• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between daily beverage intake and obesity in young adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 256 adults in their 20s and 30s. Obesity was evaluated by anthropometric measurement of body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio. In addition, the daily intake of milk, caffeinated beverages, sweetened beverages, and alcoholic beverages was investigated using the dietary record and 24-h recall methods. Based on the BMI, men and women were classified into underweight, normal, overweight and obese. Among men, 38.3% were found to be normal, 28.1% were overweight and 31.3% obese. Among women, 11.7% were underweight, 73.4% were normal, and 10.2% were overweight, which was significantly different from men. In women, the BMI of the milk consumers was significantly lower than the non-consumers. Also, the obesity indices of caffeinated beverage consumers were significantly lower than the non-consumers. An analysis of the correlation between beverage intake and the obesity index showed that the intake of caffeinated beverages among women had a significant negative correlation with the obesity index, and intake of alcoholic beverages had a significant positive correlation with waist to height ratio. This study suggests that intake of milk and caffeinated beverage may have a positive effect on obesity, whereas the intake of alcoholic beverages may have a negative effect, especially in young adult women.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.26-43
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• 2023

This study sought to typify and characterize the upper body shape of women with large breasts by classifying only Korean adult women aged 20-69 years whose difference dimension between bust and underbust circumference was 12.5 cm or greater. This study attempted to provide necessary information for the development of upper body clothing for women with large busts. Upper body horizontal, upper body height, shoulder size, upper body length, and shoulder slop factor were extracted to constitute upper body shapes of women with large busts. Upper body shapes of women with large busts were classified into four types: low obese upper body tall body type, high normal upper body short body type, drooping shoulders slender upper body tall body type, and broad shoulders slender upper body short body type. Upper body proportions of women with and without large busts were analyzed as follows. Women with large breasts had narrower shoulder width compared to bust width and waist width. Their underbust and waist circumferences were larger than their bust circumferences. For the development of tops for women with large busts, bodice pattern development was required, taking into account shoulder width, chest, and upper body length. Future studies should focus on angles of busts in more detail. Research should be conducted on the development of bodice by upper body type of women with large busts analyzed.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of the study is to analyze female adult's body shape characteristics and to provide the basic information for clothing manufacturing. Background: The comparative study among the age groups is very fundamental to understand the body characteristics of each subjects group. Therefore, comparison of body measurements in age groups was applied in this study. Method: The study was fulfilled by the comparison between the data of the $5^{th}$ Anthropometry of Size Korea (2004) and the $6^{th}$ Anthropometry of Size Korea(2010). The subjects were 2,213 female adults aged 20~59 of the 5th Size Korea anthropometric survey and 2,025 female adults aged 20~59 of the 6th Size Korea anthropometric survey. Results: The differences indicated the decreased values in widths, depths, girths regarding the torso region and BMI. "Head height to Stature ratio" decreased significantly in the 6th data, on the other hand, "Crotch height to Stature ratio" increased in the 6th data. Through the distribution characteristic of the age groups by Stature groups, it was convinced that 160cm stature group is the most frequent among all age groups of the 6th Size Korea. Conclusion: As a summary, the meaningful differences were showed between the 5th anthropometric data and the 6th data. According to the 6th Size Korea, the distribution tendency of obesity is very similar to the 5th Size Korea data. But the percentage of obese women declined significantly. Application: These findings from the study can be utilized women's wear design and construction that reflect body characteristics.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze and consumption patterns diet/low-calorie food. Ubjects were 353 adult women aged 20s~50s. Ubjects were divided into three groups according to body mass index (BMI): Normal group (BMI>23.0), overweight group (23.0${\leq}$BMI<25.0), and obesity group (BMI${\geq}$25.0). This study collected all information by self-administrated questionnaires. The SPSS version 21.0 was used for analysis of data. The obesity group lower education level (p<0.001), higher age (p<0.001) and higher income (p<0.001) than normal group. However, score of health status was highest in normal group (p<0.001). Proportion of obesity group pill type diet/low-calorie (p<0.034), drug (diuretic, appetite suppressant and riental medicine) (p<0.001), and cosmetic surgery (p<0.001). The main reason for consumption of diet/low-calorie was control without starving (28.0%). Obese group emphasized manufacturer, ingredient and reputation, whereas the normal group emphasized price and expected effectiveness (p<0.001).

