collection of children's physical records in school. Guided by the school teachers, each child distributed the questionnaires to their parents. We used stratified-cluster sampling method to determine subjects. 1,083 questionnaires of 1,749 were used to analyze the data (666 questionnaires were incomplete and were not used in the analysis). Each questionnaire matched the data of their physical record. : Body Weight, Body Height, Chest-Circumstance, Eyesight, Dental Health. Using the data, we compared the BMI(Body Mass Index) the Koreans and Chosun-Jok in China. The results of this study were as follows : Comparing the general average physique of contained body height, body weight and chest circumstance of Korean and Chosun-Jok, the general physique of Chosun-Jok is inferior to that of Korean regardless of age and sex. Meanwhile, the average physical constitution of Korean compared the Chosun-Jok (i.e. eyesight and dental hygiene), revealed that the physical constitution of Chosun-Jok is superior to that of Korean without concern of age and sex. Average BMI of Chosun-Jok is lower than that of Koreans. But, it seemed that most of the students in both groups maintain an adequate health level. In the case of children from 10 to 12 years old, females are superior to males through all data contained of the body weight, the chest circumstance, and the body height. It seems that females and males have a different maximum growth age. Most of the parents preferred a good physique as a good health condition for their children. The physique of each child was affected with some variables, including the number of family members, and the educational level of the parents. According to the above results, the students' physique in Korea is superior to that of Chosun-Jok in China. But, Koreans are inferior to Ethnic Koreans in China in the students' physical constitution. In conclusion, we consider Chosun-Jok in China to maintain an adequate health level in their physique and physical constitution.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2021

The infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae (ZTM) was surveyed in freshwater fishes from the water systems of Geum-gang (River) in the Republic of Korea (Korea). A total of 1,161 freshwater fishes from 6 local sites of Geum-gang were examined with the artificial digestion method for 4 years (2012-2015). Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae were detected in 122 (37.2%) out of 328 fishes in the positive fish species from 4 surveyed areas, and their mean intensity was 43 per fish infected. Metagonimus spp. metacercariae were found in 432 (51.7%) out of 835 fishes in the positive fish species from all 6 surveyed areas, and their mean intensity was 30 per fish infected. Centrocestus armatus metacercariae were detected in 285 (75.0%) out of 380 fishes in the positive fish species from 6 surveyed areas, and their mean intensity was 2,100 per fish infected. Echinostoma spp. metacercariae were found in 56 (19.7%) out of 284 fishes in the positive fish species from 5 surveyed areas, and their mean intensity was 10 per fish infected. Clinostomum complanatum metacercariae were detected in 98 (57.3%) out of 171 fishes in the positive fish species from only 2 surveyed areas, and their mean intensity was 11 per fish infected. Conclusively, the endemicity of ZTM is not so high in fishes from water systems of Geum-gang in Korea although it is more or less different by fish species, surveyed areas and ZTM species.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.272-278
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• 2023

Background: Some working conditions may pose a higher physical or psychological demand to pregnant women leading to increased risks of pregnancy complications. Objectives: We assessed the association of woman's employment status and the industrial classification with obstetric complications. Methods: We conducted a national population study using the National Health Information Service database of Republic of Korea. Our analysis encompassed 1,316,310 women who experienced first-order live births in 2010-2019. We collected data on the employment status and the industrial classification of women, as well as their diagnoses of preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) classified as A1 (well controlled by diet) or A2 (requiring medication). We calculated odds ratios (aORs) of complications per employment, and each industrial classification was adjusted for individual risk factors. Results: Most (64.7%) were in employment during pregnancy. Manufacturing (16.4%) and the health and social (16.2%) work represented the most prevalent industries. The health and social work exhibited a higher risk of PE (aOR = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.21), while the manufacturing industry demonstrated a higher risk of class A2 GDM (1.20, 95% CI: 1.03-1.41) than financial intermediation. When analyzing both classes of GDM, women who worked in public administration and defense/social security showed higher risk of class A1 GDM (1.04, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.07). When comparing high-risk industries with nonemployment, the health and social work showed a comparable risk of PE (1.02, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.07). Conclusion: Employment was associated with overall lower risks of obstetric complications. Health and social service work can counteract the healthy worker effect in relation to PE. This highlights the importance of further elucidating specific occupational risk factors within the high-risk industries.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.147
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• pp.147-178
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• 2018