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Indirect calorimetry is the gold-standard method for the measurement of resting energy expenditure. However, this method is time consuming, expensive, and requires highly trained personnel. To overcome these limitations, various predictive equations have been developed. The objective of this study was to assess the validity of predictive equations for resting energy expenditure (REE) in Korean non-obese adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The present study involved 109 participants (54 men and 55 women) aged between 20 and 64 years. The REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. Nineteen REE equations were evaluated for validity, by comparing predicted and measured REE results. Predictive equation accuracy was assessed by determining percent bias, root mean squared prediction error (RMSE), and percentage of accurate predictions. RESULTS: The measured REE was significantly higher in men than in women (P < 0.001), but the difference was not significant after adjusting for body weight (P > 0.05). The equation developed in this study had an accuracy rate of 71%, a bias of 0%, and an RMSE of 155 kcal/day. Among published equations, the $FAO_{weight}$ equation gave the highest accuracy rate (70%), along with a bias of -4.4% and an RMSE of 184 kcal/day. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed equation provided the best accuracy in predicting REE for Korean non-obese adults. Among the previously published equations, the $FAO_{weight}$ equation showed the highest overall accuracy. Regardless, at an individual level, the equations could lead to inaccuracies in a considerable number of subjects.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.188-202
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• 2018

This study aimed to categorize women's body shapes by type after extracting prototypes of 25~34 year old Korean woman. The standardizing research service project conducted by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy in 2005, divided the age ranges of adult women into three groups: 18~24 years (young), 25~34 years (young-adult) and 35~49 years (adult). This study utilized this age division method to create a concrete body type categorization schema with the most marriageable period, 25 to 34 years old as target age the target age group. We used, measurement data from the 7th Korean Human Body Size Survey (Size Korea) for the body shape analysis. We completed a statistical analysis using the statistical program SPSS 21. After creating the body types using CLO 3D, which is based on the 7th Korean human body measurements, we input data for the average size for each type into the Avata. We then compared and analyzed the cross sections using the Rapidform XOR program. The results of the type-specific characteristics are as follows: big square body of obese body, small square body of plain flat body with tall, plain square body of plain flat with short, triangular body of lower body obesity there was. Significantly, the results of this study should facilitate the development of various apparel products using mass customization or easy-order systems.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.58-73
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to improve of fittness and coverage rate of exporting domestic clothing to China for Chinese Adult Female. For study, It was measured 1381 female women aged between 19 and 50 who resident in Beijing and Shanghai in China. as a sample, 1360 female women was seleted for development of apparel sizing system. As for the method of this study was made of 111 items by indirect measures done during Jun. 23 $\sim$ Aug. 7, 2004. Data analysis were processed by SPSS WIN 10.0 Program was used to for technical statistical analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis, ANOVA(t-test and F-test), duncan's multiple test. The result was as follows: Chinese Adult women's constitutional components determined by factor analysis, six components could be identified: factor 1:constitutional obesty and width size, factor 2: longistudinal body size, factor 3: shoulder form and size, factor 4: longistudinal upper body size, factor 5: under body size, factor 6: shoulder dropping. According to the Women's Wear Specifications(GB/T 1335.2-1997) by drop, body types of Chinese Adult female was classified into six types, it was Y, A, B, C and Z, D. In order, A type as standard somatotype(49.8%), B type(26.9%), Y type (18.8%), C type(2.9%). Y type had the average height and shoulder, bust girth. They were slimmer in overall terms. A type had a normal obesity and body size in height, shoulder, bust girth. They were average Chinese Women. B type had a smaller then A type. They were more obes and thick waist girth. C type had the highest obesity, the widest shoulder and bust girth, and thick waist girth. The characteristics of each body type following the body type structure factor are Y-type for slender type, A-type for standard type, B-type for slightly large type, and C-type for obese type. For each region, the Beijing area had in the order of A-type, Y-type, B-type and C-type, and the Shanghai area had in the order of A-type, B-type, Y-type and C-type.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.769-776
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• 2003

This study has analyzed the association of physical activity and television watching time with obesity in 30-50 aged women from middle income town in Busan city area. Data were obtained using a questionnaire, including information about physical activity, TV watching time and health habit; social data regarding educational level and monthly income; family history of chronic condition. Height and weight were measured. Outcome variable was obesity, defined as a body mass index 25 kg/m$^2$ or greater. Odds ratios (OR) for obesity were estimated by multivariate logistic regression, and interpreted as a relative risk of obesity. The prevalence of obesity was 11.8%. The mean BMI of obese women was 26.9 kg/m$^2$. The OR of obesity was higher in subject of 40s than 30s. Subjects who had higher educational level presented lower OR than those of elementary or middle school education. Family income was not associated with obesity. Women having a family history of chronic condition had higher risk of obesity than those who did not have it. The OR was lower in active people at work (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.26 - 0.98) than in inactive ones, and the ORs associated with regular exercise or activity at leisure time were not statistically different. However, subjects watching TV $\geq$ 3.5 hr/day showed higher OR (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.16 - 4.74), compared with those watching TV $\geq$ 1.5 hr/day. Association of the joint classification of physical activity variables with obesity was estimated. The highest relative risk of 5.99 was in women in physically inactive at work and high category of TV watching ($\geq$ 3.5 hr/day). Even in women in active at work, the watching TV $\geq$ 3.5 hr/day made them have the high OR (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.03 - 5.77). And at each time level of TV watching, the increasing activity level at work was associated with lower OR for obesity. These findings suggest that both TV watching time and physical activity at work were related to obesity in adult female, each with independent effects on obesity. TV watching time seems to be a significant factor that could partly evaluate the energy expenditure.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.140-149
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 성인 여성을 대상으로 비만 여부에 따른 영양소 및 식품 섭취의 질을 평가하고, 식사의 질과 비만지표와의 관련성에 대하여 분석하였다. 총 3,565명의 대상자 (정상군 2,841명, 비만군 724명)가 분석에 포함되었고, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1일 총 섭취 열량에서는 정상군이 1,707.81 kcal로 비만군의 1,634.94 kcal에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며 (p = 0.0199), 또한 섭취 열량 1,000 kcal당 영양소 섭취량을 분석한 결과 정상군은 비만군에 비해 탄수화물 (p = 0.0298) 및 나트륨 (p = 0.0169)의 섭취량은 유의적으로 낮았던 반면 칼슘 (p = 0.0261)의 섭취량은 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 칼슘의 경우 정상군에서 권장섭취량 대비 섭취율이 비만군에 비해 유의적으로 높았으며 (p = 0.0178), 평균필요량에 미달되게 섭취하는 대상자의 비율은 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다 (p = 0.0152). 영양소별 NAR 및 MAR을 분석한 결과, 정상군에서 칼슘의 NAR이 0.63으로 비만군의 0.60에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며 (p = 0.0158), 영양소별 NAR의 평균치인 MAR의 경우 정상군이 0.80, 비만군이 0.79로 두군간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 1일 총 식품 섭취량은 정상군 1,297.36 g, 비만군 1,271.28 g으로 두군간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 우유 및 유제품의 섭취량에서 정상군이 비만군에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다 (p = 0.0162). DDS는 전체 대상자에서 3.753점으로 나타났으며, 정상군이 3.769점으로 비만군의 3.686점 보다 유의적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다 (p = 0.0253). 또한 전체 연구대상자의 DVS는 30.07개로 나타났으며, 정상군과 비만군 각각 30.41개, 28.63개로 나타나 유의적인 차이를 보였다 (p = 0.0003). 식품섭취와 관련된 식사의 질 지수 (DDS, DVS)와 비만과 관련된 신체계측치 (체질량지수, 허리둘레)와의 관계를 분석한 결과, DVS가 많은 대상자들의 허리둘레 및 체질량지수가 더 낮은 경향을 보였으며 (p for trend < 0.01), 이 결과는 연령, 음주 상태, 신체활동 정도 및 열량 섭취량을 보정한 후에도 같은 양상으로 나타났다 (p for trend < 0.01). 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 비만한 성인 여성의 경우 정상 체중인 여성에 비해 칼슘 섭취 및 유제품 섭취의 질이 유의적으로 낮았으며, DDS 및 DVS가 유의적으로 낮아 다양하지 못한 식품 섭취 양상을 보이는 것으로 나타났고, DVS는 체질량지수 및 허리둘레와 유의적인 음의 관계를 보였다. 따라서 이와 같은 결과를 비만한 성인 여성을 대상으로 한 비만 관리에 적용할 때 고른 영양 섭취를 위해 식품군의 구성, 섭취하는 식품의 가짓수 등 영양균형에 중점을 두어 식사지도를 해야 할 것으로 생각되며, 칼슘 섭취의 질과 비만과의 인과관계를 명확히 분석하기 위하여 한국인을 대상으로 한 전향적인 코호트 연구 및 추가 분석이 필요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.401-411
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• 2021

Diet is important for muscle health and offers a protective effects against the loss of skeletal muscle mass and physical functions with advancing age. We analyzed the relationship between diet, metabolic disease risk, and sarcopenia in Korean female adults using the 2009-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 2038 adult women aged 50-64 years were classified into four groups based on the diagnosis of menopause and sarcopenia. The groups were the non-menopause and non-sarcopenia group (NMNS, n=249), the non-menopause and sarcopenia group (NMS, n=14), the menopause and non-sarcopenia group (MNS, n=1,653), and the menopause and sarcopenia group (MS, n=122). The socio-demographics, anthropometrics, blood profile, and dietary data of the subjects were collected. Those who were in both the sarcopenia groups were more obese (p<0.001), had greater waist circumferences (p<0.001), higher body mass index (p<0.001), and higher obesity rates (p<0.001) after adjustment for covariants. Both the sarcopenia groups also had higher plasma levels of total cholesterol (p<0.001), HbA1c (p=0.001), and vitamin D (p=0.020) than both the non-sarcopenia groups. Both the sarcopenia groups demonstrated a decreased intake of calcium (p=0.05), potassium (p=0.008), and niacin (p=0.008) than both the non-sarcopenia ones. Among the four groups, the NMS group showed the highest levels of total cholesterol, obesity, and lowest intake of micronutrients such as calcium, niacin, and potassium. Thus, muscle mass maintenance through weight control and adequate nutrient intake appears to demonstrate a potential association with preventing sarcopenia in Korean middle-aged women.