In this thesis, the author elaborates on how acceding to the Eurocentric paradigm-driven dichotomy of the premodern vs. modern engenders a logic bottleneck that debilitates academic efforts to explore the formation of the Korean constitution. Following this logic, the author will add credence to the belief that though the West may have had an influence on the formation of Korean democracy, the institution Korea enjoys today is a result of proactive and self-driven interpretation of those influences through the lens of local tradition. This insight is a prerequisite to understanding the spirit of Korea's First Constitution as a result of Koreans creative translation of Western democracy and Republicanism in the Korean context, and one whose roots lie deep in Confucian Great Harmony Thought. Through this, the thesis aims to offer insight into how Confucian Great Harmony Thought can shed light on the historical background of the spirit of Korea's Constitution.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.238-243
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• 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to provide baseline data for the assessment of exposure to indium and to prevent adverse health effects among workers engaged in the electronics and related industries in Republic of Korea. Methods: Total (n = 369) and respirable (n = 384) indium concentrations were monitored using personal air sampling in workers at the following 19 workplaces: six sputtering target manufacturing companies, four manufacturing companies of panel displays, two companies engaged in cleaning of sputtering components, two companies dedicated to the cleaning of sputtering target, and five indium recycling companies. Results: The level of exposure to total indium ranged from 0.9 to 609.3 ㎍/m³ for the sputtering target companies; from 0.2 to 2,782.0 ㎍/m³ for the panel display companies and from 0.5 to 2,089.9 ㎍/m³ for the indium recycling companies. The level of exposure to respirable indium was in the range of 0.02 to 448.6 ㎍/m³ for the sputtering target companies; 0.01 to 419.5 ㎍/m³ for the panel display companies; and 0.5 to 436.3 ㎍/m³ for the indium recycling companies. The indium recycling companies had the most samples exceeding the exposure standard for indium, followed by sputtering target companies and panel display companies. Conclusions: The main finding from this exposure assessment is that many workers who handle indium compounds in the electronics industry are exposed to indium levels that exceed the exposure standards for indium. Hence, it is necessary to continuously monitor the indium exposure of this workforce and take measures to reduce its exposure levels.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2019

The infection status of digenetic trematode metacercariae (DTM) was investigated in fishes from 2 representative visiting sites of migratory birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, the Republic of Korea (Korea). A totaly 220 freshwater fishes (7 species) were collected from Junam-jeosuji (reservoir), and 127 fishes (7 species) were also collected from Woopo-neup (swamp) in June and October 2017. As the control group, total 312 fish (22 spp.) from Yangcheon in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do were also collected in June and October 2017. All fishes collected in 3 sites were examined with the artificial digestion method. In the fishes from Junam-jeosuji, more than 4 species, i.e., Clonorchis sinensis, Echinostoma spp., Diplostomum spp. and Cyathocotyle orientalis, of DTM were detected and their endemicy was very low, 0.70. More than 6 species, i.e., C. sinensis, Echinostoma spp., Metorchis orientalis, Clinostomum complanatum, Diplostomum spp. and C. orientalis, of DTM were found in the fishes from Woopo-neup, and their endemicy was low, 5.16. In the fishes from Yangcheon, more than 8 species, i.e., C. sinensis, Metagonimus spp., Centrocestus armatus, C. complanatum, C. orientalis, M. orientalis, Echinostoma spp., and Diplostomum spp., of DTM were detected, and their endemicity was relatively high, 95.48. The percentages of avian trematode metacercariae (ATM) were 99.6% and 94.7% in fishes from Junam-jeosuji and Woopo-neup whereas it was 74.1% in the control site, Yangcheon. The above findings suggested that migratory birds partly affect in endemicity of DTM in the fish in the 2 visiting sites in Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.949-969
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the share of global citizenship education in the 2009 Revised Social Studies (geography area) School Curriculum of the Republic of Korea. I selected the achievement standards of the geography domain in the fifth and sixth grades as the subjects of analysis. The chosen subjects were examined using content analysis: I used KrKwic, a Korean language content analysis tool, to analyze the content and drew a semantic network of the analysis results using UciNet/NetDraw. I found that the geography domain of the 2009 Revised Primary School Curriculum included the concepts of and factors of global citizenship education. However, global citizenship education did not account for a major portion of the curriculum, and the curriculum achievement standards were noticeably nation-state centered. Global citizenship education factors were not closely associated with to other related factors in fact, they even revealed a isolated pattern. These findings suggest that the inclusion of global citizenship education in primary geography education is limited, because the connections between global citizenship education and related contents, such as the environment, sustainable development, conflict, and cooperation, are probably impeded. Globalization accompanies the transformation of territories, identities, and the relations between nation-states and the world, although nation-states continue to play a significant role in the globalized worlds. Therefore global citizenship education, a educational trend focusing on the global community, is particularly important and is required in the geography curriculum of the global era. I expect that the examination undertaken in this study to contribute to future curriculum revisions regarding globalizatin and global citizenship.